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無生之生 A life that is without birth, an immortal life, a nirmāṇakāya, or transformation appearance of a Buddha in the world.

無生寳國 The precious country beyond birth-and-death, the immortal paradise of Amitābha.

無生忍 The patient rest in belief in immortality, or no rebirth.

無生智 The final knowledge attained by the arhat, his release from the chain of transmigration; cf. 十智. Also, the knowledge of the bodhisattva of the assurance of immortality, or no rebirth.

無生法 The law of no-birth, or immorality, as the fundamental law of the 眞如 and the embodiment of nirvāṇa.

無生法忍 idem 無生忍.

無生藏 The scriptures which deal with the absolute, e.g. the 中論 Mādhyamikaśāstra.

無生身 The immortal one, i.e. the dharmakāya.

無生門 The doctrine of reality as beyond birth, or creation, i.e. that of the bhūtatathatā; the gate or school of immortality.

無生際 The uncreate, or absolute; the region of the eternal.

無畏 abhaya. Fearless, dauntless, secure, nothing and nobody to fear; also vīra, courageous, bold.

無畏山 Abhayagiri, Mount Fearless in Ceylon, with an ancient monastery where Faxian found 5,000 monks.

無畏授 勤授 Vīradatta, 'hero-giver,' a prominent layman, contemporary with Śākyamuni.

無畏施 abhayapradāna. The bestowing of confidence by every true Buddhist, i.e. that none may fear him.

無畏藏 Storehouse of fearlessness, said of members of the esoteric sect.

無疑 Undoubted, without doubt.

無盡 Inexhaustible, without limit. It is a term applied by the 權教 to the noumenal or absolute; by the 實教 to the phenomenal, both being considered as infinite. The Huayan sūtra 十地品 has ten limitless things, the infinitude of living beings, of worlds, of space, of the dharmadhātu, of nirvāṇa, etc.

無盡意 Inexhaustible intention, or meaning, name of Akṣayamati, a bodhisattva to whom Śākyamuni is supposed to have addressed the Avalokiteśvara chapter in the Lotus Sūtra.

無盡海 The Buddha-truth as inexhaustible as the ocean.

無盡燈 The one lamp which is yet limitless in the lighting of other lamps; the influence of one disciple may be limitless and inexhaustible; also limitless mirrored reflections; also an altar light always burning.

無盡緣起 法界緣起 Unlimited causation, or the unlimited influence of everything on all things and all things on everything; one of the Huayan 四種緣起.

無盡藏 The inexhaustible treasury.

無相 animitta; nirābhāsa. Without form, or sign; no marks, or characteristics; nothingness; absolute truth as having no differentiated ideas; nirvāṇa.

無相佛 nirlakṣana-buddha; alakṣanabuddha; the Buddha without the thirty-two or eighty marks, i.e. Nāgārjuna.

無相好佛 See無相佛, Upagupta, the fourth patriarch.

無相宗 無相大乘; 無相教; 無相空教 The San-lun or Mādhyamika school because of its 'nihilism'.

無相福田衣 The garment of nothingness for cultivating the field of blessing, i.e. the robe, which separates the monk from earthly contamination.

無相菩提 The enlightenment of seclusion, obtained by oneself, or of nirvāṇa, or nothingness, or immateriality.

無相解脫門 The nirvāṇa type of liberation, cf. 三三昧.

無知 Ignorant; ignorance; absence of perception. Also, ultimate wisdom considered as static, and independent of differentiation.

無礙 apratihata. Unhindered, without obstacle, resistless, without resistance, permeating everywhere, all pervasive, dynamic omnipresence which enters everywhere without hindrance like the light of a candle.

無礙人 The unhindered one, the Buddha, who unbarred the way to nirvāṇa, which releases from all limitations; the omnipresent one; the one who realizes nirvāṇa-truth.

無礙光 The all-pervasive light or glory, that of Amitābha.

無礙大會 cf. 無蓋大會.

無礙智 The omniscience of Buddha.

無種性 The nature without the seed of goodness and so unable to escape from the stream of transmigration.

無種闡提 An icchanti, or evil person without the Buddha-seed of goodness.

無等 asama; unequal, unequalled; the one without equal Buddha.

無等等 asamasama; of rank unequalled, or equal with the unequalled, Buddha and Buddhism.

無等等乘 The unequalled vehicle, Mahāyāna.

無等覺 The unequalled enlightenment possessed by Buddhas.

無緣 Causeless, without immediate causal connection, uncaused, underived, independent.

無緣三昧 anilambha or 'unpropped samādhi', in which all mental functions cease to connect with environment and cease to function.

無緣乘 The vehicle, or method, of the subjective mind, by which all existence is seen as mental and not external.

無緣乘心 the sixth of the ten 住 stages.

無緣塔 無緣塚 A stūpa, or funeral monument not connected with any one person, a general cemetery.

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無聞比丘 A monk who refuses instruction, untutored, self-confident.

無聲漏 The silent clepsydra, incense in the shape of ancient characters used to indicate the time.

無能 Unable, without power.

無能勝 ajita. Invincible, unsurpassable, unconquerable; especially applied to Maitreya, cf. 阿逸多; also to various others.

無自性 asvabhāva; without self-nature, without a nature of its own, no individual nature; all things are without 自然性 individual nature or independent existence, being composed of elements which disintegrate.

無色 arūpa, formless, shapeless, immaterial.

無色有 Existence in the formless or immaterial realm.

無色界 Arūpaloka, or Arūpadhātu, the heavens without form, immaterial, consisting only of mind in contemplation, being four in number, which are defined as the 四空天 Catūrūpabrahmaloka, and given as: 空無邊處 Ākāśānantyāyatana, 識無邊處 Vijñānānantyāyatana, 無所有處 Akiñcanyāyatana, 非想非非想處 Naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyatana.

無色貪 The desire in the world without form of holding on to the illusion of contemplation.

無著 Unattached, not in bondage to anything. Name of Asaṅga, brother of Vasubandhu, and others.

無著天親宗 The school of Asaṅga and Vasubandhu, i.e. the 法相宗 q.v.

無著行 Unfettered action, power to overcome all obstacles.

無蓋 That which cannot be covered or contained, universal; also that which includes all, a characteristic of the pity of Buddha, hence無蓋大悲, uncontainable, or superlative, pity.

無表 avijñapti. Unconscious, latent, not expressed, subjective, e.g. 'the taking of a religious vow impresses on a man's character a peculiar bent,' Keith. This is internal and not visible to others. It has a 'quasi-material' basis styled 無表色 or 無作色 which has power to resist evil. It is the Sarvāstivādin view, though certain other schools repudiated the material basis and defined it as mental. This invisible power may be both for good and evil, and may perhaps be compared to 'animal magnetism' or hypnotic powers. It means occult: power whether for higher spiritual ends or for base purposes.

無表戒 The inward invisible power received with the commandments during ordination.

無表業 The invisible power conferred at ordination, cf. 無作表 supra.

無見頂相 The uṣṇīṣa, or lump, on Buddha's head, called 'the invisible mark on the head', because it was supposed to contain an invisible sign; perhaps because it was covered.

無言 Without words, silent, speechless.

無言說道 The way, or teaching, without speech; the school which teaches that speaking of things is speaking of nothing, or the non-existent; the acquisition of truth through contemplation without the aid of words.

無記 ? avyākṛta, or avyākhyāta. UnrecordabIe (either as good or bad); neutral, neither good nor bad; things that are innocent or cannot be classified under moral categories. Cf. 三性.

