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緣日 The day of the month on which a particular Buddha or bodhisattva is worshipped, he being in special charge of mundane affairs on that day, e.g. the 5th is Maitreya, 15th Amitābha, 25th Mañjuśrī, 30th Śākyamuni.

緣機 Conditions opportune; favourable circumstances; cause and conditions co-operating for achieving Buddhahood.

緣正 Conditioned and fundamental; 正 refers to the Buddha-nature, the bhūtatathatā 正因佛性; 緣 to the Buddha-nature in all undergoing development 緣因佛性.

緣理 To study, or reason on fundamental principles; to contemplate ultimate reality, cf. 緣事.

緣理斷九 By the consideration of the tenth realm only, i.e. the Buddha-realm, to cut off the illusion of the nine other realms of time and sense.

緣生 Produced by causal conditions. The twelve nidānas are also called 十二緣生. Cf. 緣起.

緣慮心 The rational cogitating mind; also 慮知心 the cogitating perceiving mind.

緣相 Reasoning, mentality, the mind.

緣緣 The reasoning mind, or the mind reasoning, intelligence in contact with its object; later termed 所緣緣, i.e. 所緣 being the object and 緣 the mind; the relationship being like that of form or colour to the eye.

緣覺 pratyekabuddha 辟支佛; 辟支迦佛; 鉢剌翳伽陀 (鉢剌翳伽佛陀) In the early translations it was rendered 緣覺, i.e. enlightened through reasoning on the riddle of life, especially as defined in the twelve nidānas. Later it was rendered 獨覺 or individual enlightenment, i.e. one who lives apart from others and attains enlightenment alone, or for himself, in contrast with the altruism of the bodhisattva principle. The term pratyekabuddha is not limited to Buddhists, but is also general for recluses pondering alone over the meaning of life, an illustration being the rhinoceros, which lives in isolation. The non-Buddhist enlightenment is illusion, e.g. from observing the 'flying flowers and falling leaves'; the Buddhist enlightenment arises from pondering over the twelve nidānas. As a degree of saintship it is undefined by early Buddhism, receiving its definition at a later period.

緣覺乘 The 'middle conveyance' period, characterized as that of the pratyekabuddha, who is enlightened by the twelve nidānas; it is considered as an advance on the Hīnayāna, cf. śrāvaka, but not yet the standard of the altruistic bodhisattva-vehicle, the Mahāyāna.

緣覺法界 The pratyekabuddha realm, one of the ten Tiantai categories of intelligent beings.

緣覺菩提 The pratyekabuddha form of enlightenment, for self.

緣覺身 The pratyekabuddha or personal appearing of the Buddha.

緣觀 The phenomenal and noumenal, i.e. the observed and the observing, the object and subject.

緣起 Arising from conditional causation; everything arises from conditions, and not being spontaneous and self-contained has no separate and independent nature; cf. 緣生. It is a fundamental doctrine of the Huayan school, which defines four principal uses of the term: (1) 業感緣起 that of the Hīnayāna, i.e. under the influence of karma the conditions of reincarnation arise; (2) 賴耶緣起 that of the primitive Mahāyāna school, i.e. that all things arise from the ālaya, or 藏 fundamental store; (3) 如來藏緣起 that of the advancing Mahāyāna, that all things arise from the tathāgatagarbha, or bhūtatathatā; (4) 法界緣起 that of complete Mahāyāna, in which one is all and all are one, each being a universal cause.

緣起法 pratītya-samutpāda; idem 十二緣起, i.e. the twelve nidānas, cf. 十二因緣, 緣起偈; 緣起頌 (緣起法頌) The gāthā of three of the four fundamental dogmas of Buddhism; than all is suffering, that suffering is intensified by desire, and that extinction of desire is practicable. This is found in 智度論. It is also called 緣起法頌. It is placed in the foundations of pagodas and inside of images of Buddha and so is called 法身偈 dharmakāyagāthā.

罵 To curse, scold.

呪罵 To curse.

罷 Cease, stop; mark of finality.

罷參 To dismiss the assembly.

羯 To castrate; deer-skin; translit. ka, gha. Cf. 迦, 拘, 軻, 朅, 竭, etc.

羯利王 Kalirāja, a former incarnation of Kauṇḍinya, when as king he cut off the hands and feet of Kṣānti-ṛṣi because his concubines had strayed to the hermit's hut. Converted by the hermit's indifference, it was predicted that he would become a disciple of Buddha.

羯利沙鉢 kārṣāpana, a coin weighing ca. 176 grains.

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羯吒布怛那 Kaṭapūtana, a kind of ill-smelling demon, a preta in the lower regions. M.W.'

羯地洛迦 Khadiraka, the third of the seven circles around Meru. Cf. 佉.

羯尼 (羯尼迦) kanaka, gold; name of several yellow plants, e.g. thorn apple; Butea frondosa; a species of sandalwood, etc.

羯布羅 karpūra, dragon-brain scent, camphor.

羯拏僕 Kaṇabhuj; Kaṇāda 蹇尼陀, founder of the Vaiśeṣika school of Indian philosophy.

羯摩 Karma, v. 業 and cf. 羯磨.

羯毘 (羯毘迦羅) kalaviṅka, v. 迦.

羯洛迦孫馱 Krakucchanda, v. 迦.

羯磨 karma; action, work, deed, performance, service, 'duty'; religious action, moral duty; especially a meeting of the monks for the purpose of ordination, or for the confession of sins and absolution, or for expulsion of the unrepentant. There are numerous kinds of karma, or assemblies for such business, ordinarily requiring the presence of four monks, but others five, ten, or twenty. Cf. 業 for definition of karma, deeds or character as the cause of future conditions; also 五蘊 for karma as the fourth skandha.

羯磨僧 A monastic assembly; also a monk on duty, e.g. in meditation.

羯磨印 An image showing the symbol of a bodhisattva's activity.

羯磨會 An assembly for monastic duty; also the central group of the Vajradhātu maṇḍala.

羯磨身 An image, a term used by the esoterics.

羯磨陀那 karmadāna, i.e. the 維那 or director of duties.

羯羅拏蘇伐剌那 Karṇasuvarṇa. 'An ancient kingdom in Gundwana, the region about Gangpoor, Lat. 21゜ 54 N., Long. 84゜ 30 E.' Eitel.

羯羅舍 kalaṣa, a water-pot, pitcher, jar, dish, also 迦羅舍; 羯攞賖.

羯羅頻迦 cf. 羯陵. For Krakucchanda, v. 迦.

羯耻那 khaṭṭika. Lictors in hades; possibly from the root khād, to devour; also 羯耻羅; 伽絺那; it is also defined as 'dog-cookers', butchers, hunters, those who live by killing and selling animals, persons of very low caste.

羯臘婆 or 羯臘縛 karaphu, or kalahu, 'a particularly high number' (M.W.), 10 quintillions; 大羯臘婆 100 quintillions; cf. 洛叉.

羯若鞠闍 Kanyakubja, 'hump-backed maidens.' An ancient city and kingdom of Central India. In antiquity this city ranks next to Ayodhyā in Oudh. It is known to classical geography as Canogyza. The etymology refers to the legend of the hundred daughters of Kuśanābha its king, who refused the licentious desires of Vāyu (Mahāvṛkṣa 大樹仙) and were turned by him into hunchbacks. M.W. Eitel says 'the modem Canouge'.

羯蘭鐸迦 kalandaka, 'a species of bird' (M.W.); cf. 迦.

羯蠅揭羅 Kajiṅghara, Kajangala, or Kajūghira; a kingdom whose ruling family was extinct in A.D. 400.' The ruins of the capital are situated at the village of Kadjéri near Farakhabad (Lat. 27゜ 24 N., Long. 79゜27 E.) in the province of Agra.' Eitel. Also 羯殊温祗羅.

羯達羅 Khadrira 羯陀羅; v. 竭.

羯邏藍 kalala, the human embryo during the first seven days; the womb; also 羯羅藍, 歌羅邏, etc.

羯陵伽 Kaliṅga, also 羯M044209伽. An ancient kingdom south-east of Kośala, a nursery of heretical sects, the present Kalingapatnam. Eitel. Also with 羯羅頻迦 used for kalaviṅka, v. 迦.

羯霜那 Kaśanna. 'An ancient kingdom 300 li south-west of Kharismiga on the Oxus, the present Koorshee' Karshi. Eitel.

膠 Glue, gum.

膠盆子 A glue-pot, referring to running handwriting.

膠香 Incense of the liquid-ambar tree.

膜 A membrane.

膜拜 To raise the hands to the head in making obeisance.

蔡 chāyā, a shadow, reflection; gnomon, dial.

蔡華 A lotus.

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蔑 Without, not; minute, small.

蔑戾車 mleccha, barbarians, non-Aryan, heathen, frontier tribes. Also 篾, 彌, 畢.

蓮 puṇḍarīka, the lotus, especially the white lotus, Numphoea alba; padma, especially the Nelumbium speciosum; utpala, the Nymphoea coerulea, the blue lotus; kumuda, Nymphoea esculenta, white lotus, or N. rubra, red lotus; nīlotpala, N. cyanea, a blue lotus. The first four are called white, red, blue, and yellow lotuses; but the white lotus is generally meant unless otherwise specified.

蓮刹 Lotus-kṣetra, or Lotus-land, the paradise of Amitābha.

蓮子 Lotus seeds.

蓮宗 The Lotus sect founded by 慧遠 Huiyuan circa A.D. 390 at his monastery, in which was a 自蓮池 white lotus pond. It has no connection with the White Lily Secret Society which arose during the Mongol or Yuan dynasty. The Lotus sect is traced to the awakening of Huiyuan by the reading of the Prajñāpāramitā sūtra. He then turned his attention to calling on the name of Buddha to obtain salvation direct to his Pure Land. The school became that of the Amitābha or Pure-land sect, which in later years developed into the principal Buddhist cult in the Far East.

蓮宮 padmavimāna. Lotus-palace, the Pure Land of the saṃbhogakāya; also the eight-leaved lotus of the heart.

蓮座 The lotus throne on which are seated the images; Buddha-throne.

蓮理 The mystic doctrine of the Lotus faith.

蓮眼 The eye of the blue lotus, i.e. the wonderful eye of Buddha.

蓮社 The White Lotus sect, idem 蓮宗.

蓮祐 Mutual protectors, or helpers of the Lotus sect, i.e. members.

蓮經 The Lotus Sūtra; v. 法華.

蓮胎 The Lotus-womb in which the believers of Amitābha are born into his paradise; it is also described as the believer's heart in embryo.

蓮華 or 蓮花 The lotus flower.

蓮華國 The pure land of every Buddha, the land of his enjoyment.

蓮華坐 padmāsana; to sit with crossed legs; also a lotus throne.

蓮華子 Disciples, or followers, shown in the 蓮華部 of the maṇḍalas.

蓮華手菩薩 Padmapāṇi , Guanyin holding a lotus flower.

蓮華智 The lotus or mystic wisdom of Amitābha, one of the five 智.

蓮華眼 The blue-lotus eyes of Guanyin.

蓮華臺 Lotus throne for images of Buddhas and bodhisattvas.

蓮華藏世界 The lotus world or universe of each Buddha for his saṃbhogakāya.

蓮華衣 or 蓮華服 The lotus-garment, or robe of purity, the robe of the monk or nun.

蓮邦 The Lotus land, the Pure Land, of Amitābha.

蓮門 The Lotus sect, idem 蓮宗.

蝦 A shrimp, prawn; a frog.

蝦蟆禪 Frog samādhi, which causes one to leap with joy at half-truths.

蝙 The bat.

蝙蝠僧 A bat monk, v. 鳥.

衞 Guard, defend, restrain, an outpost, garrison; to escort.

衞世師 Vaiśeṣika; derived from viśeṣa, characteristic, individuality, particularity or individual essence. M.W. Also 鞞世師 (or 鞞思迦); 吠世史迦; 勝論宗 An atomistic school founded by Kaṇāda. Like the Saṅkhya philosophy it taught a dualism and an endless number of souls, also by its doctrine of particularity or individual essence maintained 'the eternally distinct or sui generis nature of the nine substances' (see below), 'of which the first five including mind are held to be atomic.' M.W. The interaction of these with the six mentioned below produces cosmic evolution. It chiefly occupied itself, like the orthodox Nyāya philosophy, with the theory of knowledge, but it differed by distinguishing only six categories of cognition 六諦, viz. substance, quality, activity, species, distinction, and correlation, also a seventh of non-existence, and nine substances possessed of qualities, these 九陰 being: the five elements, air, fire, water, earth, ether, together with time, space, spirit (manas), and soul (ātman). Cf. Keith, Indian Logic and Atomism, and Dasgupta, History of Indian Philosophy.

複 Double garments, wadded, lined; double; repeated.

褒 To praise; salutation. poṣadha, v. 布.

褐 Coarse serge, hence poverty.

褐剌縭 (or褐賴縭, 褐剌褵, 褐賴褵) harali, cloth woven of fine hair.

褐麗 (褐麗伐多) Revata, name of several persons, v. 利, 離.

諂 To flatter, fawn, cajole, sycophancy.

諂曲 Flattery and fawning.

諍 Remonstrate with; debate, dispute.

諍論 Debate, dispute, disputation.

請 Request, ask, invite; please; engage; acknowledge, announce.

請佛 To invite a Buddha.

請假 暫假 To ask for leave of absence, or permission to go out.

請折 To ask for, or reject.

請益 To ask for an increase, for more, for advancement, etc.

請雨 To pray for rain.

諄那 curna, powder, flower, dust, sand, etc.

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誹 Slander.

誹謗 apavāda. Slander, refute, deny.

誹謗正法 To slander, or deny, the truth, i.e. Buddhism.

談 To talk, chat, discuss.

談林 A monastic school room.

談空說有 To discuss non-existence and talk of existence; i.e. to discuss the meaning of reality; in discussing non-existence to talk of the existing; it is a phrase expressing confusion of ideas or argument.

談義 To discuss the meaning.

談議 To discuss and consult, or deliberate.