無諍 Without strife, debate, or contradiction; passionless; abiding in the 'empty' or spiritual life without debate, or without striving with others.

無諍三昧 The samādhi in which there is absence of debate or disputation, or distinction of self and other.

無遮 Unconcealing, unconfined; illimitable. Buddha-grace, -mercy, or -love; cf. 無蓋.

無遮會 (無遮大會) pañca(vārṣika)pariṣad; the 五年大會 quinquennial assembly, for having all things in common, and for confession, penance, and remission.

無邊 ananta; endless, boundless, limitless, infinite, e.g. like space.

無邊世界 The infinite world, i.e. space; also infinite worlds; the numberless worlds in infinite space.

無邊法界 The infinite world of things; the realm of things infinite in number; the infinite universe behind all phenomena.

無邊身 The immeasurable body of the Buddha: the more the Brahman measured it the higher it grew, so he threw away his measuring rod, which struck root and became a forest.

無量 apramāṇa; amita; ananta; immeasurable, unlimited, e.g. the 'four infinite' characteristics of a bodhisattva are 慈悲喜捨 kindness, pity, joy, and self-sacrifice.

無量光 apramāṇābha. Immeasurable, or infinite light or splendour.

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無量光佛 Amitābha, v. 阿.

無量光天 The heaven of boundless light, the fifth of the brahmaloka s.

無量光明 Amitābha.

無量光明土 Amitābha's land of infinite light.

無量壽 Boundless, infinite life, a name for Amitābha, as in無量壽佛; 無量壽如來; 無量壽王.

無量壽經 The Sukhāvatīvyūha-sūtra is tr. as the Amitāyus sūtra, and there are other treatises with similar titles, cf. 觀無量壽經, etc.

無量尊 The infinite honoured one, Amitābha.

無量慧 Infinite wisdom, a term applied to a Buddha.

無量意 anantamati, boundless mind, intention, will, or meaning.

無量淨 (無量淨天) Apramāṇaśubha, boundless purity, the second of the heavens in the third dhyāna heavens of form.

無量淸淨佛 The Buddha of boundless purity, Amitābha.

無量義 Infinite meaning, or the meaning of infinity; the meaning of the all, or all things.

無量義處三昧 The anantanirdeśapratiṣṭhāna samādhi, into which the Buddha is represented as entering before preaching the doctrine of infinity as given in the Lotus Sūtra.

無量覺 Infinite enlightenment, name of Amitābha.

無門宗 The unsectarian, Chan or meditative sect, so called because it claimed to derive its authority directly from the mind of Buddha.

無間 avīci, uninterrupted, unseparated, without intermission.

無間地獄 The avīci hell, the last of the eight hot hells, in which punishment, pain, form birth, death continue without intermission.

無間業 The unintermitted karma, or unintermitted punishment for any of the five unpardonable sins; the place of such punishment, the avīci hell; also styled ānantarya.

無際 Unlimited, boundless.

無餘 aśesa. Without remainder, no remnant, final; applied to the section of the Vinaya regarding expulsion for unpardonable sin from the monkhood; also to final nirvāṇa without remainder of reincarnation.

無餘湼槃 (無餘依湼槃) anupadhiśeṣa, the nirvāṇa state in which exists no remainder of the karma of suffering; it is also the nirvāṇa of arhat extinction of body and mind, described as 無餘灰斷.

無餘記 Complete or final prediction, e.g. to Buddhahood, as contrasted with partial prediction.

無煩 Free from trouble, the thirteenth brahmaloka, the fifth region of the fourth dhyāna.

無齒大蟲 A toothless great creature, i.e. a toothless tiger.

爲 To do; to make; to effect; to be; because of; for.

有爲無爲 Action and inaction; active and passive; dynamic and static; things and phenomena in general are 有爲; nirvāṇa quiescence, the void, etc., are 無爲.

名爲 Its name is (so-and-so).

爲善 To do good, be good, because of the good, etc.

爲利 For gain, or profit.

爲己 For self.

以爲 To take to be, consider as, etc.

猪 A hog, pig.

猪頭和尚 Pig-head monk, because of his meditative or dormant appearance.

猴 The monkey; 3-5 p. m.

獼猴 The larger monkey, mischievous, restless, like the passions.

猶 A monkey; doubtful; if, so; like, as; yet, still; to scheme.

猶若 As if.

猶未定 Still unsettled, uncertain.

琵琶 The pipa, a Chinese stringed musical instrument somewhat resembling a guitar.

琥珀 Amber; intp. of aśmagarbha, v. 阿, one of the saptaratna; cf. 七寳.

琰魔 Yama, the lord of Hades; v. 夜.

琰魔界 Yamaloka, the hells under the earth.

琰魔王廳 Yama's judgment hall.

琰魔使 Yama's messengers.

琰魔卒 Yama's lictors.

琰母那 閻牟那Yamunā, the River Jumna.

番 Barbarian, foreign; a time, a turn.

番僧 Foreign monk, especially from India or the west; also a temple warden or watchman.

畫 Draw, paint, picture, sketch; devise, fix.

畫水 Liked drawing a line across water, which leaves no trace, unlike畫石 sculpture in stone, which remains.

畫餠 Pictured biscuits, a term of the Intuitive School for the scriptures, i.e. useless as food.

畫像 Portraits, paintings of images, maṇḍalas.

疏 疎 Open, wide apart; distant, coarse; estrange; lax, careless; to state report; commentary; also used for 蔬 vegetarian food.

疏勒 Shule, a xian or district in Western Kashgaria and a Han name for Kashgar.

疏所緣緣 A distant circumstance, or remote cause, one of the four conditional causes in the 唯識 school.

疏頭 Written incantations, spells, or prayers burnt before the spirits.

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登 Ascend, advance, start; attain, ripen; to note, fix.

登時 At once.

登住 The advance of the bodhisattva to the 十住 q.v.

登地 idem 十地 q.v.

登座 To ascend the throne, or pulpit, etc.

發 To shoot forth, send, issue; start, initiate; expound; prosper.

發光 To send forth light, radiate.

發心 Mental initiation or initiative, resolve, make up the mind to; to start out for bodhi, or perfect enlightenment; to show kindness of heart, give alms.

發心供養 To make an offering with pious intent.

發思八, v. 八 Bāṣpa.

發意 To resolve on, have a mind to; similar to 發心.

發戒 To issue to, or bestow the commandments on a disciple.

發生 To produce, grow, initiate, prosper.

發眞 To exhibit the truth, tell the truth; to manifest the 眞如 or innate Buddha.

發講 To commence expounding, to expound.

發起 To spring up, begin, develop, stimulate.

發露 To reveal, manifest, confess.

發願 To vow, resolve.

盜 To rob; a robber, bandit, pirate, e.g. 盜賊, 強盜, 海盜, etc.

硬 Hard, obstinate.

硬軟 Hard and soft.

硨磲 musāragalva; musālagarbha. One of the saptaratna 七寳; M. W. says coral; others cornelian, or agate.

童 A youth, boy, girl, virgin.

童子 kumāra, a boy, youth, son; a prince; a neophyte; a bodhisattva as son of the Tathāgata.

童眞 A term for a monk, who should have the child-nature of simplicity.

童眞住 The stage of youth in Buddhahood, the eighth of the 十住.

童籠磨 Druma, a tree in general; a king of the kinnaras, or gandharvas, the celestial musicians.

筌 A bamboo fishing-trap.

筌魚 Trap and fish, a difficult passage in a book and its interpretation.

得魚忘筌 Having caught the fish, the trap may be forgotten, i.e. it is of secondary importance; also ingratitude.

筆 A pen.

筆受 To receive in writing; to record, write down from dictation.

策 A treatise, book, memo, tablet, card; a plan, scheme; question; whip; etc.

策修 To stimulate to cultivation of the good; to keep oneself up to the mark.

答 A bamboo hawser, to draw out, to respond, reply, return thanks.

答香 To stick in incense sticks, as a monk does in acknowledgement of those of worshippers.

答摩 tamas, darkness, gloom, grief, anger, suffering.

答哩磨 idem 達磨 dharma.

答秣蘇伐那 Tāmasavana, a monastery 'Dark forest', possibly that of Jālandhara where the 'fourth synod' under Kaniṣka held its sessions; 'at the junction of the Vipāṣā and Śatadru,' i.e. Beas and Sutlej. Eitel.

筏 A raft.

筏喩 Raft parable. Buddha's teaching is like a raft, a means of crossing the river, the raft being left when the crossing has been made.

筏蘇蜜呾羅 (or 伐蘇蜜呾羅 or 婆蘇蜜呾羅) (or 筏蘇蜜呾多羅); 婆須蜜; 和須蜜多; 世友 Vasumitra, described as a native of northern India, converted from riotous living by Micchaka, 'was a follower of the Sarvāstivādaḥ school,' became president of the last synod for the revision of the Canon under Kaniṣka, q.v., was seventh patriarch, and 'wrote the Abhidharma-prakaraṇa-pāda-śāstra' (Eitel).

筏蘇盤豆 v. 婆 Vasubandhu.

筏蘇枳 Vāsuki, or 和須吉; lord of snakes, or nāgas.

筏蹉子 Vātsīputra, founder of the 犢子部 v. 跋.

等 To pair; parallel, equal, of like order; a class, grade, rank; common; to wait; sign of plural. In Buddhist writings it is also used for 'equal everywhere', 'equally everywhere', 'universal'.

等一大車 The highest class great cart, i.e. universal salvation; cf. Lotus Sūtra 3.

等一切諸佛 The third of the 十迴向 q.v.

等供 Synchronous offering, also 等得, i.e. the simultaneous beginning of a meal when the master of ceremonies cries that the meal is served.

等侶 Of the same class, or company; fellows, equals.

等味 Of equal flavour, of the same character.

等妙 The two supreme forms of Buddha-enlightenment 等覺 and 妙覺, being the 51st and 52nd stages of the Mahāyāna 階位. A Buddha is known as等妙覺王, king of these two forms of universal and supernatural illumination.

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等引 samāhita, body and mind both fixed or concentrated in samādhi.

等心 Equal mind; of the same mental characteristics; the universal mind common to all.

等慈 Universal or equal mercy toward all beings without distinction.

等持 Holding oneself in equanimity, a tr. of samādhi, as also is 三等持, i.e. samādhi-equilibrium; also of samāpatti, v. 三摩鉢底 and 等至.

等智 Common knowledge, which only knows phenomena.

等正覺 samyak-saṃbodhi; complete perfect knowledge; Buddha-knowledge; omniscience; the bodhi of all Buddhas; cf. 等覺; 三藐.

等活 saṃjīv. Revive, re-animate; resurrection.

等活地獄 The first of the eight hot hells, in which the denizens are chopped, stabbed, ground, and pounded, but by a cool wind are brought back to life, to undergo renewed torment. Also 更活.

等流 niṣyanda, outflow, regular flow, equal current; like producing like; the equality of cause and effect; like causes produce like effects; of the same order.

等流果 Like effects arise like causes, e.g. good from good, evil from evil; present condition in life from conduct in previous existence; hearing from sound, etc.

等流相續 Of the same nature, or character; connected as cause and effect.

等無間緣 Uninterrupted continuity, especially of thought, or time.

等空 Equal with space, universal.

等至 A name for fixation of the mind, or concentration in dhyāna; an equivalent of samāpatti.

等衆生界 The universal realm of living beings.

等覺 samyak-saṃbodhi; absolute universal enlightenment, omniscience, a quality of and term for a Buddha; also the 51st stage in the enlightenment of a bodhisattva, the attainment of the Buddha, enlightenment which precedes 妙覺.

等觀 The beholding of all things as equal, e.g. as 空 unreal, or immaterial; or of all beings without distinction, as one beholds one's child i.e. without respect of persons.

等諦 Ordinary rules of life; common morality.

等身 A life-size image or portrait.

等願 The universal vows common to Buddhas.

粥 Congee, gruel.

粥飯僧 A rice-gruel monk, or gruel and rice monk, i.e. useless.

粟 Maize, millet.

粟散 Like scattered millet.

粟散王 Scattered kings, or rulers who own allegiance to a supreme sovereign, as 粟散國 means their territories.

給 dā. To give.

給孤 (給孤獨) To give to orphans and widows; a benefactor; almsgiver; e.g. Anāthapiṇḍika, v. 阿那.

絞 Intertwine, twist, intermingle.

絞飾 Adorned or robed in grey, a mixture of black and yellow.

絍 To lay a warp, wind, weave [紝].

絍婆 任婆 nimba, the Neemb tree, which has a small bitter fruit like the 苦棟; its leaves in India are 'chewed at funeral ceremonies'. M. W.

絡 Continuous; fibres, veins.

聯絡 Connected, linked.

紫 Purple, dark red.

紫姑 The goddess of the cesspool.

紫磨 Pure gold, hence 紫磨金; also 紫磨忍辱 the Buddha's image in attitude of calmness and indifference to pleasure or pain.

紫衣 紫袈; 紫服 The purple robe, said to have been bestowed on certain monks during the Tang dynasty.

絶 To cut off, sunder, terminate, end; decidedly, superlatively.

絶大 Superlatively great.

絶學 To cease study, beyond the need of study, a hint being enough.

絶對 Beyond compare, supreme.

絶待 Final, supreme, special.

絶待眞如 bhūtatathatā as absolute, apart from all phenomena and limiting terms; or as being, in contrast to the bhūtatathatā as becoming.

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絶食 To cut of food, cease to eat.

結 Knot, tie, bond; bound; settle, wind up; to form. The bond of transmigration. There are categories of three, five, and nine bonds; e.g. false views, the passions, etc.

結使 The bondage and instigators of the passions.

結印 A binding agreement sealed as a contract, employed by the esoteric sects.

結嘆 A sigh of praise at the close of a passage of a sūtra.

結夏 The end of the summer retreat.

結戒 Bound by the commandments.

結業 The karma resulting from the bondage to passion, or delusion.

結河 The river of bondage, i.e. of suffering or illusion.

結漏 Bondage and reincarnation because of the passions.

結生 The bond of rebirth.

結界 A fixed place, or territory; a definite area; to fix a place for a monastery, or an altar; a determined number, e.g. for an assembly of monks; a limit. It is a term specially used by the esoteric sects for an altar and its area, altars being of five different shapes.

結病 The disease of bondage to the passions and reincarnation.

結經 The end of a sūtra; also its continuation.

結縛 To tie and knot, i.e. in the bondage of the passions, or delusion.

結緣 To form a cause or basis, to form a connection, e.g. for future salvation.