論 To discourse upon, discuss, reason over; tr. for śāstra, abhidharma, and upadeśa, i.e. discourses, discussions, or treatises on dogma, philosophy, discipline, etc.

論宗 The Madhyamaka school of the 三論 Sanlun (Sanron); also the Abhidharma, or Śāstra school; also the same as論家; 論師 śāstra-writers, or interpreters, or philosophers.

論民 v. 嵐 Lumbinī.

論疏 śāstras with commentary.

論藏 Thesaurus of discussions or discourses, the Abhidharma Piṭaka, one of the three divisions of the Tripiṭaka. It comprises the philosophical works. The first compilation is accredited to Mahā-Kāśyapa, disciple of Buddha, but the work is of a later period. The Chinese version is in three sections: 大乘論 the Mahāyāna philosophy; 小乘論 the Hīnayāna philosophy; 宋元續入藏諸論 The Song and Yuan Addenda, A.D. 960-1368.

論議 upadeśa, dogmatic treatises, the twelfth and last section of the Canon.

調 To harmonize, blend; regulate, control; to change about, exchange; a song, tune.

調伏 To discipline bring under control, e.g. bring into submission the body, mouth, and will; control, or subjugate evil spirits, etc.; it is one of the intp. of Vinaya.

調達 (調婆達) (調多, 調婆多) v. 提 Devadatta.

調度 To arrange, calculate, manage, especially relating to provision for material needs.

調御 To tame and control as a master does a wild elephant or horse, or as the Buddha brings the passions of men under control, hence he is termed 調御丈夫 and 調御師 Puruṣa-damya-sārathi.

調意 To control the will, to subdue its evil.

調直定 To harmonize the discords of the mind, to straighten its irregularities, and quiet its distractions, an explanation of samādhi given by Tiantai.

調頌 Hymns and chants, an intp. of gāthā.

賣 To sell.

賣弄 To show off, boast.

質 Substance, matter; to substantiate, to confront; substantial honest, sound; translit. ci, ce.

質多 (質多耶); 質帝 citta (cittam), the heart considered as the seat of intellect; the thinking, reflecting mind.

質多羅 citra, variegated, of mixed colours, not of a primary colour. Citra, the name of a star, Spica in Virgo.

質底 ci, to assemble, pile up; caitya, a funeral pile, or mound.

質直 Substantial and straight; honestly, firmly, straight without dissemblance. Cf. 火辨.

賢 Wise and virtuous, sage, second rank to a 聖 saint; good, excellent in character, virtuous.

賢人 A wise and virtuous man.

賢劫 Bhadrakalpa, the present period; the last was 莊嚴劫 the next is to be 星宿劫 A Bhadrakalpa has 1,000 Buddhas, hence its name 'the good kalpa', also called 善劫. There are varied statements in regard to the thousand Buddhas, and variety as to their names. Śākyamuni is the fourth of the present kalpa, Maitreya is to follow and 995 to succeed him.' It is to last 236 million years, but over 151 millions have already elapsed.' Eitel. Cf. 賢劫經; 現在賢劫千佛經 and 颰跋 bhadra.

賢甁 bhadra-kumbha; auspicious jar, magic bottle, from which all good things may be wished.

賢者 A good and wise man, not yet free from illusion or fully comprehending reality; also anyone occupying a superior position, or a good man in general.

賢聖 Those who are noted for goodness, and those who are also noted for wisdom, or insight; the xian are still of ordinary human standard, the sheng transcend them in wisdom and character; the attainments from 見道 upwards are those of the sheng; the xian is on the moral plane, and has not eliminated illusion; the sheng has cut of illusion and has insight into absolute reality. The Mahāyāna has three stages for the xian and ten for the sheng; the Hīnayāna has seven for each.

賢護 Bhadrapāla, a disciple who kept the faith at home at the time of the Buddha. Also, a bodhisattva who with 500 others slighted Śākyamuni in a previous existence, was converted and became a Buddha. An image of Bhadrapāla is kept in the monastic bathroom; cf. 楞嚴經5.

賢豆 Hindu, India, cf. 印.

賢首 Sage head or loader, a term of address to a monk. A bodhisattva in the Huayan sūtra. A queen mentioned in the same sūtra, and in the 賢首經. The third patriarch 法藏Fazang, of the Huayan sect, which is also known by his title 賢首宗 Xianshou-zong.

趣 Destination, destiny (especially on rebirth): v. 五趣, i.e. the hells, pretas, animals, man, devas.

趣寂 The destiny of nirvāṇa, as understood by the Hīnayāna.

踞 To squat.

踞地獅子 A crouching lion.

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踏 Tread, trample.

踏床 A footstool.

踢 To kick.

踢倒 To kick over.

輪 cakra; wheel, disc, rotation, to revolve; v. 研. The three wheels are 惑業苦illusion, karma, suffering, in constant revolution. The five are earth, water, fire, wind, and space; the earth rests on revolving spheres of water, fire, wind, and space. The nine are seen on the tops of pagodas, cf. 九輪.

輪圍山 Cakravāla, the double concentric circles of mountains forming the periphery of a world.

輪圓 (輪圓具足) A complete maṇḍala showing the Buddhas and others, symbolizing their works; a magic circle.

輪埵 Ears round and full, a mark of a Buddha.

輪華 (輪多梨華) A precious pearl that purifies; also a specially fragrant flower.

輪寶 A cakravartin's wheel, i.e. either gold, silver, copper, or iron, manifesting his rank and power.

輪差 輪番 To take turns, used to indicate a rota or rotation of duties.

輪座 The throne of a cakravartin, or Buddha.

輪廻 輪轉 saṃsāra, the turning of the wheel, to revolve, i.e. transmigration in the six ways, the wheel of transmigration; the round of existence.

火輪 alātacakra, a wheel of fire, produced by rapidly whirling a fire-brand, a symbol of the unreality of the visible, since such a wheel does not exist.

輪王 A cakravartin, 'a ruler the wheels of whose chariot roll everywhere without obstruction; an emperor, a sovereign of the world, a supreme ruler.' M.W. A Buddha, whose truth and realm are universal. There are four kinds of cakravartin, symbolized by wheels of gold, silver, copper, and iron; each possesses the seven precious things, 七寶 q.v.

輪相 The wheel sign, on the top of a pagoda, or on the feet of a cakravartin, or Buddha.

輪臍 The navel, or hub of a wheel.

輪藏 Revolving scriptures, a revolving stand with eight faces, representing the eight directions, each containing a portion of the sacred canon; a praying-wheel, the revolving of which brings as much merit to the operator as if he had read the whole.

輪輻 Wheel-spokes.

輪輞 輪緣 A felly, or tire.

適 To go to, reach; happen; follow, accord with; suddenly, now, then.

適化 To adapt teaching to circumstances.

適莫 Pro and con, according or contrary (to wishes).

遮 To cover, screen, veil, hide, hinder; translit. ca, cha, tya.

遮制 遮戒 A secondary commandment, deriving from the mandate of Buddha, e.g. against drinking wine, as opposed to 性戒 a commandment based on the primary laws of human nature, e.g. against murder, etc.; cf 二戒.

遮吒迦 cāṭaka, a sparrow; the bird Cuculus melanoleucus, which is supposed only to drink falling rain.

遮性 The two kinds of commandment, 遮制.

遮惡 遮罪 The second kind of sin as in 遮制, e.g. drinking.

遮文荼 ? cāmuṇḍā, a jealous woman; angry spirit; evil demon, one used to call up the dead to slay an enemy.

遮斷 To prevent, suppress, cut off.

遮末邏 遮摩羅 Cāmara, name of one of the central parts of the southern continent, Jambudvīpa.

遮棃夜 遮唎耶 caryā, actions, doings, proceedings, course.

遮照 To suppress or to reveal (or illuminate); destructive or constructive; to negate or to affirm.

遮遣 To negate, disprove, dispose of.

遮那 毘盧遮那 Vairocana, v. 毘.

遮難 Tests for applicants for full orders; there are sixteen (or ten) 遮 and thirteen 難, the former relating to general character and fitness, the latter referring to moral conduct.

醉 Drunk, intoxicated.

醉象 A mad elephant, like evil hard to subdue.

鋒 The point of a sword, or weapon; points, bristling; a knife edge.

銷 To melt metal, dissolve, dispel, dissipate, spend, cancel, end.

銷釋 To solve, explain.

鋪多 Bhūtāḥ, a sect of ascetics who smeared themselves with ashes.

閱 Examine, inspect, look over.

閱藏 To examine (and dust) the scriptures, or library.

閱叉 yakṣa, v. 夜.

閱頭檀 Śuddhodana, v. 首.

隣 Neighbouring, adjacent, near.

隣單 One's neighbouring monks, i.e. in the right and left seats.

隣圓 Near to perfect enlightenment, the stage before it.

隣智 Similar to 隣圓.

隣珍 A neighbour's pearls—no aid to me.

隣虛 Next to nothing, the minutest particle, an atom.

隣近 Near to, approaching, adjoining, approximate.

震 To shake, thunder, tremble, awe, quicken; translit. cin, ci.

震動 To shake, agitate.

震多末尼 cintāmaṇi, the philosopher's stone, granting all one's wishes.

震旦 Cīna, name of China in ancient India; also 振旦; 眞旦; 神旦 intp. as the place where the sun rises, but a translit. of Cīnaṣṭhāna.

震嶺 China.

震越 civara, a garment; an article for sleeping on, or in.

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頞 The root of the nose, the brow; a saddle; translit. a, an, ar, cf. 阿.

頞哳吒 Ataṭa, one of the cold hells.

頞悉多 Asta, the western hill behind which the sun sets, sunset, death, home.

頞杜迦 Andūka, v. 阿梨.

頞沙荼 Āṣādha, the first month of summer, 16th of 4th Chinese moon to 15th of 5th.

頞浮陀 頞部陀 (or 頞部曇) Arbuda, cf. 阿, the first of the eight cold hells, where the cold raises tumours on the skin; also a foetus of twenty-seven days.

頞濕縛羯拏 Aśvakarṇa, the fifth of the seven circles round Meru.

頞濕縛庾闍 Aśvayuja (or 頞濕婆庾闍) , the first month of autumn (September-October).

頞瑟吒 aṣṭan, eight, the eight divisions of the 24-hours day.

頞那 Anna, food, but intp. as the name of a mountain.

頞鞞 Upasena, v. 阿濕 one of the first five converts, idem Aśvajit.

頞順那 v. 阿 Arjuna.

頞飯底 v. 阿 Avantī.

颰 A gale; translit. pha, bha; cf. 跋 and 婆.

颰陀 颰陀和 (颰陀羅); 颰陀波羅 bhadra, 颰陀羅波梨 Bhadrapāla, v. 跋.

颰陀劫 Bhadrakalpa, v. 跋.

養 poṣa. Nourish, rear, support.

餉 Rations, food; revenue.

餉供 Offerings of food.

髮 Hair (of the head), locks.

髮塔 A pagoda over a hair of Buddha's head.

髮論 The śāstra of the non-Buddhist Kapila, the 勝論 q.v.

魅 An ogre, evil spirit.

魅女 A young woman used as a medium for such a spirit to injure others.

魯 Stupid, vulgar, honest.

魯達羅 Rudra, roaring, awful, terrible, intp. terribly evil, a name for Śiva; also 澇達羅; 嚕捺羅.

鴈 A wild goose.

鴈王 King or leader of the flight, or flock; Buddha, hence 鴈門 Buddhism.

麨 Broken dry rice, grits, crumbled grain.

黎 Black, black-haired; cf. 離, 利, 梨, etc.

黎耶 ālaya, v. 阿.

齒 The teeth, especially the front and upper teeth; toothed, serrated; age, class.

齒印 A serrated seal, or serrations as evidence.

齒木 dantakāṣṭha. A stick for cleaning the teeth.

16 SIXTEEN STROKES
儒 A scholar; learned. Confucian.

儒童菩薩 Learned-youth Bodhisattva, i.e. Confucius, he having been sent from India by the Buddha to instruct China! Also a name of Śākyamuni in a previous existence.

凝 To congeal, consolidate, form.

凝然常 Solid, unchanging, immutable.

劍 A sword, a two-edged sword.

劍摩舍帝 A spirit or demon, ? Aniruddha, the unobstructed, the ungovernable, son of Kāma (Love, Lust).

劍林地獄 Asipattra, (or劍樹地獄) the hell of the forest of swords, or sword-leaf trees.

劍波 Kampa, Bhūkampa; deva of earthquakes.

劍輪法 A system of revolving swords for subduing demons.

噱叉 Vakṣu, the Oxus, v. 縛.

器 A vessel, utensil, tool.

器世間 器世界; 器界 The world as a vessel containing countries and peoples; the material world, a realm of things.

器界說 The supernatural power of the Buddha to make the material realm (trees and the like) proclaim his truth.

器量 Capacity.

壁 A wall, partition-wall, screen.

壁定 Wall-meditation, i.e. steady, not restless, meditation.

壁觀 The wall-gazer, applied to Bodhidharma, who is said to have gazed at a wall for nine years. Also a name for the meditation of the Chan school.

壇 An altar; an open altar. In the esoteric cult it also means a maṇḍala, objects of worship grouped together.

奮 To rouse, excite, exert; impetuous, energetic.

奮迅 Speedy, immediate (samādhi), cf. 師.

學 śikṣ; to study, learn, the process of acquiring knowledge; learning.

學侶 Fellow-students, the company of monks who are studying.

學悔 Studying to repent, as when a monk having committed sin seeks to repent.

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學教成迷 To study the Buddha's teaching yet interpret it misleadingly, or falsely.

學法女 v. 式 śikṣamāṇa .

學無學 One who is still learning, and one who has attained; 學 is to study religion order to get rid of illusion; 無學 begins when illusion is cast off. In Hīnayāna the first three stages, v. 四果, belong to the period of 學; the arhat to the 無學. In the Mahāyāna, the ten stages of the bodhisattva belong to 學; the stage of Buddha to 無學.

學生 學人; 學匠; 學徒 A student, a neophyte.