大通結緣 The basis or condition laid 84,000 kalpas ago (by Mahābhijña-jñānābhibhū 大通智勝佛 in his teaching of the Lotus scriptures to 16 disciples who became incarnate as 16 Buddhas) for the subsequent teaching of the Lotus scriptures by Śākyamuni, the last of the 16 incarnations, to his disciples.

結緣衆 The company or multitude of those who now become Buddhists in the hope of improved karma in the future.

結冑 To make the sign of the vajra armour and helmet, i.e. of Vairocana, in order to control the spirits— a method of the esoteric sects.

結解 Bondage and release; release from bondage.

結講 Concluding an address, or the addresses, i. e. the final day of an assembly.

結賊 Binders and robbers, the passions, or delusion.

結跏趺坐 (結跏) The Buddha's sitting posture with legs crossed and soles upward, left over right being the attitude for subduing demons, right over left for blessing, the hands being placed one above the other in similar order. Also, said to be paryaṅkabandha, or utkuṭukāsana, sitting on the hams like ascetics in meditation.

結集 The collection and fixing of the Buddhist canon; especially the first assembly which gathered to recite the scriptures, Saṅgīti. Six assemblies for creation or revision of the canon are named, the first at the Pippala cave at Rājagṛha under Ajātaśatru, the second at Vaiśālī, the third at Pāṭaliputra under Aśoka, the fourth in Kashmir under Kaniṣka, the fifth at the Vulture Peak for the Mahāyāna, and the sixth for the esoteric canon. The first is sometimes divided into two, that of those within 'the cave', and that of those without, i.e. the intimate disciples, and the greater assembly without; the accounts are conflicting and unreliable. The notable three disciples to whom the first reciting is attributed are Kāśyapa, as presiding elder, Ānanda for the Sūtras and the Abhidharma, and Upāli for the Vinaya; others attribute the Abhidharma to Pūrṇa, or Kāśyapa; but, granted the premises, whatever form their work may have taken, it cannot have been that of the existing Tripiṭaka. The fifth and sixth assemblies are certainly imaginary.

結願 Concluding the vows, the last day of an assembly.

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羨 To desire; praise; surplus.

羨那 senā, an army.

著 To cover, put on; cause; place; complete; ought, must.

著衣 To don clothes.

著鐙 Put on (the Buddha-)armour.

舜 The legendary Emperor Shun, 2255-2205 B.C.

舜若 śūnya, empty, unreal, incorporeal, immaterial, 空 q.v.

舜若多 śūnyatā; emptiness, unreality, i.e. 空性 of the nature of the void.

菊 Chrysanthemum; aster.

菊燈 A chrysanthemum-shaped lamp used in temples.

萍 Duckweed; floating.

萍沙 Bimbisāra, see 頻.

采 Vegetables.

采蔬 Vegetarian food.

采頭 The monk who has charge of the 采蔬 vegetarian food department.

菴 Hut, thatched cottage, small temple, nunnery; translit. aṃ, āṃ.

菴乜呢必滅堪 oṃ-maṇi-padme-hūṃ, cf. 唵.

菴園 The Āmravana garden.

菴婆女 (菴婆羅女) Āmradārika, Āmrapālī, Ambapālī; the guardian of the āmra tree; a female who presented to Śākyamuni the Āmravana garden; another legend says she was born of an āmra tree; mother of Jīvaka, son of Bimbisāra.

菴婆羅多迦 āmrātaka, a celestial fruit; similar to 菴羅.

菴婆利沙 Ambarīṣa, name of a king.

菴弭羅 āmla; amlikā, the tamarisk indica.

菴摩勒 amalā, emblica officinalis, like the betel nut, used as a cure for colds.

菴摩羅 (or 菴沒羅) amala, spotless, stainless, pure, white. āmra, cf. 阿末羅 and infra; the term is variously used, sometimes for pure, at others for the amalā, at others for the āmra, or mango.

菴摩羅識 Pure knowledge, 眞如 knowledge, v. 阿末羅識.

菴沒羅 v. supra.

菴羅 āmra, the mango, though its definition in Chinese is uncertain; v. supra 菴摩羅.

菴羅園 (菴羅樹園or 菴羅衞園) Āmravana, Āmrapālī, Āmrāvatī, v. supra.

菴羅女 Ditto.

菴華 The āmra flower.

華 kusuma; puṣpa; padma; a flower, blossom; flowery; especially the lotus; also 花, which also means pleasure, vice; to spend, waste, profligate. 華 also means splendour, glory, ornate; to decorate; China.

華光 Padmaprabha, Lotus-radiance, the name by which Śāriputra is to be known as a Buddha.

華光大帝 The Chinese god of fire, Aśvakarṇa, see 阿, 'mentioned in a list of 1,000 Buddhas' and who 'is reported to have lived here in his first incarnation'. Eitel.

華嚴 avataṃsa, a garland, a ring-shaped ornament, M. W.; the flower-adorned, or a garland; the name of the Huayan sūtra, and the Huayan (Jap. Kegon) school; cf. 健.

華嚴一乘 The one Huayan yāna, or vehicle, for bringing all to Buddhahood.

華嚴三昧 The Buddha-samādhi of an eternal spiritual realm from which all Buddha-activities are evolved.

華嚴三王 The three Huayan kings, Vairocana in the centre with Samantabhadra and Mañjuśrī left and right.

華嚴宗 The Huayan (Kegon) school, whose foundation work is the Avataṃsaka-sūtra; founded in China by 帝心杜順 Dixin Dushun; he died A.D. 640 and was followed by 雲華智嚴 Yunhua Zhiyan; 賢首法藏 Xianshou Fazang; 淸涼澄觀 Qingliang Chengguan; 圭峯宗密 Guifeng Zongmi, and other noted patriarchs of the sect; its chief patron is Mañjuśrī. The school was imported into Japan early in the Tang dynasty and flourished there. It held the doctrine of the 法性 Dharma-nature, by which name it was also called.

華嚴時 The first of the 'five periods' as defined by Tiantai, according to which school this sūtra was delivered by Śākyamuni immediately after his enlightenment; but accounts vary as to whether it was on the second or third seventh day; all these claims are, however, devoid of evidence, the sūtra being a Mahāyāna creation.

華嚴經 Avataṃsaka-sūtra, also 大方廣佛華嚴經. Three tr. have been made: (1) by Buddhabhadra, who arrived in China A.D. 406, in 60 juan, known also as the 晉經 Jin sūtra and 舊經 the old sūtra; (2) by Śikṣānanda, about A.D. 700, in 80 juan, known also as the 唐經 Tang sūtra and 新經 the new sūtra; (3) by Prajñā about A.D. 800, in 40 juan. The treatises on this sūtra are very numerous, and the whole are known as the 華嚴部; they include the 華嚴音義 dictionary of the Classic by 慧苑 Huiyuan, about A.D. 700.

華天 The Huayan and Tiantai Schools.

華報 Flower recompense, i.e. flowers to him who cultivates them, and fruit corresponding to the seed sown, i.e. retribution for good or evil living.

華山 Mt. Hua in Shensi, one of the Five Sacred Mountains of China; v. also 九華山.

華座 The lotus throne.

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華德菩薩 Padmaśrī, Lotus-brilliance Bodhisattva, tr. as Lotus-virtue, name of Śubhavyūha, v. 妙, when incarnated as a member of Śākyamuni's retinue.

華手 The hands folded lotus-fashion.

華方 The flowery region, the south.

華梵 China and India.