學者 śaikṣa; one still under instruction, who has not yet reached to the arhat position; a student.

導 To lead, indicate, educe, induce.

導化 To lead and convert, or transform.

導引 To lead.

導師 nāyaka; a leader, guide, one who guides men to Buddha's teaching; applied also to Buddhas and bodhisattvas, and to the leaders of the ritual in Buddhist services; v. 天人道師.

廨 An official building; a monastic granary; 廨院主 the head of it.

彊 Strong, violent; to force; idem 強.

懊 Vexed, distressed; regret.

懊惱 Harassed, uneasy, distressed.

懈 Idle, lazy, negligent.

懈怠 kausīdya, indolent, lazy or remiss (in discipline).

懈怠賊 The robber indolence, robber of religious progress.

懈慢國 懈慢界 A country that lies between this world and the Western Paradise, in which those who are reborn become slothful and proud, and have no desire to be reborn in Paradise.

憶 To recall, reflect on.

憶念 To keep in mind.

憶持 To keep in mind, to remember and maintain.

憺 Tranquil, content.

憺怕 Tranquil and inactive, retired.

戰 War, hostilities, battle; alarm, anxiety, terrified; translit. can.

戰勝林 The grove of victory, v. 逝 Jetavana, Jetṛvana.

戰達羅 (or 戰捺羅) candra, shining; the moon, especially as the moon-deity.

戰達羅鉢喇婆 Candraprabha, moonlight, name of Śākyamuni when a king in a former incarnation, who cut off his head as a gift to others.

撿 To check, revise, gather.

撿挍 To check, tally.

據 To lay hold of, tangible, evidential, according to.

據事 According to fact.

擁 To crowd, press; embrace, hug.

擁護 To hug in the bosom and guard.

擔 To carry, undertake; a load; also 担.

擔歩羅 耽餔羅 tāmbūla, betel, Piper Betel. Eitel says Djambalā, citrus acida.

擇 To select, pick, choose; used for pravicāra, the second of the seven bodhyaṅga, cf. 覺分; dharmapravicaya, discrimination, the faculty of discerning the true from the false.

擇乳眼 The power to choose and drink the milk out of watered milk, leaving the water, as Hansarāja, the 'king of geese', is said to do.

擇力 The power of discrimination.

擇地 To select a site.

擇法眼 擇法覺支 The bodhyaṅga of discrimination, v. 擇.

擇滅 pratisaṃkhyānirodha. nirvāṇa as a result of 擇 discrimination, the elimination of desire by means of mind and will.

曉 Dawn, shining, clear; to know, to make known.

曉了 To make clear.

曉公, i.e. 元曉 Yuanxiao, the author-monk.

曉鼓 The reveille drum at dawn.

曇 Clouds covering the sun, spreading clouds; translit. dh in dharma 曇摩, 曇磨, 曇無; v. 達 and 法. Dharma is also the initial character for a number of names of noted Indian monks, e.g. 曇磨毱多; 達摩瞿諦; 曇無德 Dharmagupta, founder of a school, the 曇無德部 which flourished in Ceylon A.D 400. Also Dharmajātayaśas, Dharmakāla, Dharmākara, Dharmamitra, Dharmanandi, Dharmapriya, Dharmarakṣa, Dharmaruci, Dharmasatva, Dharmayaśas, etc.

曇花 The udumbara tree, v. 優.

橋 A bridge; cross-beam; curved; lofty.

橋梁 A bridge, trampled on by all but patiently bearing them, a synonym for patience, endurance.

橫 A crossbar, crosswise, athwart, across, perverse, arrogant; unexpected, i.e. lucky or unlucky.

橫出 By discipline to attain to temporary nirvāṇa in contrast with 橫超 happy salvation to Amitābha's paradise through trust in him.

橫截 To thwart, intercept, cut off, e.g. to end reincarnation and enter Paradise.

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橫竪 Crosswise and upright, to lay across or to stand upright.

橫縱 Across and direct, crosswise and lengthwise.

樹 vṛkṣa, a tree; to stand, erect, establish.

樹提 (樹提伽); 殊底色迦 jyotiṣka, 'a luminary, a heavenly body' (M.W.); tr. asterisms, shining, fire, or fate. A wealthy man of Rājagṛha, who gave all his goods to the poor; there is a sūtra called after him.

樹林 A grove, a forest.

樹經 Scriptures written on tree-leaves or bark, chiefly on palm-leaves.

機 The spring, or motive principle, machine, contrivance, artifice, occasion, opportunity; basis, root or germ; natural bent, fundamental quality.

機宜 Opportune and suitable; natural qualification (for receiving the truth).

機性 機根 Natural or fundamental quality, original endowment and nature, suitability, capacity.

機感 Potentiality and response, the potentiality of all to respond to the Buddha; the response of the Buddha to the good in all the living.

機應 Potentiality and response, similar to 機感.

機教 Potentiality and teaching, opportune teaching, suited to the occasion.

機緣 Potentiality and condition; favourable circumstances; opportunity.

機要 Opportunity, strategical possibility, or point.

機見 Vision according to natural capacity, seeing the Buddha according to natural endowment.

機語 Opportune words; fundamental words.

機關 Spring, motive force, cause, opportunity, etc.

歷 To pass through, over or to; successive; separated; calendar, astronomical calculations.

歷劫 To pass through a kalpa; in the course of a kalpa.

歷然 Separate(ly).

歷緣對境 Passing circumstances and the objects of the senses.

澳 The south-west corner of a hall where the lares were kept; secluded, deep, profound, mysterious.

澳那 Kustana, Khotan, v. 于.

澡 To bathe, wash, cleanse.

澡甁 澡罐 kuṇḍikā, a water-pot.

澡甁天子 Śuddhāvasadeva, 作甁天子 who appeared to Śākyamuni when a prince, leading him to leave home.

濁 Turbid, muddy, impure, opposite of 淸. An intp. of kaṣāya, especially in reference to the 五濁 five stages of a world's existence.

濁亂 Impure and lawless, the reign of evil.

濁世 An impure world in its five stages, v. 五濁.

濁劫 An impure kalpa, the kalpa of impurity, degenerate, corrupt; an age of disease, famine, and war.

濁惡世 A world of impurity or degeneration, i.e. of the 五濁 and 十惡.

濁惡處 The present contaminated evil world.

濁業 Contaminated karma, that produced by 貪 desire.

熾 Blaze, flame, burn, effulgent.

熾盛光佛 Name of a Buddha noted for effulgence, light streaming from every pore.

燃 To set fire to, light, burn; idem 然 12 q.v.

燒 To burn.

燒灸地獄 The burning, blistering hell.

燒香 To burn incense.

燈 dīpa, a lamp, lantern; cf. 然燈 12.

燈光 The light of a lamp; lantern light.

燈明 The lamp hung before a Buddha, etc., as symbol of his wisdom.

燈明佛 日月燈明佛 A Buddha mentioned in the Lotus Sūtra.

燈滅 The extinction of a lamp.

燈火 dīpapradīpa, lamp-light.

燈籠 燈爐 A lantern.

燄 Flame, blaze; idem 焰; 爓 q.v.

燄口 UIkā-mukha. Flaming mouth, a hungry ghost or preta, that is represented as appearing to Ānanda in the 救拔燄ロ餓鬼陀羅尼經 (B.N. 984).

獨 Only, alone, solitary.

獨一法界 The one and only universal dharma-realm, or reality, behind all phenomena.

獨園 v. 給 and 阿 Anāthapiṇḍika.

獨孤洛加 dukūla is a fine cloth, and may be the origin of this Chinese term, which is intp. as 紵 a kind of linen.

獨尊 The alone honoured one, Buddha.

獨居 Dwelling alone, e.g. as a hermit.

獨影境 Imaginary or illusory conditions, ideal and unsubstantial.

獨柯多 v. 突 duṣkṛta, offence.

獨生獨死獨去獨來 Alone we are born and die, go and come.

獨空 The one immaterial reality behind all phenomena.

獨股杵 獨鈷 (獨鈷杵) The single-arm vajra.

獨覺 pratyekabuddha, v. 緣 one who seeks his own enlightenment.

獨角仙人 Ekaśṛṅga, or Unicorn ṛṣi, cf. 一角, the ascetic who fell through the wiles of a woman.

獨頭無明 idem 不共無明 q.v.

盧 A rice-vessel; a fire-pan; dram-shop; black; translit. lo, ro, ru; cf. 樓; 路; 流.

盧倶多婆拖部 Lokottaravādinaḥ, superior to the world, an important sect of the Mahāsāṅghikāḥ.

盧?胝訶目多 lohitamuktā or rohitamuktā (rohitakamuktā), rubies or red pearls, one of the seven treasures.

盧脂那 Rocana, illuminating, bright; name of a flower; perhaps also spots before the eyes; identified with 盧遮那 v. 毘 Vairocana.

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盧至佛 盧遮佛 v. 樓 Rucika.

盧舍 v. 倶 krośa.

盧舍那 Rocana, illuminating, also v. 毘 Vairocana.

盧行者 Surname and title of 慧能 Huineng.

盧迦委斯諦 Lokeśvara-rāja, lord of the world, an epithet of Guanyin and others.

盧醯呾迦 (or 盧醯多迦) rohita, rohitaka; lohita, lohitaka; red.

盧陀羅耶 Rudrā, roaring, terrible, a name of Śiva, the Rudras or Maruts, storm-gods, etc.

瞖 timira, an affection of the eye, eye-film, cataract, dim sight, blindness.

磬 A piece of flat stone or metal, used as a gong, or for musical percussion.

磨 To grind, rub, polish; a mill for grinding; translit. ma; cf. 摩.

磨多 mātā, matṛ, a mother.

磨下 磨司; 磨院 The place in a monastery for grinding corn.

磨灑 摩沙 māṣa, a bean, also a weight of gold valued at 80 Chinese cash; the stealing of goods to the value of 5 māṣa involved expulsion from the monkhood, as also in India it is said to have involved exile.

磨牛 The ox turning the millstone, a formalist, i.e. a disciple who performs the bodily motions, but without heart in his religion.

磨磚 To grind a brick to make a mirror, useless labour.

磨磨迦羅 mamakāra, feeling of 'mine', of interest to oneself.

磨納 A monk's robe, a Korean term.

磨訶 mahā, 磨醯 mahi; v. 摩訶.

磨頭 The monk who looks after the mill.

積 Accumulate, pile up; many, long.

積功累德 積累 To accumulate or lay up merit.

積石山 Aśmakūṭa, stone-heap mountains, the eastern border of the Gobi desert.

窶 Rustic, poor; translit. ku, gu; v. 求, 瞿, 屈.

窺 To peep, spy; furtive.

篤 Sincere; serious; consolidate.

篤進 Toksun, 'a city in Mongolia.' Eitel.

縛 bandha. Tie, attachment, bind, bond, another name for kleśa-afflictions, the passions, etc., which bind men; the 'three bonds' are 貪瞋痴 desire, resentment, stupidity; translit. pa, ba, va; cf. 跋, 婆, 飯.

縛伽浪 Baghelān, 'the country west of the Bunghee river between Koondooz and Ghoree (about Lat. 36°N., Long. 78°E. ).' Eitel.

縛利沙鍵拏 v. 伐里 Vārṣagaṇya.

縛喝 (縛喝羅) Baktra, the present Balkh, once a nursery of Buddhism and in A.D. 600 still famous for relics and monuments. Eitel.

縛尼 vana, v. 飯 a grove.

縛底 patnī, a mistress, wife, female.

縛摩 vāma, the left, contrary, crooked.

縛斯仙 Vasiṣṭha, 'a very celebrated Vedic ṛishi or inspired sage,' owner of the cow of plenty and able therefore to grant all desires. M.W. One of the six fire-devas in the maṇḍala.

縛日羅 vajra, 嚩日囉 (or 嚩馹囉); 跋日囉 (or 跋折囉, or 跋闍囉); 跋折囉; 波闍羅; 伐折羅 (or 伐闍羅); intp. as 金剛 (金剛杵), a diamond (club). Adamantine, hard. The sceptre of Indra as god of thunder and lightning with which he slays the enemies of Buddhism. Used by monks to indicate spiritual authority, and the all-subduing power of Buddha.

縛脫 Bonds and freedom, escape from entanglement.

縛臾 Vāyu, air, wind, the god of the wind; he controls the 縛臾方 or north-west.

縛芻 Vakṣu; Vaṅkṣu; 婆芻 (or 婆槎 or婆輸); 薄叉; 博叉; the Oxus 靑河 or Blue River, one of the 'four great rivers of Jambudvīpa', rising in the west of the Anavatapta lake (Tibet) and flowing into the north-west sea, the Caspian; cf. 西城記 1.

縛薩怛羅 vastra, cloth, clothes.

縛迦 vākya, speech, saying, sentence, word.

縛野吠 Vāyavī, the deva of the north-west, v. Vāyu 縛臾.

縛馬答 An argument or reply in a 'vicious circle', like a horse tethered to a pig.

興 abhyudaya. Rise, begin; prosper; elated.

興世 The raising, or beginning of the salvation, of the world, i.e. the birth of Buddha.

興渠 興舊; 興宜; 刑具 hiṅgu. asafoetida, 阿魏; there are other interpretations.

興盛 Prosper, successful.

興行 Prospering and progressing.

蕭寺 A name for monasteries in the Liang dynasty, A.D. 502-557, because Liang Wu Di built so many that they were called after his surname 蕭 Xiao.

蔽尸 peśī, the embryo in the third of its five stages, a thirty-seven days' foetus, lit. a lump of flesh. 閉尸; 箄尸, 蜱羅尸.

融 Blending, combining; melting, thawing; clear intelligent.

融通 To blend, combine, mix, unite, assemble.

融識 Perspicacity, insight into both the phenomenal and noumenal.

衡 A cross-bar, crosswise; a balance; to weigh, balance, compare adjust, adjudge, judgment.

衡山 The Heng mountains in Hunan, where was the 南嶽 Southern Peak monastery, from which came 慧思 Huisi, second patriarch of Tiantai.

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衡量 Balancing and measuring, judging.

覩 To look at, see.

覩史多天 The Tuṣita heaven, v. 兜.

覩貨羅 Tukhāra, 'the present Badakchan which Arab geographers still call Tokharestan'; the country of the Indo-Scythians, the Tocharoi of the Greeks, idem 月支.

親 Personally related, own, intimate; family; a wife, marriage.

父親 母親 Father; mother.

親友 An intimate friend.

親戚 親眷 Relatives.

親愛 To love, beloved.

親教 (親教師) One's own teacher, a tr. of upādhyāya, v. 鄔.

諫 To admonish.

諫王 To admonish a king.

諷 To intone; to satirize.

諷經 To intone a scripture, especially one suited to the occasion.

諷誦 To intone, sing.

諷頌 A gāthā, or hymn, v. 伽.

諾 To answer; promise; yes; translit. na, nya.

諾健那 荼健那; 諾伽那 Nagna; naked, a naked mendicant; a name of Śiva; a vajra-king.

諾詎羅 諾矩 Nakula, one of the sixteen arhats.

諾瞿陀 nyagrodha. The Indian fig-tree, ficus indica, cf. 尼.

諦 To judge, examine into, investigate, used in Buddhism for satya, a truth, a dogma, an axiom; applied to the āryasatyāni, the four dogmas, or noble truths, of 苦, 集, 滅, and 道 suffering, (the cause of its) assembly, the ( possibility of its cure, or) extinction, and the way (to extinction), i.e. the eightfold noble path, v. 四諦 and 八聖道. There are other categories of 諦, e.g. (2) 眞 and 俗 Reality in contrast with ordinary ideas of things; (3) 空, 假 and 中 q.v. (6) by the 勝論宗; and(8) by the 法相宗.

諦婆達兜 v. 提 Devadatta.

諦殊羅施 Tejorāṣi, the flame-god, one of the five 佛頂 crowned Buddhas.

諸 The diverse kinds, many, the many, all, every; on, at, in regard to; a final interrogative particle, also a rhythmic ending; used for sarva.

諸仙 All the hermits, mystics, ṛṣi; a term also applied to the Brahmans.

諸佛家 The home of all Buddhas, i.e. the Pure Land.

諸佛母菩薩 v. 盧空眼 The mother of all Buddhas.

諸冥 All darkness, i.e. all ignorance.

諸塵 All the atoms, or active principles of form, sound, smell, taste, touch.

諸天 All the devas.

諸尊 All the honoured ones.

諸惡無作 'To do no evil, to do only good, to purify the will, is the doctrine of all Buddhas,' i.e. 諸惡無作, 諸善奉行, 自淨其意, 是諸佛教. These four sentences are said to include all the Buddha-teaching: cf. 阿含經 1.

諸數 All the variety of things, all phenomena.

諸有 All the exists; all beings.

諸根 All roots, powers, or organs, e.g. (1) faith, energy, memory, meditation, wisdom; (2) eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and body.

諸法 sarvadharma; sarvabhāva; all things; every dharma, law, thing, method, etc.

諸法五位 v. 五位 The five orders of things.

諸法寂滅相 All things in their nirvāṇa aspect, inscrutable.

諸法實相 All things in their real aspect, i.e. the reality beneath all things, the bhūtatathatā, or dharmakāya, or Ultimate; the term also connotes 空 śūnya, nirvāṇa, Amitābha, the eight negations of the Mādhyamika school, etc.

諸法無我 Nothing has an ego, or is independent of the law of causation.

諸法皆空 All things being produced by causes and accessory conditions have no reality, a doctrine differently interpreted in different schools of Buddhism.

諸相 All the differentiating characteristics of things.

諸緣 All the accessory conditions, or environmental causes which influence life.

諸著 All attachments: the ordinary man is attached to life, the arhat to nirvāṇa, the bodhisattva to his saving work.

諸色 All kinds of things.

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諸行 All phenomenal changes; all conduct or action.

諸行無常 Whatever is phenomenal is impermanent.

諸見 All the diverse views; all heterodox opinions, sixty-two in number.

諸趣 All paths or destinies of sentient existence, i.e. devas, men, asuras, beings in purgatory, pretas, and animals.

諸通 All spiritual or magical powers.

諸釋法王 The dharma-king of all the Śākyas, a title of Buddha.

諸閑不閑 All in happy and unhappy conditions of metempsychosis.

豫 At ease; beforehand; prepared, v. 預 13.

賴 To rely upon, depend on; throw the burden on, repudiate.

賴吒 (賴吒啝羅) rāṣṭrapāla, protector of a kingdom, king.

賴耶 ālaya, v. 賴阿.

赭 Ochre, brown; translit. cha.

赭時 'Tchadj or Tchāsch'; Kingdom of stone or stones. An ancient place 'in Turkestan on the Sir; the modern Tashkend'. Eitel.

赭羯 'Tchakas. A race of people near Samarkand who furnished excellent soldiers.' Eitel.

踰 To pass over, or by; exceed; beyond; translit. yo, yu.

踰健達羅 踰乾陀羅; v. 瑜 Yugaṅdhara.

踰繕那 踰闍那 v. 由 yojana.

踰闍 v. 阿 Ayudhyā.

輭 Soft, yielding, pliant, supple.

輭賊 Treacherous thieves, i.e. fame and gain, which injure the aspiration of the religious man.

輸 To pay one's dues, to lose, be beaten, ruined: translit. su, śu; cf. 首; 室; 蘇.

輸拘盧那 Śuklodana, a prince of Kapilavastu, younger brother of Śuddhodana, and father of Tiṣya, Devadatta, and Nandika.

輸波迦羅 (or 輸婆迦羅) Subhakarāṣimha, name of 善無畏三藏 a famous Indian monk.

輸羅 輸那 śūla, a lance, dart, etc.; also Śūra, hero, heroic.

輸盧迦 (輸盧迦波) v. 首 śloka.

輸達羅 śūdra, the fourth caste, i.e. of slaves, servants, labourers, farmers, etc.

辦 To transact, carry out; prepare; punish.

辦事 To transact affairs, attend to, arrange.

辦道 To carry out religious duty or discipline.

辨 Discriminate, distinguish; v. 辯21.

辨才天 One of the devas, of the gandharva order.

遷 To move, remove, improve, promote, dismiss.

遷化 To be taken away, i.e. die.

遵 To comply with, accord with, obey; accordingly.

遵守 To obey and keep, e.g. the rules.

選 To choose; a myriad.

選友 Śākyamuni's schoolmaster, usually named Viśvāmitra, or Kauśika.

選擇 To choose, select.

遺 To leave behind, bequeath, bestow, residue.

遺弟 The disciples left behind by a deceased master.

遺形 Relics of the Buddha.

遺教 遺化; 遺法; 遺訓 Doctrine, or transforming teaching, handed down or bequeathed (by a Buddha).

遺跡 Traces, tracks, evidences, examples left behind.

遶 To go round, revolve around, encompass; to pay respect by walking around the object of regard.

遶佛 遶塔 To circumambulate an image of the Buddha, or a pagoda.

醍 Oil of butter.

醍醐 A rich liquor skimmed from boiled butter; clarified butter; ghee; used for the perfect Buddha-truth as found, according to Tiantai, in the Nirvāṇa and Lotus Sūtras.

醍鞞沙 dveṣa, hatred, dislike.

錫 Pewter, tin; to bestow; a monk's staff.

錫丈 khakkara, a monk's staff partly of metal, especially with metal rings for shaking to make announcement of one's presence, and also used for demon expulsion, etc.

錫崙 Ceylon.

閼 To obstruct, stop; hoodwink.

閼伽 arghya, v. 阿伽 scented water, or flowers in water as an offering, the word arghya meaning primarily something valuable, or presentable; hence 閼伽杯, a golden or metal vessel to hold such water; 閼伽花 the flower which float on its surface, etc.

閻 A gate, border-gate, hamlet, lane; translit. ya, ja; cf. 夜; 炎; 焰; 燄; 剡; 琰.

閻婆度 A bird in purgatory as large as an elephant, who picks up the wicked, flies with and drops them, when they are broken to pieces.

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閻摩 Yama; v. infra 閻王.

閻摩那洲國 Yavana, Yamana, the island nation of Java, visited by Faxian and Xuanzang.

閻曼德迦 Yamāntaka, the destroyer; Śiva, Yama's destroyer; one of the 明王 represented with six legs, guardian of the West.

閻浮 瞻部 Jambu (at present the rose-apple, the Eugenia Jambolana), described as a lofty tree giving its name to 閻浮提 Jambudvīpa, 'one of the seven continents or rather large islands surrounding the mountain Meru; it is so named either from the Jambu trees abounding in it, or from an enormous Jambu tree on Mount Meru visible like a standard to the whole continent'; 'the central division of the world.' M.W. With Buddhists it is the southern of the four continents, shaped like a triangle resembling the triangular leaves of the Jambu tree, and called after a forest of such trees on Meru.

閻浮檀金 閻浮那提金 jambūnada-suvarṇa, Jambu-river gold, the golden sand of the Jambu.

閻牟那 Yamunā, the modern river Jamna.

閻魔 閻王 閻羅; (閻魔王); 閻摩羅; 閻老 Yama, also v. 夜; 閻羅王 Yama. (1) In the Vedas the god of the dead, with whom the spirits of the departed dwell. He was son of the Sun and had a twin sister Yamī or Yamuna. By some they were looked upon as the first human pair. (2) In later Brahmanic mythology, one of the eight Lokapālas, guardian of the South and ruler of the Yamadevaloka and judge of the dead. (3) In Buddhist mythology, the regent of the Nārakas, residing south of Jambudvīpa, outside of the Cakravālas, in a palace of copper and iron. Originally he is described as a king of Vaiśālī, who, when engaged in a bloody war, wished he were master of hell, and was accordingly reborn as Yama in hell together with his eighteen generals and his army of 80,000 men, who now serve him in purgatory. His sister Yamī deals with female culprits. Three times in every twenty-four hours demon pours into Yama's mouth boiling copper (by way of punishment), his subordinates receiving the same dose at the same time, until their sins are expiated, when he will be reborn as Samantarāja 普王. In China he rules the fifth court of purgatory. In some sources he is spoken of as ruling the eighteen judges of purgatory.

隨 Follow, comply with; sequent, consequent, after, according to, as; often used for the prefix anu.

隨信行 The religious life which is evolved from faith in the teaching of others; it is that of the 鈍根 unintellectual type.

隨分 According to the part assigned or expected; according to lot, or duty.

隨分覺 Partial enlightenment, the third of the 四覺 in the Awakening of Faith 起信論.

隨喜 To rejoice in the welfare of others. To do that which one enjoys, to follow one's inclination.

隨宜 As suitable, proper, or needed.

隨形好 Excellent in every detail; the individual excellences of others united in the Buddha.

隨心 According to mind, or wish.

隨情 Compliant, yielding to other people's wishes.

隨意 At will, following one's own wishes.

隨方 According to place; suitable to the place; in whatever place; wherever.

隨方毘尼 Vinaya, or rules, suitable to local conditions; or to conditions everywhere.

隨機 According to capacity, capability, or opportunity, e.g. the teaching of the Buddha according with the capacity of everyone.

隨求 According to prayer. Name of a deva who was formerly a wicked monk who died and went to hell, but when dying repented, prayed, and was reborn the deva 隨求天子 or 隨求卽得天子. Also, a bodhisattva in the Guanyin group of the Garbhadhātu, a metamorphosis of Guanyin, who sees that all prayers are answered, 隨求菩薩.

隨法行 Those who follow the truth by reason of intellectual ability, in contrast with the non- intellectual, who put their trust in others. v. 隨信行.

隨煩惱 Sequent, or associated kleśa-trials, or evils, either all of them as always dogging the footsteps; or, especially those which follow the six 隨眠 q.v. Also called 隨惑.

隨相 The secondary states, i.e. of birth, stay, change, and death, in all phenomena.

隨相戒 To follow the forms and discipline of the Buddha, i.e. become a monk.

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隨眠 Yielding to sleep, sleepiness, drowsiness, comatose, one of the kleśa, or temptations; also used by the Sarvāstivādins as an equivalent for kleśa, the passions and delusions; by the 唯識 school as the seed of kleśa; there are categories of 6, 7, 10, 12, and 98 kinds of 隨眠.

隨經律 According to the discipline as described in the sūtras, i.e. the various regulations for conduct in the Sūtra-piṭaka; the phrase 隨律經 means according to the wisdom and insight as described in the Vinaya-piṭaka.

隨緣 According with, or resulting from conditioning causes, or circumstances, as waves result from wind; also, according to circumstances.

隨緣化物 To convert or transform people according to their conditions, or to circumstances in general.

隨緣不變 Ever changing in conditions yet immutable in essence; i.e. the 眞如, in its two aspects of隨緣眞如 the absolute in its phenomenal relativity; and considered as immutable, the 不變眞如, which is likened to the water as opposite to the waves.

隨義 According to intention, to meaning, or to the right.

隨自 At one's own will; voluntary.

隨自意語 Voluntary addresses, or remarks volunteered by the Buddha.

隨舍利 ? Vaiśālī; the Licchavis were the people of 'the ancient republic of Vaiśālī who were among the earliest followers of Śākyamuni'. Also 隨邪利 and v. 梨.

隨色摩尼 A precious stone that takes on the colour of its surroundings.

隨轉 (隨轉理門) The sects or teaching of adaptable philosophies not revealed by the Buddhas and bodhisattvas, in contrast with the 眞實 (眞實隨轉) the truth as revealed by them.

隨逐 To attach oneself to and follow, e.g. Buddha.

隨順 To follow, accord with, obey; to believe and follow the teaching of another.

隨類 According to class, or type.

隨類應同 Buddhas and bodhisattvas reveal themselves in varying forms according to the need or nature of the beings whom they desire to save. 隨類生 They are also born into the conditions of those they seek to save.

霍 Quickly, suddenly.

霍罕 怖捍 Ferghana, 'a mountainous province and city in Turkestan on the upper Jaxartes.' Eitel.