華氏城 Kusumapura, Puṣpapura; the city of flowers, or of the palace of flowers, also known as Pāṭaliputra, the modern Patna. It was the residence of Aśoka, to whom the title of 華氏 is applied. He there convoked the third synod.

華王世界 The world of the lotus-king, that of Vairocana.

華目 Eyes like the blue lotus, i.e. pure.

華翳 Flowery films, motes, specks, muscæ volitantes.

華胎 The lotus womb in which doubters and those of little virtue are detained in semi-bliss for 500 years before they can be born into the Pure Land by the opening of the lotus.

華臺 The lotus dais, seat, or throne.

華蓋 A flowery umbrella, a canopy of flowers.

華藏 Lotus-treasury.

華藏界 (華藏世界) The lotus-store, or lotus-world, the Pure Land of Vairocana, also the Pure Land of all Buddhas in their saṃbhogakāya, or enjoyment bodies. Above the wind or air circle is a sea of fragrant water, in which is the thousand-petal lotus with its infinite variety of worlds, hence the meaning is the Lotus which contains a store of myriads of worlds; cf. the Tang Huayan sūtra 8, 9, and 10; the 梵網經 ch. 1, etc.

華藏八葉 The maṇḍala of the Garbhadhātu.

華藏與極樂 The Lotus-world and that of Perfect Joy (of Amitābha and others); they are the same.

華鬘 kusuma-māla, a wreath, or chaplet of flowers.

華齒 puṣpadantī. Flowery or ornate teeth, name of a rākṣasī.

菩 A kind of fragrant grass.

菩提 bodhi; from budh; knowledge, understanding; perfect wisdom; the illuminated or enlightened mind; anciently intp. by 道, later by 覺 to be aware, perceive; for saṃbodhi v. 三.

菩提分 bodhyaṅga, a general term for the thirty-seven 道品, more strictly applied to the 七覺支 q.v., the seven branches of bodhi-illumination. Also 菩提分法.

菩提場 A place, plot, or site of enlightenment, especially Śākyamuni's under the bodhi-tree.

菩提子 bodhi-seeds, or beads, the hard seeds of a kind of Himalayan grass, also of a tree at Tiantai, used for rosaries.

菩提寺 bodhi-vihāra, temple of or for enlightenment, a name used for many monasteries; also 菩提所.

菩提心 The mind for or of bodhi; the awakened, or enlightened mind; the mind that perceives the real behind the seeming, believes in moral consequences, and that all have the Buddha-nature, and aims at Buddhahood.

菩提樹 bodhidruma, bodhitaru, bodhivṛkṣa; the wisdom-tree, i.e. that under which Śākyamuni attained his enlightenment, and became Buddha. The Ficus religiosa is the pippala, or aśvattha, wrongly identified by Faxian as the palm-tree; it is described as an evergreen, to have been 400 feet high, been cut down several times, but in the Tang dynasty still to be 40 or 50 feet high. A branch of it is said to have been sent by Aśoka to Ceylon, from which sprang the celebrated Bo-tree still flourishing there.

菩提樹神 The goddess-guardian of the Bo-tree.

菩提流志 Bodhiruci, intp. as 覺愛, a monk from southern India whose original name 達磨流支 Dharmaruci was changed as above by order of the Empress Wu; he tr. 53 works in A.D. 693—713.

菩提流支 Bodhiruci, intp. as 道希, a monk from northern India who arrived at Loyang in A.D. 508 and tr. some 30 works; also 菩提留支, 菩提鶻露支.

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菩提薩埵 bodhisattva, a being of enlightenment: 'one whose essence is wisdom': 'one who has bodhi or perfect wisdom as his essence,' M. W. Also 菩提索多 v. 菩薩.

菩提達磨 Bodhidharma, commonly known as Damo, v. 達; reputed as the founder of the Chan (Zen) or Intuitional or Mystic School. His original name is given as 菩提多羅 Bodhitara.

菩提道場 bodhimaṇḍa, the bodhi-site, or plot or seat which raised itself where Śākyamuni attained Buddhahood. It is said to be diamond-like, the navel or centre of the earth; every bodhisattva sits down on such a seat before becoming Buddha.

菩提門 The gate of enlightenment; name for a cemetery.

菩薩 bodhisattva, cf. 菩提薩埵. While the idea is not foreign to Hīnayāna, its extension of meaning is one of the chief marks of Mahāyāna. 'The Bodhisattva is indeed the characteristic feature of the Mahāyāna.' Keith. According to Mahāyāna the Hinayanists, i.e. the śrāvaka and pratyekabuddha, seek their own salvation, while the bodhisattva's aim is the salvation of others and of all. The earlier intp. of bodhisattva was 大道心衆生 all beings with mind for the truth; later it became 大覺有情 conscious beings of or for the great intelligence, or enlightenment. It is also intp. in terms of leadership, heroism, etc. In general it is a Mahayanist seeking Buddhahood, but seeking it altruistically; whether monk or layman, he seeks enlightenment to enlighten others, and he will sacrifice himself to save others; he is devoid of egoism and devoted to helping others. All conscious beings having the Buddha-nature are natural bodhisattvas, but require to undergo development. The mahāsattva is sufficiently advanced to become a Buddha and enter nirvāṇa, but according to his vow he remains in the realm of incarnation to save all conscious beings. A monk should enter on the arduous course of discipline which leads to Bodhisattvahood and Buddhahood.

菩薩乘 One of the 'five vehicles', which teaches the observance of the six pāramitās, the perfecting of the two 利, i.e. 自利利他 the perfecting of self for perfecting others, and the attaining of Buddhahood.

菩薩五智 The fivefold knowledge of the bodhisattva: that of all things by intuition, of past events, of establishing men in sound religious life, of the elements in or details of all things, of attaining everything at will.

菩薩僧 The bodhisattvasaṅgha, or monks, i.e. Mahāyāna, though there has been dispute whether Hīnayāna monks may be included.

菩薩十住 菩薩十地 Ten stages in a bodhisattva's progress; v. 十.

菩薩大士 bodhisattva-mahāsattva, a great bodhisattva, e.g. Mañjuśrī. Guanyin, etc. v. infra.

菩薩性 bodhisattva nature, or character.

菩薩戒 The rules are found in the sūtra of this name, taken from the 梵網經.

菩薩摩訶薩 bodhisattva-mahāsattva. mahāsattva is the perfected bodhisattva, greater than any other being except a Buddha.

菩薩聖衆 The bodhisattva saints who have overcome illusion, from the first stage upwards, as contrasted with ordinary bodhisattvas.

菩薩藏 The Mahāyāna scriptures, i.e. those of the bodhisattva school.

菩薩行 The way or discipline of the bodhisattva, 自利利他, i.e. to benefit self and benefit others, leading to Buddhahood.

菩薩道 see 菩薩行.

虛 śūnya. Empty, vacant; unreal, unsubstantial, untrue; space; humble; in vain.

虛假 Baseless, false.

虛僞 Unreal, deceptive.

虛堂 Xutang, name of a noted monk of the Song dynasty.

虛妄 vitatha. Unreal and false, baseless; abhūta, non-existent.

虛妄法 Unreal things or sensations, such as those perceived by the senses.

虛妄輪 The unreal wheel of life, or transmigration.

虛心 With humble mind, or heart.

虛無 Empty, non-existent, unreal, incorporeal, immaterial.

虛無身 The immaterial Buddha-body, the spirit free from all limitations.