靜 Cessation of strife, peace, calm, quietness, stillness.

靜主 The elder presiding over a company of monks in mediation.

靜力 The power of abstract meditation.

靜室 Abode of peace, the quiet heart.

靜思 Calm thought; meditation, a meditator, i.e. a monk.

靜息 A tr. of Yama, he who restrains, curbs, controls, keep in check.

靜慧 Calm wisdom, insight into the void, or immaterial, removed from the transient.

靜慮 A tr. of dhyāna, calm thought, unperturbed abstraction.

靜智 Calm wisdom, the wisdom derived from quietness, or mystic trance.

頰 Cheeks, jaws.

頰車 The cheeks rounded—one of the characteristics of a Buddha.

頻 Urgent, pressing; repeated; translit. bim, vi, vim, vin.

頻伽 kalaviṅka, v. 迦.

頻伽缾 The kalaviṅka pitcher, an illustration in the 楞嚴 sūtra of emptiness or non-existence.

頻伽陀 毘笈摩 vigata; vigama; gone away, disappearance, a medicine which causes diseases to disappear.

頻來果 Once more to be reborn, v. 斯 sakṛdāgāmin.

頻婆 vimba; bimba; a bright red gourd, Momordica monadephia; a tree with red fruit; fruit of the Binba-tree.

頻婆 (頻婆羅) vimbara, differently stated as ten millions, and 100,000 billions, a 大頻婆羅 as a trillion; it is also intp, as a king of fragrance, or incense.

頻婆娑羅 Bimbisāra, or Bimbasāra頻毘娑羅; 洴沙 (or 甁沙 or 萍沙). A king of Magadha, residing at Rājagṛha, converted by Śākyamuni, to whom he gave the Veṇuvana park; imprisoned by his son Ajātaśatru, and died.

頻那夜迦 Vināyaka (Gaṇeśa), name of a demon or spirit, cf. 毘.

頭 The head; chief, first.

頭光 A halo or nimbus round the head (of an image).

頭北面西 Head north face west, the proper, attitude in which to sleep, the position of the dying Buddha.

頭袖 Head-sleeve, name for a cap.

頭陀 dhūta, also 杜多; 杜荼 shaken, shaken off, cleansed. To get rid of the trials of life; discipline to remove them and attain nirvāṇa. There are twelve relating to release from ties to clothing, food, and dwelling: (1) garments of cast-off rags; (2) only the three garments; (3) eat only food begged; (4) only breakfast and the noon meal; (5) no food between them; (6) limited amount; (7) dwelling as a hermit; (8) among tombs; (9) under a tree; (10) under the open sky; (11) anywhere; (12) sitting and not lying down. There are other groups.

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頭面作禮 To bow the head and face in worship or reverence, to fall prostrate in reverence.

頭首 The chief monks in a monastery, known as the western band, in contrast with the eastern band of subordinates.

頭鳩羅 dukūla, a species of plant, fine cloth made of the inner bark of this plant, silken cloth.

餓 Hungry, famished, starving.

餓鬼 pretas, hungry spirits, one of the three lower destinies. They are of varied classes, numbering nine or thirty-six, and are in differing degrees and kinds of suffering, some wealthy and of light torment, others possessing nothing and in perpetual torment; some are jailers and executioners of Yama in the hells, others wander to and fro amongst men, especially at night. Their city or region is called 餓鬼城; 餓鬼界. Their destination or path is the 餓鬼趣 or 餓鬼道.

餓鬼愛 Desire as eager as that of a hungry ghost.

餘 Remains, remainder, the rest, the other; surplus.

餘宗 餘乘 Other schools; other vehicles, i.e. other than one's own.

餘念 Divided thoughts, inattentive.

餘甘子 āmraphala, v. 菴.

餘習 The remnants of habit which persist after passion has been subdued; also called 餘氣; 習氣; 殘習.

髻 Topknot, tuft, the hair coiled on top.

髻珠 髻寶 The precious stone worn in the 髻 topknot; a king's most prized possession in the Lotus Sūtra parable.

髻利吉羅 計利 (or 計里) 枳 (or 計) 攞 (or 羅) Kelikila, the attendant of a deva; one of the Vajrapāṇis.

鴛 Drake of mandarin duck; v. 鴛班.

鴛班 Paired bands, i.e. to stand facing each other when reciting sūtras.

鴦 Hen of mandarin duck, symbolizing conjugal fidelity; translit. aṅg.

鴦伽 鴦掘多羅 ? Aṅga, described as a country north of Magadha.

鴦伽社哆 aṅgajāta, 'produced from or on the body,' a son, but intp. as the membrum virile.

鴦倶舍 aṅgūṣa, an arrow, a barbed weapon.

鴦哦囉迦 Aṅgāraka, charcoal; intp. fire star, the planet Mars.

鴦崛摩羅 (鴦崛利摩羅) Aṅgulimālya, chaplet of finger-bones; the Śivaitic sect that wore such chaplets; also 鴦堀摩羅; 鴦掘摩羅; 鴦窶利摩羅 v. 央. One converted by the Buddha is known by this name.

鴦輸伐摩 Aṃśuvarman, a king of ancient Nepal, descendant of the Licchavis, author of the 聲明論.

麈 A great deer, whose tail is used as a fly-whip; the use of which is forbidden to monks.

默 Dark, secret, silent, profound.

默傳 Silent teaching or propagation, i.e. from mind to mind, without words or writing.

默擯 梵壇 brahmanaṇḍa; to 'send to Coventry' an obnoxious monk, all intercourse with him being forbidden.

默然 Silent, without words.

默理 The principle of silence, that the absolute is indefinable, the doctrine of Vimalakīrti.

默置記 Answering a foolish or improper question by silence.

龍 A dragon, dragon-like, imperial; tr. for nāga, which means snake, serpent; also elephant, elephantine, serpent-like, etc., cf. 那.

龍天 Dragon kings and devas; also Nāgārjuna and Vasubandhu.

龍天八部 nāgas, devas, rākṣasas, gandharvas, asuras, garuḍas, kinnaras, and mahoragas.

龍奮迅三昧 A samādhi powerful like the dragon; abstract meditation which results in great spiritual power.

龍女 Nāgakanyā, a nāga maiden. Daughter of Sāgara-nāgarāja, the dragon king at the bottom of the ocean; she is presented in the Lotus Sūtra, becoming a Buddha, under the tuition of Mañjuśrī.

龍宮 Dragon palace; palaces of the dragon kings; also 龍戶.

龍彌你 Lumbinī, v. 嵐.

龍方 The dragon-quarter, i.e. the north.

龍樹 Nāgārjuna, v. 那.

龍河 Another name for the river Nairaṅjanā, cf. 尼.

龍湯 Dragon soup, a purgative concocted of human and animal urine and excrement; also called 黃龍湯.

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龍猛 Nāgārjuna, v. 那.

龍王 nāgarāja, dragon king, a title for the tutelary deity of a lake, river, sea, and other places; there are lists of 5, 7, 8, 81, and 185 dragon kings.

龍珠 Dragon-pearl; pearl below the dragon's jaws; the sun or moon associated with the dragon and spring.

龍神 A dragon-god, or spirit.

龍種尊 (龍種上尊王佛) The Buddha of the race of honourable dragon kings, a title of Mañjuśrī.

龍章 Dragon books, i.e. the sūtras, so called because the Sanskrit writing seemed to the Chinese to resemble the forms of snakes and dragons.

龍華樹 nāga-puṣpa; 奔那伽 puṣpanāga, the dragon-flower tree, which will be the bodhi-tree of Maitreya, the Buddhist Messiah, when he comes to earth.

龍華會 Maitreya's assembly under the 龍華樹 dragon-flower tree for preaching the Buddha-truth. The eight of the fourth moon has been so called, an occasion when the images are washed with fragrant water, in connection with the expected Messiah.

龍藏 The Dragon Treasury or library, formerly in the 龍興 Longxing monastery at Chang-an.

龍象 Dragon elephant, or dragon and elephant, i.e. great saints, Buddhas, bodhisattvas. A large elephant is called a dragon elephant. The term is also one of respect applied to a monk.

龍軍 A tr. of Nāgasena, v. 那先; 那伽犀那; and the 那先比丘經 Milindapaṅha sūtra.

龍鉢 A begging-bowl formerly used by a certain monk for obtaining rain, the dragon descending into his bowl.

龍龕 Dragon coffins, i.e. those for monks.

龜 Tortoise, turtle. The rareness of meeting a Buddha is compared with the difficulty of a blind sea-turtle finding a log to float on, or a one-eyed tortoise finding a log with a spy-hole through it.

龜毛 The hair on a tortoise, i.e. the non-existent.

龜玆 Kuchā, also 庫車; 屈支 (or屈茨); 丘玆; 倶支 An ancient kingdom and city in Eastern Turkestan, 41°45' N., 83°E. It is recorded as the native place of Kumārajīva.

龜藏六 The parable of the tortoise and the jackal, the tortoise hiding its six vulnerable parts, symbolizing the six senses, the jackal wailing and starving to death.

17. SEVENTEEN STROKES
償 To repay, compensate; cf, 商.

優 Abundant, excessive; exceptional, extra; at ease; an actor; chiefly translit. u sounds, cf. 鬱, 憂, 烏, etc.

優塡 Udayana, king of Kauśāmbī and contemporary of Śākyamuni, who is reputed to have made the first image of the Buddha; also 優陀延; 于闐; 鄔陀衍那; 嗢陀演那伐蹉 Udayana Vatsa. Cf. 巨, 倶, 拘, and 弗沙王.

優多羅 uttarā. Upper, superior, higher, further.

優婆 cf. 優波.

優婆塞 upāsaka, 優婆娑柯; 優波娑迦; 鄔波塞 (鄔波塞伽); 鄔波索迦 (or 鄔波素迦); 伊蒲塞. Originally meaning a servant, one of low caste, it became the name for a Buddhist layman who engages to observe the first five commandments, a follower, disciple, devotee.

優婆夷 upāsikā. 優波夷; 優婆斯; 優婆私柯; 優波賜迦; 鄔婆斯迦 (or 鄔波斯迦) Female lay disciples who engage to observe the first five commandments.

優婆尼沙陀 (or 優婆尼沙曇) Upaniṣad, v. 優波.

優婆掘多 v. Upagupta, infra.

優婆提舍 upadeśa; 優婆題舍; 優波提舍 (or 優波替舍); 鄔波題鑠 (or 鄔波弟鑠). Discourses and discussions by question and answer; one of the twelve divisions of the Canon; a synonym for the Abhidharma, also for the Tantras.

優婆毱多 Upagupta, 優婆鞠多 (or 優婆掘多); 優波笈多 (or 優波毱多); 鄔波毱多 (or 鄔波級多 or 鄔波屈多); 烏波毱多. A 'śūdra by birth, who entered upon monastic life when 17 years old'. Eitel. He was renowned as almost a Buddha, lived under King Aśoka, and is reputed as the fifth patriarch, 200 years after the Nirvāṇa.

優婆至沙 (or 優婆室沙) Upatiṣya, i.e. Śāriputra, v. 舍.

優婆離 Upāli 優婆利; 優波利 (or 優波離); 鄔波離 A barber of śūdra caste, who became a disciple of Śākyamuni, was one of the three sthaviras of the first Synod, and reputed as the principal compiler of the Vinaya, hence his title 持戒 Keeper of the Laws. There was another Upāli, a Nirgrantha ascetic.

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優婆馱耶 upādhyāya, 'a sub-teacher'; 'a spiritual teacher.' M.W. A general term for monk. There are various names, etc., beginning with 優; 憂; 鄔; 塢; 郁, etc.

優曇 (優曇鉢) The udumbara tree; supposed to produce fruit without flowers; once in 3,000 years it is said to flower, hence is a symbol of the rare appearance of a Buddha. The Ficus glomerata. Also 優曇婆羅; 烏曇跋羅; 鄔曇婆羅.

優樓 (優樓迦) Ulūka, the owl; a ṛṣi '800 years' before Śākyamuni, reputed as founder of the Vaiśeṣika philosophy. Also 優婁佉; 憂流迦; 嘔盧伽; 漚樓; 嗢露迦.

優樓頻螺 Uruvilvā, papaya tree; name of the forest near Gayā where Śākyamuni practised austere asceticism before his enlightenment. Also 優樓頻蠡 (or 優樓毘蠡); 烏盧頻螺 (or 烏盧頻羅); 漚樓頻螺, 優樓頻螺迦葉 and other forms; Uruvilvā Kāśyapa; 'one of the principal disciples of Śākyamuni, so called because he practised asceticism in the Uruvilvā forest,' or 'because he had on his breast a mark resembling the fruit of the' papaya. He 'is to reappear as Buddha Samantaprabhāsa'. Eitel.

優檀那 ? uddāna, fasten, bind, seal.

優波 v. 優婆.

優波娑迦 v. 優婆塞 upāsaka.

優波婆娑 upavāsa, to dwell in, or by; fasting, abstinence; to keep eight of the ten prohibitions.

優波尼沙土 (or 優波尼沙陀) Upaniṣad, also (婆波尼曇; certain philosophical or mystical writings by various authors at various periods 'attached to the Brāhmaṇas, the aim of which is the ascertainment of the secret of the Veda (they are more than a hundred in number, and are said to have been the source of the six darśanas, or systems of philosophy)'. M.W. The best known is the Bṛhad-āraṇyaka.

優波憍舍羅 upāyakauśalya, the seventh pāramitā, cf. 波.

優波替 (優波舍) v. 舍 Upatiṣya (son of Tiṣya), i.e. Śāriputra.

優波羅懺 優婆羅叉 upalakṣana, a mark or property, tr. as 律 the law, or the monastic rules.

優波陀 v. 優鉢羅 Utpala.

優波那訶 v. 優婆馱耶 Upādhyāya.

優波難陀 Upananda, a disciple of Śākyamuni; also a nāga king.

優波離 Upāli, v. 優婆.

優流漫陀 Urumuṇḍa, name of a mountain in the Aśoka sūtra.