虛空 śūnya; empty, void, space; ākāśa, in the sense of space, or the ether; gagana, the sky, atmosphere, heaven; kha, space, sky, ether, 虛 is defined as that which is without shape or substantiality, 空 as that which has no resistance. The immaterial universe behind all phenomena.

虛空住 Ākāśapratiṣṭhita, abiding in space, the fifth son of Mahābhijña, a bodhisattva to the south of our universe.

虛空天 The four heavens of desire above Meru in space, from the Yama heaven upwards.

虛空孕 The womb of space, ākāśagarbha, idem虛空藏 infra.

虛空法身 The dharmakāya as being like space which enfolds all things, omniscient and pure.

虛空無爲 ākāśa, one of the asaṃskṛta dharmas, passive void or space; two kinds of space, or the immaterial, are named, the active and passive, or phenomenal and non-phenomenal (i.e. noumenal). The phenomenal is differentiated and limited, and apprehended by sight; the noumenal is without bounds or limitations, and belongs entirely to mental conception.

虛空界 The visible vault of space.

虛空眼 The eye of space, or of the immaterial; name of the mother of Buddhas in the garbhadhātu group.

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虛空神 Śūnyatā, the god of space.

虛空華 Spots before the eyes, Muscœ volitantes.

虛空藏 Ākāśagarbha, or Gaganagarbha, the central bodhisattva in the court of space in the garbhadhātu group; guardian of the treasury of all wisdom and achievement; his powers extend to the five directions of space; five forms of him are portrayed under different names; he is also identified with the dawn, Aruṇa, and the 明星 or Venus.

虛空身 The body which fills space, Vairocana.

虛言 Empty words, baseless talk.

虛誑語 Untrue or misleading talk, which is against the fourth commandment.

蛭 A leech.

蛭數 idem 底沙 Tiṣya.

蛤 Bivalves, clams.

蛤唎觀音 One of the thirty-three forms of Guanyin, seated on a shell.

衆 All, the many; a company of at least three.

衆僧 saṃgha, all the monks, an assembly of at least three monks.

衆合 (衆合地獄); 衆磕 The third of the eight hot hells, Saṃghāta, where two ranges of mountains meet to crush the sinners.

衆園 衆寮 saṃghārāma, a monastery, a nunnery; originally only the surrounding park.

衆徒 The whole body of followers; also the monks, all the monks.

衆會 An assembly (of all the monks).

衆生 sattva; all the living, living beings, older tr. 有情 sentient, or conscious beings; also many lives, i.e. many transmigrations.

衆生世間 The world of beings from Hades to Buddha-land; also all beings subject to transformation by Buddha.

衆生垢 The common defilement of all beings by the false view that the ego has real existence.

衆生忍 Patience towards all living beings under all circumstances.

衆生想 The false notion that all beings have reality.

衆生本性 The original nature of all the living, i.e. the bhūtatathatā in its phenomenal aspect.

衆生根 The nature, or root, of all beings, cf. 衆生本性.

衆生濁 The fourth of the five periods of decay, sattvākaṣāya, when all creatures are stupid and unclean.

衆生無始無終 As all beings are par of the 法身 dharmakāya they have neither beginning nor end.

衆生界 The realm of all the living in contrast with the Buddha-realm.

衆生相 衆生見 The concept that all beings have reality.

衆祐 Protector or Benefactor of all, an old intp. of Bhagavat.

衆聖 All saints, all who have realized the Buddha-truth.

衆苦 All the miseries of existence, the sufferings of all.

衆道 The way of all; all the three yāna, or vehicles of salvation.

衆香國土 The country of all fragrance, i. e. the Pure Land, also the sūtras.

街 A street (especially with shops), a market.

街方 The busy mart of life.

裂 To rip, split, crack.

裂裳 The torn robe (of Buddhism), i.e. split into eighteen pieces, like the Hīnayāna sects.

視 Look, see, behold.

視那 jina, victor, idem 耆那.

觝突 To butt against, gore, as an angry bull.

詐 Impose on, deceive, feign, pretend.

奸詐 Fraudulent, crafty, to cheat.

註 Explain, open up the meaning, define.

註疏 Notes and comments.

評 Criticize, discuss.

評註 Criticize, comment on.

評論 Discuss.

譏評 Censure, criticize.

詞 An expression, phrase, word.

詞無礙智 pratimsaṃvid, v. 四.

訶 To blame, reprove, scold; ridicule; translit. ha, ka, kha, ga, and similar sounds.

訶佛罵祖 To scold a Buddha and abuse an elder.

訶利 訶梨; M004373里 hari, tawny, a lion.

訶利底 Hāritī; also 訶利帝 (or 訶哩帝); 呵利底; 呵利帝 (or 呵利陀); 阿利底 Ariti; intp. as captivating, charming; cruel; dark green, yellow, etc.; mother of demons, a rākṣasī who was under a vow to devour the children of Rājagṛha, but was converted by the Buddha, and became the guardian of nunneries, where her image, carrying a child and with children by her, is worshipped for children or in children's ailments.

訶利底母 or 南 idem.

訶利枳舍 004373里鷄舍 Harikeśa, yellow-haired, lion's mane, name of a yakṣa.

訶悉多 hasta, an arm, a hand.

訶梨勒 harītakī, the yellow Myrobalan free and fruit, used for medicine; also 訶梨怛鷄 (or 訶梨得枳), 訶子, etc.

訶梨跋摩 Harivarman, tawny armour, and 師子鎧 lion armour; a Brahman who '900 years' after the Nirvāṇa, appeared in Central India and joined the Sarvāstivādin and Satyasiddhi school by the publication of the Satyasiddhi śāstra (tr. as the 成實論 by Kumārajīva, 407-418).

訶羅訶羅 halahala, etc., a deadly poison.

象 gaja; hastin; also nāga; an elephant; v. 像 14.

象主 The southern division of India, v. 四主.

象堅山 Pīlusāragiri, a mountain southwest of Kapiśā, on the top of which Aśoka erected a stūpa, the Pīlusāra-stūpa.

象墮阬 hastigarta, 'elephant's hole,' i.e. the hollow formed by the elephant's fall, when Śākyamuni flung aside a dead elephant put in his path by Devadatta.

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象尊國 The elephant-honouring country, India.

象教 The teaching by images or symbols i.e. Buddhism, v. 像教.

象牙 Elephant's tusk, ivory.

象王 Gajapati, Lord of Elephants, a term for Śākyamuni; also the fabulous ruler of the southern division of the Jambudvīpa continent.

象軍 Hastikāya, the elephant corps of an Indian army.

象頭山 Gayāśiras, tr. as elephant-head mountain, name of two mountains, one near Gayā, the other said to be near the river Nairañjanā, 150 li away.

象駕 The elephant chariot, or riding forward, i.e. the eastward progress of Buddhism.

象鼻 Elephant's trunk; a wrong way of wearing a monk's robe.

貳 Two; translit. ni.

貳吒 Akaniṣṭha, not the smallest, i.e. the highest of the brahmalokas, v. 阿迦.

賀 To make offerings in congratulation; congratulate; translit. h, cf. 訶.

賀捺娑 haṃsa, a goose.

賀羅馱 (or 賀邏馱) hrada, a lake, pool, ray of light.

賀野紇哩嚩 (or 賀演屹哩嚩) Hayagrīva, the horse-necked one, a form of Viṣṇu and of Guanyin.