優畢捨 (or 優畢叉) upekṣā. The state of mental equilibrium in which the mind has no bent or attachment and neither meditates nor acts, a state of indifference. Explained by 捨 abandonment.

優襌尼 Ujjayanī, Oujein, v. 烏闍.

優鉢羅 utpala, the blue lotus, to the shape of whose leaves the Buddha's eyes are likened; also applied to other water lilies. Name of a dragon king; also of one of the cold hells, and one of the hot hells. Also 優鉢剌; 鄔鉢羅; 漚鉢羅.

優陀夷 udāyin, to rise, shine forth; a disciple of Śākyamuni, to appear as Buddha Samantaprabhāsa.

優陀延 v. 優陀夷 and 鄔 Udayana.

優陀那 udāna (udānaya), voluntary discourses, a section of the canon.

壓 To press, squeeze, crush; repress.

壓沙油 To press oil out of sand, impossible.

壓油 To crush seed for oil.

壓油輪罪 The sin of the oil-presser, i.e. the killing of insects among the seeds crushed.

嬰 Infant, baby.

嬰童 A child.

彌 To shoot, reach everywhere, pervade; complete, universal; prevent, stop; more; long.

彌伽 Megha, a cloud; name of one of the bodhisattvas renowned as a healer, or as a cloud-controller for producing rain.

彌勒 Maitreya, friendly, benevolent. The Buddhist Messiah, or next Buddha, now in the Tuṣita heaven, who is to come 5,000 years after the nirvāṇa of Śākyamuni, or according to other reckoning after 4,000 heavenly years, i.e. 5,670,000,000 human years. According to tradition he was born in Southern India of a Brahman family. His two epithets are 慈氏 Benevolent, and Ajita 阿逸多 'Invincible'. He presides over the spread of the church, protects its members and will usher in ultimate victory for Buddhism. His image is usually in the hall of the four guardians facing outward, where he is represented as the fat laughing Buddha, but in some places his image is tall, e.g. in Peking in the Yung Ho Kung. Other forms are彌帝M075962; 迷諦隸; 梅低梨; 梅怛麗 (梅怛藥 or 梅怛邪); 每怛哩; 昧怛 M067070曳; 彌羅. There are numerous Maitreya sūtras.

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彌底 miti, measure, accurate knowledge, evidential.

三彌底 三蜜 The Sammatīya school.

彌戾車 mleccha, barbarian, foreigner, wicked; defined as 'ill-looking', a term for a non-Buddhist tribe or people. Also 彌離車; cf. 蜜.

彌樓 Meru, 'the Olympus of Hindu mythology.' M.W. Sumeru, cf. 須; but there is dispute as to the identity of the two. Meru also refers to the mountains represented by the Himālayas, in this not differing from Sumeru. It also has the general meaning of 'lofty'.

彌沙塞 (彌沙塞部) Mahāśāsakāḥ . One of the divisions of the Sarvāstivādāḥ school; cf. 磨. Also name of the 五分律 tr. by Buddhajīva A.D. 423-4. Also 彌喜捨娑阿.

彌蘭 King Milinda, v. 那先.

彌迦 Mekā, said to be the name of the girl who gave milk congee to Śākyamuni immediately after his enlightenment; seemingly the same as Sujātā, Senā, or Nandā.

彌迦羅 (or 彌呵羅) Mekhalā, a girdle, name of an elder.

彌遮迦 Miccaka or Mikkaka. 'A native of Central India, the sixth patriarch, who having laboured in Northern India transported himself to Ferghana where he chose Vasumitra as his successor. He died 'by the fire of samādhi'.' Eitel.

彌陀 Amitābha, v. 阿.

彌陀三尊 (or 彌陀三聖) The three Amitābha honoured ones; Amitābha, whose mercy and wisdom are perfect; Guanyin, Avalokiteśvara, on his left, who is the embodiment of mercy; Dashizhi, Mahāsthāmaprāpta, on his right, the embodiment of wisdom.

彌陀山 Mitraśānta, a monk from Tukhara.

應 Respond, correspond, answer, reply; ought, should, proper, deserving, worthy of.

應人 arhat, arhan; deserving (worship), an old tr. of arhat.

應佛 idem 應身 q.v.

應作 Responsive appearance, revelation, idem 應現.

應伽 aṅga, a limb, member, body.

應供 Worth, of worship, a tr. of the term arhat; one of the ten titles of a Tathāgata.

應儀 Deserving of respect, or corresponding to the correct, an old tr. of arhat.

應化 nirmāṇa means formation, with Buddhists transformation, or incarnation. Responsive incarnation, or manifestation, in accordance with the nature or needs of different beings.

應化利生 Revelation or incarnation for the benefit of the living.

應化法身 Responsive manifestation of the dharmakāya, or Absolute Buddha, in infinite forms.

應化聲聞 Buddhas or bodhisattvas incarnate as śrāvakas, or disciples.

應化身 應身; 化身 nirmāṇakāya, the Buddha incarnate, the transformation body, capable of assuming any form (for the propagation of Buddha-truth).

應器 The pātra, or begging-bowl, the utensil corresponding to the dharma; the utensil which responds to the respectful gifts of others; the vessel which corresponds with one's needs; also 應量器.

應土 Any land or realm suited to the needs of its occupants; also called 化土.

應報 Corresponding retribution; rewards and punishments in accordance with previous moral action.

應形 The form of manifestation, the nirmāṇakāya, idem 應身.

應感 The response of Buddhas and spirits (to the needs of men).

應應 nirmāṇakāya response, its response to the needs of all; that of the dharmakāya is called 法應.

應文 Yingwen; the grandson of the founder of the Ming dynasty, Taizu, to whom he succeeded, but was dethroned by Yung Lo and escaped disguised as a monk; he remained hidden as a monk till his 64th year, afterwards he was provided for by the reigning ruler. His name is also given as 應能 Yingneng; 應賢 Yingxian; and posthumously as 允炆 Yunwen.

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應果 arhat-fruit, the reward of arhatship.

應正遍知 The arhat of perfect knowledge, a title of a Buddha.

應法 In harmony with dharma or law.

應法妙服 The mystic (or beautiful) garment of accordance with Buddha-truth, i.e, the monk's robe.

應法沙彌 A novice, preparing for the monkhood, between 14 and 19 years of age.

應現 Responsive manifestation, revelation through a suitable medium.

應理宗 (應理圓實宗) A name of the Dharmalakṣana school, 法相宗 q.v.

應用無邊 Omnipresent response to need; universal ability to aid.

應病與藥 To give medicine suited to the disease, the Buddha's mode of teaching.

應眞 A worthy true one, an old tr. of the term arhat. Also, one who is in harmony with truth.

應護 The response and protection of Buddhas and bodhisattvas according to the desires of all beings.

應身 nirmāṇakāya, one of the 三身 q.v. Any incarnation of Buddha. The Buddha-incarnation of the 眞如q.v. Also occasionally used for the saṃbhogakāya. There are various interpretation (a) The 同性經 says the Buddha as revealed supernaturally in glory to bodhisattvas is應身, in contrast with 化身, which latter is the revelation on earth to his disciples. (b) The 起信論 makes no difference between the two, the 應身 being the Buddha of the thirty-two marks who revealed himself to the earthly disciples. The 金光明經 makes all revelations of Buddha as Buddha to be 應身; while all incarnations not as Buddha, but in the form of any of the five paths of existence, are Buddha's 化身. Tiantai has the distinction of 勝應身 and 劣應身, i.e. superior and inferior nirmāṇakāya, or supernatural and natural.

應身土 Any realm in which a Buddha is incarnate.

應迹 Evidential nirmāṇakāya, manifestations or indications of incarnation.

應頌 geya, corresponding verses, i.e. a prose address repeated in verse, idem 重頌; the verse section of the canon.

戲 khelā, krīḍā. Play, sport, take one's pleasure; theatricals, which are forbidden to a monk or nun.

戲忘天 (戲忘念天) One of the six devalokas of the desire-heavens, where amusement and laughter cause forgetfulness of the true and right.

戲論 prapañca. Sophistry; meaningless argument; frivolous or unreal discourse.

擦 To rub, wipe.

擦汗 To wipe off sweat.

擬 To compare, estimate, guess, adjudge, decide, intend.

擬罪 To judge a case.

擯 To expel.

擯治 The punishment of expulsion, which is of three orders: (1) 擯出 expulsion from a particular monastery or nunnery, to which there may be a return on repentance; (2) 默擯 prohibition of any intercourse; (3) 滅擯 entire expulsion and deletion from the order.

檢 A case; rule; to collate; compose; pick up.

檢校 To check, compare.

檐 Eaves, v. 贍 20.

檀 A hard wood, translit. da, dan. dāna, a giver; donation, charity, almsgiving, bestowing.

檀主 dānapati, lord of charity, a patron.

檀中 Among the patrons.

檀信 The faith of an almsgiver; almsgiving and faith.

檀嚫 Dakṣiṇā, cf. 達, the Deccan.

檀家 A patron, patrons.

檀度 cf. 六度. The pāramitā of charity, or almsgiving.

檀捨 檀施 Almsgiving, bestowing, charity.

檀拏 檀陀 daṇḍa, also 但荼 a staff, club.

檀林 旃檀之林 Forest of sandal-wood, or incense, a monastery.

檀波羅蜜 v. 六度 dānapāramitā .

檀特 檀陀; 彈多落迦 Dantaloka, a mountain 'near Varucha', with a cavern (now called Kashmiri-Ghār) where Sudāna (cf. 須) lived, or as some say the place where Śākyamuni, when Siddhārtha, underwent his ascetic sufferings.

檀耳 v. 旃檀耳 Candana.

檀越 dānapati, an almsgiver, patron; various definitions are given, e.g. one who escapes the karma of poverty by giving.

檀那 陀那 dāna to give, donate, bestow, charity, alms.

檀那鉢底 dānapatipati, v. 檀主; 檀越.

檀陁迦阿蘭若 ? daṇḍaka-āranyaka, daṇḍaka forest hermits, one of the three classes of hermits, intp. as those who live on rocks by the seashore.

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濟 To cross a stream; aid; cause, bring about.

濟家 濟下 The school, or disciples of 臨濟 Linji.

濟度 To ferry the living across the sea of reincarnation to the shore of nirvāṇa.

濡 To dip, wet, soak; damp; glossy; forbearing.

濡佛 An image of Vairocana in the open.

濡首 A faulty tr. of Mañjuśrī, cf. 文.

濫 Overflowing, excess.

濫波 Lampā (Lampāka); the district of Lamghan.

濕 Wet, humid, moist.

濕生 Moisture-born; born in damp or wet places spawn, etc., one of the four forms of birth, v. 四生.

獲 To catch, seize, obtain, recover. 獲得.

療 To heal, cure, 療病.

皤 Grey, white.

皤利 bali, the offering of a portion of a meal to all creatures; also royal revenue, a sacrifice, etc.

皤雌子部 v. 犢.

瞥 A glance.

瞥地 Instant, quickly.

禪 To level a place for an altar, to sacrifice to the hills and fountains; to abdicate. Adopted by Buddhists for dhyāna, 禪 or 禪那, i.e. meditation, abstraction, trance. dhyāna is 'meditation, thought, reflection, especially profound and abstract religious contemplation'. M.W. It was intp. as 'getting rid of evil', etc., later as 靜慮 quiet meditation. It is a form of 定, but that word is more closely allied with samādhi, cf. 禪定. The term also connotes Buddhism and Buddhist things in general, but has special application to the 禪宗 q.v. It is one of the six pāramitās, cf. 波. There are numerous methods and subjects of meditation. The eighteen brahmalokas are divided into four dhyāna regions 'corresponding to certain frames of mind where individuals might be reborn in strict accordance with their spiritual state'. The first three are the first dhyāna, the second three the second dhyāna, the third three the third dhyāna, and the remaining nine the fourth dhyāna. See Eitel. According to Childers' Pali Dictionary, 'The four jhānas are four stages of mystic meditation, whereby the believer's mind is purged from all earthly emotions, and detached as it were from his body, which remains plunged in a profound trance.' Seated cross-legged, the practiser 'concentrates his mind upon a single thought. Gradually his soul becomes filled with a supernatural ecstasy and serenity', his mind still reasoning: this is the first jhāna. Concentrating his mind on the same subject, he frees it from reasoning, the ecstasy and serenity remaining, which is the second jhāna. Then he divests himself of ecstasy, reaching the third stage of serenity. Lastly, in the fourth stage the mind becomes indifferent to all emotions, being exalted above them and purified. There are differences in the Mahāyāna methods, but similarity of aim.

禪三昧 dhyāna and samādhi, dhyāna considered as 思惟 meditating, samādhi as 定 abstraction; or meditation in the realms of 色 the visible, or known, and concentration on 無色 the invisible, or supramundane; v. 禪定.

禪人 A member of the Chan (Jap. Zen), i.e. the Intuitional or Meditative sect.

禪侶 Fellow-meditators; fellow-monks.

禪僧 A monk of the Chan sect; a monk in meditation.

禪化 The transforming character of Chan.

禪卷 The meditation fist (muṣti), the sign of meditation shown by the left fist, the right indicating wisdom.

禪味 Meditation-flavour the mysterious taste or sensation experienced by one who enters abstract meditation.

禪和 Meditation-associates, fellow-monks; also 禪和子; 禪和者.

禪坐 To sit cross-legged in meditation.

禪堂 Meditation-hall of the Chan sect. A common name for the monastic hall.

禪天 dhyāna heavens, four in number, where those who practise meditation may be reborn, v. 禪.

禪定 chan is dhyāna, probably a transliteration; ding is an interpretation of samādhi. chan is an element in ding, or samādhi, which covers the whole ground of meditation, concentration, abstraction, reaching to the ultimate beyond emotion or thinking; cf. 禪, for which the two words chan-ding are loosely used.

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禪宗 The Chan, meditative or intuitional, sect usually said to have been established in China by Bodhidharma, v. 達, the twenty-eighth patriarch, who brought the tradition of the Buddha-mind from India. Cf. 楞 13 Laṅkāvatāra sūtra. This sect, believing in direct enlightenment, disregarded ritual and sūtras and depended upon the inner light and personal influence for the propagation of its tenets, founding itself on the esoteric tradition supposed to have been imparted to Kāśyapa by the Buddha, who indicated his meaning by plucking a flower without further explanation. Kāśyapa smiled in apprehension and is supposed to have passed on this mystic method to the patriarchs. The successor of Bodhidharma was 慧可 Huike, and he was succeeded by 僧璨 Sengcan; 道信 Daoxin; 弘忍 Hongren; 慧能 Huineng, and 神秀 Shenxiu, the sect dividing under the two latter into the southern and northern schools: the southern school became prominent, producing 南嶽 Nanyue and 靑原 Qingyuan, the former succeeded by 馬祖 Mazu, the latter by 石頭 Shitou. From Mazu's school arose the five later schools, v. 禪門.

禪室 Meditation hall or room; other similar terms are 禪屋; 禪房; 禪院; 禪堂; 禪居.

禪家 The Chan sect, v. 禪宗; 禪門.

禪尼 A nun.

禪居 A meditation abode; to dwell in meditation; a hermitage; a hermit monk.

禪師 A master, or teacher, of meditation, or of the Chan school.

禪律 The Chan and Lu (Vinaya) sects: i.e. the Meditative and Disciplinary schools.

禪思 Meditation thoughts; the mystic trance.

禪悅 Joy of the mystic trance. 禪悅食 Its mystic nourishing powers.

禪慧 The mystic trance and wisdom.

禪房 Meditation abode, a room for meditation, a cell, a hermitage, general name for a monastery.

禪教 The teaching of the Chan sect. Also, 禪 the esoteric tradition and 教 the teaching of the scriptures.

禪智 Meditation and wisdom, of. 禪卷.

禪杖 A staff or pole for touching those who fall asleep while assembled in meditation.

禪林 Grove of meditation, i.e. a monastery. Monasteries as numerous as trees in a forest. Also 禪苑.

禪梵天 The three brahmaloka heavens of the first dhyāna; cf. 禪.

禪樂 The joy of abstract meditation.

禪毬 A ball of hair used to throw at and awaken those who fell asleep during meditation.

禪波 Disturbing waves, or thoughts, during meditation.

禪波羅密 The sixth or dhyānapāramitā, the attainment of perfection in the mystic trance.

禪法 Methods of mysticism as found in (1) the dhyānas recorded in the sūtras, called 如來禪 tathāgata-dhyānas; (2) traditional dhyāna, or the intuitional method brought to China by Bodhidharma, called 祖師禪, which also includes dhyāna ideas represented by some external act having an occult indication.

禪河 The dhyāna river, i.e. the mystic trance like a river extinguishes the fires of the mind. The 尼連禪 river Nairaṅjanā (Niladyan), which flows past Gayā.

禪病 The ills of meditation, i.e. wandering thoughts, illusions. The illusions and nervous troubles of the mystic.

禪窟 A cell, or cave, for meditation, or retirement from the world.

禪習 The practice of religion through the mystic trance.

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禪行 The methods employed in meditation; the practices, or discipline, of the Chan school.

禪觀 dhyāna-contemplation.

禪那 dhyāna, abstract contemplation. There are four degrees through which the mind frees itself from all subjective and objective hindrances and reaches a state of absolute indifference and annihilation of thought, perception, and will; v. 禪. The River Jumna.

禪錄 The records of the Chan sect.

禪鎭 The meditation-warden, a piece of wood so hung as to strike the monk's head when he nodded in sleep.

禪門 The meditative method in general. The dhyāna pāramitā, v. 六度. The intuitional school established in China according to tradition by Bodhidharma, personally propagated from mind to mind as an esoteric school.

禪門五宗 Five Chan schools, viz. 臨濟宗; 潙仰宗; 雲門宗; 法眼宗, and 曹洞宗; the fourth was removed to Korea; the second disappeared; the other three remained, the first being most successful; in the Sung it divided into the two sects of 楊岐 and 黃龍. Cf. 楞 13 Laṅkāvatāra Sutra.

禪靜 dhyāna and its Chinese translation, quieting of thought, or its control, or suppression, silent meditation.

禪髓 The marrow of meditation-a term for the Laṅkāvatāra Sutra.

禪齋 idem 禪室.

蔑 Bamboo splints, or strips.

蔑隸車 mlecchas, v. 蔑 15.

糞 Ordure, sweepings, garbage.

糞掃 Sweepings, garbage.

糞掃衣 衲衣 The monk's garment of cast-off rags.

糞果 The āmraka fruit in the midden, or a pearl in the mud, cf. Nirvana Sutra 12.

糞除 To get rid of garbage, scavenge; cf. Lotus Sutra 4.

糟糠 Dregs and chaff, said of a proud monk, or of inferior teaching.

總 sādhāraṇa. Altogether, all, whole, general; certainly.

總供 A general offering to all spirits in contrast with specific worship.

總別 General and particular.

總報業 General karma determining the species, race, and country into which one is born; 別報 is the particular karma relating to one's condition in that species, e.g. rich, poor, well, ill, etc.

總持 dhāraṇī, cf. 陀, entire control, a tr. of the Sanskrit word, and associated with the Yogācārya school; absolute control over good and evil passions and influences.

總持門 The esoteric or Tantric sects and methods.

總明論 A name for the Abhidharma-kośa.

總相 Universal characteristics of all phenomena, in contrast with 別相 specific characteristics.

總相戒 The general commandments for all disciples, in contrast with the 別相戒, e.g. the 250 monastic rules.

總願 Universal vows common to all buddhas, in contrast with 別願 specific vows, e.g. the forty-eight of Amitābha.

罽 A fishing net (of hair) translit. k, c, r.

罽利沙盤 cf. 迦 kārṣāpaṇa.

罽羅多 Kirāta. A tribe north-west of the Himalayas, which invaded Kashmir during the Han dynasty.

罽膩吒王 Caṇḍa-Kaniṣka, 吒王; the Scythian king, conqueror of northern India and Central Asia, noted for violence, the seizure of Aśvaghoṣa, and, later, patronage of Buddhism.

罽賓 Kubhā, Kubhāna; the Kōphēn of the Greeks; also a Han name for Kashmir; modern Kabul; cf. Hupian 護苾那.

罽那尸棄佛 v. 尸棄 Ratnaśikhin.

罽鐃夷 Kanyākubja, Kanauj, in Central India, cf. 羯.

翳 A film; screen; fan; hide, invisible; translit. e, a.

翳迦 eka, one, once, single, unique.

翳羅鉢呾羅 Elāpattra, a nāga who is said to have consulted Śākyamuni about rebirth in a higher sphere; also, a palm-tree formerly destroyed by that nāga.

翳身藥 A drug for making the body invisible.

聰 Quick at hearing, sharp, clever, astute, wise, 聰明.

聲 śabda. Sound, tone, voice, repute; one of the five physical senses or sensations, i.e. sound, the聲入, 聲根, or聲塵, cf. 六 and 十二入.

聲念誦 Vocal intonation.

聲教 Vocal teaching.

聲杖 The sounding or rattling staff, said to have been ordained by the Buddha to drive away crawling poisonous insects.

聲明 śabdavidyā, one of the 五明 five sciences, the聲明論 Śabdavidyā śāstra being a treatise on words and their meanings.

聲獨 聲緣 śrāvakas and pratyeka-buddhas, cf. next entry and 緣覺.

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聲聞 śrāvaka, a hearer, a term applied to the personal disciples of the Buddha, distinguished as mahā-śrāvaka; it is also applied to hearers, or disciples in general; but its general connotation relates it to Hīnayāna disciples who understand the four dogmas, rid themselves of the unreality of the phenomenal, and enter nirvana; it is the initial stage; cf. 舍.

聲聞乘 śrāvakayāna; the śrāvaka vehicle or sect, the initial stage, Hīnayāna, the second stage being that of pratyeka-buddha, v. above.

聲聞僧 A Hīnayāna monk.

聲聞藏 The Hīnayāna canon.

聲論 cf. 聲明, also vyākaraṇam, a treatise on sounds and the structure of Sanskrit.

臈 The end of a Buddhist year; a Buddhist year; v. 臘.

膿 Pus.

膿血地獄 The hell of pus and blood.

臂 The arm; forearm; translit. pi, cf. 畢, 毘.

臂卑履也 pipīla(ka), an ant.

臂多勢羅 Pitāśīlā, "an ancient kingdom and city in the province of Sindh, 700 li north of Adhyavakīla, 300 li south-west of Avaṇḍa. Exact position unknown." Eitel.

臂奢柘 piśāca, a class of demons.

臊 Rancid, rank; shame; translit. su, in臊陀 intp. as śuka, parrot; more correctly 叔迦.

臨 To regard with kindness: approach, on the brink of, about to; whilst.

臨終 Approach the end, dying.

臨濟 A monastery during the Tang dynasty in 眞定府 Zhending Fu, Zhili, from which the founder of the臨濟school derived his title; his name was 義玄 Yixuan; cf. 禪門.

臨齋 Approaching the midday meal; near noon.

薑 Ginger.

薑羯羅 kaṅkara, "a high number, 100 niyutas." M.W.

薪 Fuel, firewood; wages.

薪盡 (薪盡火滅) Fuel consumed fire extinguished, a term for nirvana, especially the Buddha's death or nirvana.

薜 Wild hemp; translit. p, ve, vai; cf. 毘, 吠, 閉, etc.

薜室羅末拏 v. 毘 Vaiśravaṇa.

薜攞斫羯羅 velācakra, a kind of clock.

薜服 Hemp garments, the coarse monastic dress.

薜舍 (薜舍離) v. 毘, Vaiśālī.

薜茘 (薜茘多) cf. 閉 preta, intp. as an ancestral spirit, but chiefly as a hungry ghost who is also harmful.

薜陀 Veda, cf. 吠.

薄 Thin, poor, shabby: to slight, despise; to reach to; the herb mint.

薄佉羅 Bactria (or Bukhāra), the country of the Yuezhi, described as north-west of the Himālayas.

薄健 v. 濕 Wakhan.

薄地 Poor land, i.e. the world, as full of trouble.

薄拘羅 also 薄矩羅; 薄倶羅; 薄羅婆拘羅; 縛矩羅; 波鳩蠡Vakula, a disciple who, during his eighty years of life, never had a moment's illness or pain.

薄福 Unfortunate; poor condition due to poor karma; ill luck.

薄證 Shallow insight, weak in mystic experience.

薄迦 (薄迦梵); 薄伽 (薄伽梵) bhagavan, bhagavat, 世尊 world-honoured, cf. 婆.

薊 A thistle.

薊利耶 Sūrya, the sun, the sun god, v. 蘇.

螺 A conch, snail, spiral, screw.

螺髻 Tuft of hair on Brahmā's head resembling a conch, hence a name for Brahmā.

螺髻仙人 A former incarnation of the Buddha, when a bird built its nest in his hair during his prolonged meditation.

螺髻梵 (螺髻梵志) A name for Brahmā, and for the Buddha.

螺髮 The curly hair of the Buddha.

蟒 A boa, python; a class of demons resembling such, a mahoraga.

謌 To sing; song.

謌舞 To sing and dance.

謝 To thank; return (with thanks), decline; fall; apologize; accept with thanks.

謝戒 To give thanks for being given the commandments, i.e. being ordained.

謗 To slander. 誹謗 To slander, vilify, defame.

謗三寶戒 One of the commandments against speaking falsely of the Three Precious Ones.

謗法 To slander the Truth.

講 To talk, explain, preach, discourse.

講下 Descend the pulpit, end the discourse.

講堂 The preaching hall, lecture hall.

講宗 The preaching sects, i.e. all except the Chan or intuitional, and the vinaya, or ritual sects.

講師 An expounder, or teacher.

講演 講說 To expound, discourse, preach.

講經 To expound the sutras.

豁 Open, clear; intelligent.

豁旦 Kustana; Khoten; v. 于, 瞿.

賻 Pecuniary aid (for funerals), 賻儀.

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賽 Money offerings.

賽錢 (to the buddhas or gods); to compete.

蹇 Halt, lame; unfortunate; proud; translit. ka, kha, ska.

蹇尼陀 Kaṇāda, 蹇拏僕Kaṇābhuj, atom-eater, Kaṇāda's nickname, the reputed founder of the Vaiśeṣika school.

蹇荼 khaṇḍa, candy, broken bits.

蹈 To trample, tread on.

蹈七寳華 Saptaratna-padmavikrāmin, the name of Rāhula as Buddha, he whose steps are on flowers of the seven precious things.

避 Avoid, escape, flee.

避死 To avoid death.

避羅 vimbara, idem 頻婆羅.

還 To return; repay; still, yet.

還年藥 A drug to return the years and restore one's youth.

還俗 To return to lay life, leave the monastic order.

還相 To return to the world, from the Pure Land, to save its people; i.e. one of the forms of 迴向 q.v.

還滅 To return to nirvana and escape from the backward flow to transmigration.

還源 To return to the source. i.e. abandon illusion and turn to enlightenment.

還生 To return to life; to be reborn in this world; to be reborn from the Hīnayāna nirvana in order to be able to attain to Mahāyāna buddhahood; also, restoration to the order, after repentance for sin.

還禮 還拜; 還香 Return of courtesy, of a salute, of incense offered, etc.

還門 One of the six 妙門, i.e. to realize by introspection that the thinker, or introspecting agent, is unreal.

醜 Ugly, shameful, shame, disgraceful.

醜目 醜眼 Virūpākṣa; ugly-eyed, i.e. Śiva with his three eyes; also the name of the mahārāja-protector of the West, v. 毘.

醜陋 Ugly, vile.

鍋 A pan.

鍋頭 The one who attends to the cooking-stoves, etc., in a monastery.

鍵 The bolt of a lock; to lock; translit. gha.

鍵南 ghana, also 伽謌那, solid, compact, firm, viscid, mass; a fetus of forty-seven days.

鍵鎔 A bowl, small almsbowl; also 鍵鎡; 犍茨; 健支; 建鎡.