費 To spend, lavish, waste, squander; expense: translit. vi, ve, in vidyā, v. 明; viṇā, a lute, v. 批; Veda, the Vedas, v. 韋.

貴 Honourable, dear, precious.

貴賤 Dear and cheap; noble and base; your and my.

買 To buy, purchase.

買林 Vikrītavana, a 'monastery 200 li north-west of the capital of Cashmere'. Eitel.

貼 To stick, attach to; make up, add.

貼嚫 dakṣiṇa, right-hand, south, dexterity; donations, offerings, etc.

超 vikrama. Leap over, surpass; exempt from; to save.

超世 Surpassing the world, superior to anything in the world.

超八 Surpassing the eight other schools, as does the teaching of the Lotus and Nirvāṇa Sūtras, according to Tiantai.

超日王 Vikramāditya, 'a celebrated Hindu king,' 57 B.C., who drove out the Śakas or Scythians, ruled all northern India, was one of the wisest of Hindu kings and a great patron of literature. M. W.

超越 Surpassing, supreme; to pass over, be exempt from.

超過 samatikram, to go beyond, cross over, transgress.

越 To step over, pass over, surpass, exceed; similar to 超, with which it is often connected.

越喜三昧 The samādhi of Yaśodharā, wife of Śākyamuni and mother of Rāhula, which causes all kinds of joy to self and others.

越罪 Exceeding sin, or transgression of the law, particularly of esoteric law or monastic vows.

越闍 vajra, cf. 金剛.

跏 To sit cross-legged 跏趺坐, v. 結.

跋 Trudge, tread on, travel; heel, base; a summary; translit. pa, ba, bha, va; cf. 波, 婆, 簸.

跋伽仙 (or 跋伽婆) Bhārgava, Bhagava, Bhaga, the ascetic under whom Śākyamuni practiced the austere life.

跋利沙 varṣās, cf. 雨 the rains.

跋折羅 vajra, v. 金剛 diamond; thunderbolt.

跋折羅吒訶沙 Vajrāṭṭahāsa, i.e. Śiva, one of the guardians, the laughing Mahārāja.

跋捺羅婆娜 Bhādrapada, the sixth Indian month.

跋提 Bhadra, or Bhadrika, v. 跋提梨迦; used also for Vatī, the river Hiraṇyavatī, or Gunduck.

跋提梨迦 (or 跋提唎迦) Bhadrika, also 婆提 or婆帝, one of the first five disciples, said to be a son of king Amṛtodana.

跋摩 Harivarman, and his school, v. 訶.

跋日羅 vajra, v. 金剛.

跋渠 varga, a class, group, cf. 伐.

跋濫摩 婆羅門 Brāhmaṇa, Brahman, the caste, or character, i.e. pure.

跋盧沙 Varuṣa, now Attock, east of Peshawar.

跋祿羯呫婆 Bharukaccha, an ancient state in Gujarat, near Baruch, on the Narbudda.

跋祿迦 An ancient state in east Turkestan, the present Aksu. Eitel.

跋私弗多羅 Vātsīputra, 犢子 founder of the sect of this name, one of the Vaibhāṣika schools.

跋窣堵 vastu, real, substance; intp. as the Vinaya, or part of it; may be tr. by 事, 物, 本, 有.

跋羅娑馱 prāsāda, a temple, palace, assembly hall.

跋羅攙 Tallakṣana (Julien), 10 octilllions; a 大跋羅攙 is 100 octillions, v. 洛叉.

跋羅縷支 Bhadraruci, a monk of west India, of great subtlety and reasoning power; he opposed an arrogant Brahman, who, defeated, sank alive into hell.

跋藍 Bala, or Mudrābala, 10 septillions; 大跋藍 100 septillons, v. 洛.

跋路婆陀 (or 跋路娑陀) prāsāda, v. 跋羅婆馱.

跋達羅 bhadra, good, auspicious, gracious, excellent, virtuous; an epithet for every Buddha; the present 賢劫 Bhadrakalpa.

跋邏末羅耆釐 Bhramaragiri (Beal), a monastery built by Sadvaha for Nāgārjuna on this mountain, 300 li south-west of Kośala.

跋那 Varaṇa, v. 伐, a province of Kapiśā, v. 障.

跋陂 Bhadrapāla, name of 賢護 a bodhisattva.

跋陀 Bhadra, v. 跋提, 跋達羅.

跋陀婆 Bhadrapāla, v. 跋陂.

跋陀羅 Bhādrapadā, the 壁 constellation in Pegasus and Andromeda. Bhadrā, a female disciple of Śākyamuni. Guṇabhadra, v. 求, a nāga-king; a tree.

跋陀羅樓支 Bhadraruci, v. 跋羅縷支.

跋陀羅耶尼 Bhadrayāniyāh, v. 小乘, one of the eighteen Hīnayāna sects.

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跋陀羅迦卑梨耶 Bhadrakapilā, also 跋陀迦毘羅 a female disciple of Śākyamuni.

跋闍 Vṛji, the modern Vraja or Braj, west of Delhi and Agra; also given as Vaiśālī, cf. 毘, where the second assembly met and where the ten unlawful acts permitted by the Vṛjiputra monks were condemned.

跋闍羅 vajra, v. 金剛.

跋闍羅波膩 Vajrapāṇi, 'thunderbolt handed' (M. W.), v. 金剛手.

跋難陀 Upananda, a disciple who rejoiced over the Buddha's death because it freed the disciples from restraint. A nāga king.

躭摩栗底 Tāmralipti, Tamlook, v. 多摩.

軻地羅 khadira, the acacia catechu; the mimosa; also 軻梨羅; 珂梨羅; 朅梨羅; 佉陀羅 (or 佉達羅); 佉提迦; 朅達羅.

軻地羅山 The Khadira circle of mountains, the fifth of the seven concentric mountain chains of a world.

軻梨 朅地洛迦 (or 朅達洛迦) Khadiraka, idem 軻地羅山.

進 Advance, progress, enter.

進具 To reach the age (20) and advance to full ordination.

精進 vīrya, zeal, unchecked progress.

逸 To get away from; retire, be at ease, indulgence, excess.

逸多 Ajita, Maitreya, v. 阿逸多.

逮 To reach, catch up, until, when, wait for.

逮夜 The night previous to a fast day, or to any special occasion.

都 Metropolis, imperial city or domain; a district, ward, territory. All.

都史多 (or 都史天) the Tuṣita heaven, v. 兜.

都吒迦 Joyful sound, united voices; (derivation uncertain).

都監寺 都總 The director or second in command of a monastery.

都市王 The ruler of the eighth hot hell.

都率天 Tuṣita, see 都史多.

都貨羅 Tukhāra, the 月支 Yuezhi country; '(1) A topographical term designating a country of ice and frost (tukhāra), and corresponding to the present Badakchan which Arab geographers still call Tokharestan. (2) An ethnographical term used by the Greeks to designate the Tocharoi or Indo-Scythians, and likewise by Chinese writers applied to the Tochari Tartars who driven on by the Huns (180 B.C.) conquered Trans-oxania, destroyed the Bactrian kingdom (大夏) 126 B.C., and finally conquered the Pundjab, Cashmere, and the greater part of India. Their greatest king was Kanichka.' Eitel.

酤 To deal in spirits, or alcoholic liquor.

酤酒戒 The commandment against dealing in alcoholic liquor.

酥 Curd, butter; crisp. It is described as produced by churning milk or treating it with herbs. Milk produces 酪, then 生酥, then 熟酥, then 醍醐.