鍱 A thin metal plate.

鍱腹 The Indian philosopher who is said to have worn a rice-pan over his belly, the seat of wisdom, lest it should be injured and his wisdom be lost.

闊 Broad, wide, spacious; well-off, liberal.

闊悉多 Khusta, "a district of ancient Tukhara, probably the region south of Talikhan, Lat. 36°42 N., Long. 69°25 E." Eitel. But it may be Khost in Afghanistan, south-west of Peshawar.

闇 To shut; dark; retired; translit. am, cf. 暗, 菴.

闇室 A dark room, a place for meditation.

闇密里帝軍荼利 amṛtakuṇḍalī, the vase of ambrosia.

闇心 A dark, ignorant, or doubting mind.

闇林 Tāmasavana, see 答 10.

闇鈍 Ignorant and dull.

闇障 The hindrance of ignorance.

闍 Translit. c, j, k, g, sounds.

闍世 cf. 阿 Ajātaśatru.

闍伊那 Jaina, the Jains, founded by Jñātṛputra, cf. 若, contemporary of Śākyamuni.

闍利 jala, water.

闍嚩囉 jvala, shining; light.

闍多伽 jātaka, stories of previous incarnations of buddhas and bodhisattvas.

闍夜 jaya, conquering, a manual sign of overcoming.

闍夜多 Jayata, twentieth Indian patriarch, teacher of Vasubandhu.

闍婆隸 jvālā, flame(-mouth), a class of hungry demons.

闍崛山 Gṛdhrakūṭa, cf. 耆 Vulture peak.

闍提 jāti, 生 birth, production; genus; name of several plants, e.g. marigold.

闍提闍羅 jātijarā, birth and decrepitude.

闍提首那 Jātisena, an ancient sage mentioned in the Nirvana Sutra.

闍梨 闍黎 ācārya, cf. 阿, a teacher, instructor, exemplar.

闍樓 jarāyu, a placenta, an after-birth.

闍毘 idem 荼毘 jhapita.

闍演帝 (or 闍演底) jayanta, conqueror, name of Śiva and others.

闍爛達羅 Jālandhara, an ancient kingdom and city in the Punjab, the present Jalandar.

闍王 v. 阿 Ajātaśatru.

闍維 A monk's funeral pyre, perhaps jhāpita.

闍耶因陀羅 Jayendra, a monastery of Pravarasenapura, now Srinagar, Kashmir.

闍耶毱多 Jayagupta, a teacher of Xuanzang in Srughna.

闍耶犀那 or 闍耶宰那 Jayasena, a noted Buddhist scholar of the Vedas.

闍耶補羅 Jayapura, "an ancient city in the Punjab, probably the present Hasaurah, 30 miles north-west of Lahore." Eitel.

闍那崛多 Jñānagupta, a native of Gandhāra, tr. forty-three works into Chinese A.D. 561-592.

闍那耶舍 Jñānayaśas, a native of Magadha, teacher of Yaśogupta and Jñānagupta, co-translator of six works, A.D. 564-572.

闍陀伽 idem 闍多伽 jātaka.

闍鼻多 jhāpita, idem 荼毘.

隱 To hide, conceal; obscure, esoteric; retired.

隱密 Esoteric meaning in contrast with 顯了 exoteric, or plain meaning.

隱形 隱身To vanish, become invisible.

隱所 A privy.

隱覆 To hide, conceal; secret.

隸 To control; retainers.

隸車 v. 離.

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鞠 To nourish, exhaust, address; a ball; translit. ku, gu.

鞠利衍那 Kuryana; Kuvayana; also 鞫和衍那. "An ancient kingdom south-east of Ferghana, north of the upper Oxus, the present Kurrategeen." Eitel.

鞠多 Upagupta, v. 優.

鞞 A scabbard; translit. vi, ve, vai, vya, bhi, bhya, be; cf. 毘, 吠, 韋.

鞞世師 鞞崽迦 The Vaiśesika school of philosophy, cf. 衞.

鞞侈遮羅那 (鞞侈遮羅那三般那) or 毘侈遮羅那 (毘侈遮羅那三般那) or鞞多遮羅那 (鞞多遮羅那三般那) or毘多遮羅那 (毘多遮羅那三般那) vidyā-caraṇa-saṃpanna, perfect in knowledge and conduct 明行足, one of the ten epithets of a Buddha.

鞞嚧杜那 v. 毘 Vairocana.

鞞奢隸夜 v. 毘 Vaiśālī.

鞞婆尸 or 鞞婆沙 v. 毘 vibhāṣā.

鞞婆訶羅 (Eka)vyavahārika, tr. 一說部, a branch of the Māhāsaṅghika.

鞞室羅懣囊 v. 毘 Vaiśravaṇa.

鞞尼 v. 毘 vinaya.

鞞恕婆附 v. 毘 Viśvabhū.

鞞殺社 v. 藥 bhaiṣajya, healing, medical, remedial.

鞞沙門 v. 毘 Vaiśravaṇa.

鞞稠利夜 鞞頭梨 v. 毘, 吠 Vaiḍūrya.

鞞索迦 Vaiśākha, the second month of spring, i.e. Chinese second month 16th to the 3rd month 15th day; name of a wealthy patroness of Śākyamuni and his disciples.

鞞紐婆那 Veṇuvana, 竹林, a park near Rājagṛha, the Karaṇḍaveṇuvana, a favourite resort of Śākyamuni.

鞞舍 (鞞舍隸夜 or 鞞舍隸離) v. 毘 Vaiśālī.

鞞舍羅婆拏 v. 毘 Vaiśravaṇa.

鞞跋致 vaivartika; intp. by 退 to recede, fall back, backslide.

鞞陀 v. 韋 The Vedas.

鞞陀路婆 v. 毘 Vetāla.

鵂 ulūka, an owl.

鵂鶹 Ulūka, i.e. Kaṇāda, a celebrated philosopher, said to have lived "800 years" before Śākyamuni.

鴿 pārāvata; kapotaka; a dove, pigeon.

鴿園 A famous monastery said to be in Kashmir, the Kapotakasaṃghārāma, v. 迦布德迦.

點 To dot, touch, punctuate, light, nod; the stroke of a clock; to check off; a speck, dot, drop, etc.

點化 Touched into activity, or conversion.

點心 A snack, slight repast, not a proper meal.

點燈 To light a lamp.

點石 The stones nodded in approval (when 道生 Daosheng read the Nirvana Sutra).

齋 To reverence: abstinence; to purify as by fasting, or abstaining, e.g. from flesh food; religious or abstinential duties, or times; upavasatha (uposatha), a fast; the ritual period for food, i.e. before noon; a room for meditation, a study, a building, etc., devoted to abstinence, chastity, or the Buddhist religion; mourning (for parents).

齋七 The seven periods of masses for the dead, during the seven sevens or forty-nine days after death.

齋主 The donor of monastic food.

齋僧 To provide a meal for monks.

齋堂 Abstinence hall, i.e. monastic dining-hall.

齋場 Similarly a dining-place.

齋席 A table of food for monks, or nuns.

齋戒 Purification, or abstinential rules, e. g. the eight prohibitions.

齋持 To observe the law of abstinence, i.e. food at the regulation times.

齋日 Days of offerings to the dead, ceremonial days.

齋時 The regulation hours for monastic meals, especially the midday meal, after which no food should be eaten.

齋月 The three special months of abstinence and care, the first, fifth, and ninth months.

齋會 An assembly of monks for chanting, with food provided.

齋法 The rule of not eating after noon; also the discipline of the order, or the establishment.

齋筵 Offerings of food to the triratna.

齋粥 The midday and morning meals, breakfast of rice or millet congee, dinner of vegetarian foods.

齋罷 齋退 Afternoon, i.e. after the midday meal.

齋鐘 齋鼓 The bell, or drum, calling to the midday meal.

齋食 The midday meal; not eating after noon; abstinential food, i.e. vegetarian food, excluding vegetables of strong odour, as garlic, or onions.

18. EIGHTEEN STROKES
叢 A copse, grove, wood; crowded.

叢林 A thickly populated monastery; a monastery.

叢規 The rules of the establishment.

嚕 Translit. ru, rau.

嚕多 ruta, a loud sound, or voice.

嚕羅婆 The Raurava hell of crying and wailing.

戴 To wear (on the head); to bear, sustain.

戴塔 To have a pagoda represented on the head, as in certain images; a form of Maitreya, āryastūpa-mahāśrī, 戴塔吉祥; also applied to Guanyin, etc.

擲 To throw, throw away, reject.

擲惡人 To cast away, or reject, wicked men.

擲枳多 Chikdha, the modern Chitor, or Chittore, in Central India. Eitel.

斷 uccheda; to cut off, end, get rid of, cause to cease; decide, decidedly.

斷七 The final seventh, i.e. the forty-ninth day of obsequies for the dead.

斷伏 To cut off and overcome.

斷和 To decide a dispute and cause harmony.

斷善根 To cut off, or destroy, roots of goodness.

斷善闡提 The icchanti, or outcast, who cannot attain buddhahood, i.e. a man of great wickedness; or, a bodhisattva who separates himself from buddhahood to save all beings.

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斷屠 To prohibit the butchering of animals—on special occasions.

斷常 End or continuance, annihilation or permanence, death or immortality.

斷德 The power or virtue of bringing to an end all passion and illusion—one of the three powers of a buddha.

斷惑 To bring delusion to an end.

斷惡 To cut off evil, or wickedness.

斷末摩 marmacchid, to cut through, wound, or reach vital parts; cause to die.

斷滅 The heterodox teaching which denies the law of cause and effect, i.e. of karma.

斷結 To snap the bonds, i.e. of passion, etc.

斷肉 To forbid flesh; meat was permitted by the Buddha under the Hīnayāna cult, but forbidden in Mahāyāna under the bodhisattva cult, and also by Hīnayāna.

斷見 ucchedadarśana; the view that death ends life, in contrast with 常見 that body and soul are eternal—both views being heterodox; also world-extinction and the end of causation.

斷道 The stage in development when illusion is cut off.

斷頭罪 The "lop off the head" sins, i.e. adultery, stealing, killing, lying, sins which entail immediate exclusion from the order.

斷食 To fast; voluntarily to starve oneself.

旛 patākā, a flag, streamer. 旗旛Banners and flags, flags.

曜 Brilliant, shining. 七曜 The sun, moon, and five planets. 曜宿 These seven and the constellations, the celestial orbs.

櫈 A stool, bench, footstool, etc.

櫃 A counter, cupboard, bureau.

櫃頭 Bursar, storekeeper.

檳 The areca or betel-nut, i.e. 檳榔 pūga, the areca catechu, or betel-nut tree.

歸 Return to, give oneself up to; commit oneself to, surrender; cf. 三歸 śaraṇa-gamana.

歸仰 To turn to in expectancy or adoration, put trust in.

歸依 To turn to and rely on.

歸依佛 歸依法; 歸依僧 To commit oneself to the triratna, i.e. Buddha, Dharma, Saṅgha; Buddha, his Truth and his Church.

歸俗 To return to lay life.

歸元 To return to one's origin, enter nirvana, i.e. to die; also 歸化; 歸寂; 歸本; 歸眞, etc.

歸入 To turn to and enter, e.g. a religion, church, society, etc.

歸命 南無 namas, namah, namo; to devote one's life (to the Buddha, etc.); to entrust one's life; to obey Buddha's teaching.

歸性 To turn from the world of phenomena to that of eternal reality, to devote oneself tot he spiritual rather than the material.

歸敬 To turn to in reverence, put one's trust in and worship.

瀉 To purge, drain.

瀉藥 Purgatives.

濾 To strain, filter.

濾水囊 濾羅 A filtering bag, or cloth; cf. 漉.

瀑 A torrent, cataract, cascade.

瀑流 A torrent, the stream of passion, or illusion.

獵 To hunt.

獵師 A hunter, e.g. a disguised person, a monk who wears the robe but breaks the commandments.

甕 kumbha, a pitcher, jar, pot.

甕形 Jar-shaped, pot-shaped; kumbhāṇḍaka, v. 鳩.

瞻 To look up to, or for; revere, adore, expect, i.e. 瞻仰; translit. ca, ja.

瞻旬 (瞻旬迦) campa, campaka, a yellow fragrant flower, Michelia champaka; also 瞻波; 瞻婆; 瞻博 (瞻博迦); 睒婆; 占婆; 旃波迦, etc.

瞻波國 瞻博婆城The country and city of Campā, given by M.W. as "the modern Bhāgalpur or a place in its vicinity, founded by Campa"; by Eitel as "a district in the upper Pundjab".

瞻病 To examine a sick person medically.

瞻部 v. 閻 Jambudvīpa.

瞻風 To hope for the wind (of Buddha truth or aid).

瞿 The wary look of a bird, anxious; translit. ga, kau, gau, ko, go, gho, ku, gu; cf. 鳩, 倶, 仇, 拘, etc.

瞿伽尼 Godāna; Godāniya; Godhanya, also　瞿陀尼;　瞿耶尼; 劬伽尼; v. 牛 The continent west of Sumeru; also Aparagodāna.

瞿伽離 Gokālī; Kokālī; Kokāliya; Kokālika; 瞿迦離; 仇伽離; 倶伽離; 倶迦利, etc. The 智度論 1 says a follower of Devadatta who was sent to hell for accusing Śariputra and Maudgalyāyana of fornication. Eitel says "the parent of Devadatta".

瞿修羅 kuśūla is a place for grain, but is intp. as a nun's skirt, cf. 倶.

瞿夷 Gopā; Gopikā, a name of Yaśodharā, wife of Gautama and mother of Rāhula, cf. 憍 Gautamī; also 瞿毘耶; 瞿比迦; 瞿波; 瞿婆.

瞿室 M044209 伽 Gośṛṅga, cow's horn, a mountain near Khotan.

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瞿師羅 Ghoṣira; 瞿私羅; 倶史羅; 劬史羅 name of the donor of the park of this name to Śākyamuni, "identified by Beal as Gopsahasa, a village near Kosam." Eitel.

瞿折羅 Gurjara, an a