酥燈 A lamp burning butter-oil.

量 pramāṇa. Measure, capacity, length, ability; to measure, deliberate; a syllogism in logic, v. 比量. A syllogism, consisting of 宗 pratijñā, proposition; 因 hetu, reason; 喩 udāharaṇa, example; but the syllogism varies in the number of its avayava, or members. There are other divisions from 2 to 6, e.g. 現量 and 比量 direct or sense inferences, and comparative or logical inferences; to these are added 聖教量 arguments based on authority; 譬喩量 analogy; 義准 postulation, or general assent; and 無體 negation, or non-existence.

量果 Conditioned by various external objects, different types of consciousness arise (ālambana-pratyaya). The 法相宗 held that the percipient mind is conditioned by existing things, and when the two are in conjunction the ultimate consequence of any action may be known.

量等身 The immanence of the Tathāgata in all things, phenomenal and noumenal, he being the all in all.

鈔 A voucher, banknote, paper-money, taxes; to pinch up, take up; to seize all, sequestrate; to copy, transcribe, extract.

鈎 Hook, barb; also 鉤.

鉤召法 vaśīkaraṇa, the method in esoteric practice of summoning and influencing the beneficent powers.

鉤鈕 To knot, tie, e.g. a girdle; to button.

鉤菩薩 The bodhisattva guardian with the trident, one of the four with barb, noose, chain or bell.

鈍 Dull, blunt, stupid.

鈍使 The five envoys of stupidity, i.e. of the lower passions, in contrast with the higher 五利使; the 使 is intp. as 煩惱 kleśa, the afflicters, or passions; the five are 貪, 瞋, 痴, 慢, 疑 greed, hate, stupidity, arrogance, doubt.

鈍根 鈍機 Of dull capacity, unable to receive Buddha-truth.

間 A crevice, interval, space, room; separate, intermission; between, during, in; to divide, interfere, intervene.

間斷 To interrupt interfere and stop.

間色 Intermediate colours, i.e. not primary colours.

間隔 Interval, intermission, but it is chiefly used for during, while, the period of an event. Cf. 無間 avīci.

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閑 To bar, a barrier; to shut out; trained.

閑居十德 Ten advantages of a hermitage given in verse, i.e. absence of sex and passion; of temptation to say wrong things; of enemies, and so of strife; of friends to praise or blame; of others' faults, and so of talk about them; of followers or servants, and so no longing for companions; of society, and so no burden of politeness; of guests, and so no preparations; of social intercourse, and so no trouble about garments; of hindrance from others in mystic practice.

閑文字 閑塵境 Words, or expressions to be shut out; unnecessary words.

閑處 A shut-in place, a place of peace, a hermitage, a Buddhist monastery.

閑道人 One well-trained in the religion; a practitioner.

開 To open, begin, institute, unfold, disclose; dismiss; write out; unloose; to heat, boil.

開三顯一 To explain the three vehicles, and reveal the reality of the one method of salvation, as found in the Lotus Sūtra.

開元 The Kaiyuan period of the Tang emperor Xuanzong, A.D. 713-741; during which the monk 智昇 Zhisheng in 730 issued his 'complete list of all the translations of Buddhist books into the Chinese language from the year A.D. 67 up to the date of publication, embracing the labours of 176 individuals, the whole amounting to 2,278 separate works, many of which, however, were at that time already lost.' Wylie. Its title was開元釋教錄. He also issued the 開元釋教錄略出, an abbreviated version.

開光 Introducing the light, the ceremony of 'opening the eyes' of an image, i.e. painting or touching in the pupil; also 開眼.

開具 To make an inventory.

開化 To transform the character by instruction; to teach.

開士 The hero who is enlightened, or who opens the way of enlightenment, an epithet of the bodhisattva; also applied to monks.

開山 To establish a monastery; to found a sect.

開廢 idem 開遮.

開心 To open the heat; to develop the mind; to initiate into truth.

開悟 To awaken, arouse, open up the intelligence and bring enlightenment.

開本 To commence; the very beginning; at the beginning; to explain the beginning.

開枕 To display the pillows, i.e. retire to bed.

開法 To found a sect or teaching, e.g. as Buddha founded Buddhism; the method of opening, or beginning.

開演 To lecture, explain at length, expound.

開甘露門 To open the ambrosial door, i.e. provide for hungry ghosts.

開發 To star, begin, send forth.

開白 To start from the bare ground; to begin a ceremony.

開示悟入 The four reasons for a Buddha's appearing in the world: to open up the treasury of truth; to indicate its meaning; to cause men to apprehend it; and to lead them into it.

開祖 The founder of a sect, or clan.

開葷 開素 To abandon vegetarianism, as is permitted in case of sickness.

開覺 To arouse, awaken; to allow the original Buddha-nature to open and enlighten the mind.

開解 To expound, explain.

開道者 The Way-opener, Buddha; anyone who opens the way, or truth.

開遮 The adversatives, permit 開 or prohibit 遮; also 開廢.

開靜 To break the silence, i.e. rouse from sleep.

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開顯 To open up and reveal; to expose the one and make manifest the other. It is a term used by Tiantai, i.e. 開權顯實, to expose and dispose of the temporary or partial teaching, and reveal the final and real truth as in the Lotus Sūtra.

開齋 To break the fast, breakfast.

陽 The side on which the sun shines, the sun, heat, this life, positive, masculine, dynamic, etc.

陽光 The sun's light, also idem陽燄 sun flames, or heat, i.e. the mirage causing the illusion of lakes.

雁 A hawk, also used for hamsa, a wild goose.

雁塔 The Wild Goose pagoda, name of a famous monastery.

雁宇 A term for a monastery.

雁行 To pass in V-shaped formation like wild geese.

集 samudāya. To assemble, collect together, aggregate, accumulate.

集會 To assemble, an assembly.

集會所 A place of assembly.

集衆 To assemble all, or everybody.

集諦 samudaya, the second of the four dogmas, that the cause of suffering lies in the passions and their resultant karma. The Chinese 集 'accumulation' does not correctly translate samudaya, which means 'origination'.

集起 A term for citta, the mind, and for ālayavijñāna, as giving rise to the mass of things.

雲 megha. Cloud, cloudy, abundant.

雲兄水弟 雲衆水衆 Brothers or men of the clouds and waters, fellow-monks.

雲宗 idem 白雲宗.

雲堂 The assembly hall of a monastery, because of the massed congregation.

雲心 Clouded heart, depressed.

雲水 雲兄水弟; 雲衲; 雲納 Homeless or roaming monks.

雲海 Many as the clouds and the waters of the ocean.

雲版 A sort of cloud-shaped gong, struck to indicate the hour.

雲雷音王 Megha-dundubhi-svara-rāja, or 雲雷音宿王華智 Jaladhara-garjita-ghoṣa-susvara-nakṣatra-rāja-saṅkusumitā-bhijña. A Buddha 'having a voice musical as the sound of the thunder of the clouds and conversant with the appearance of the regents of the nakshatras'. M.W. A Buddha possessing the wisdom of the Thunder-god and of the flowery stars.

雲自在王 Meghasvara-rāja, ruler of the cloud drums, a son of Mahābhijñābhibhu.

雲門 The Cloud-gate monastery in Guangdong, from which 文偃 Wenyan derived his title; his name was 張雪峯 Zhang Xuefeng; he lived early in the tenth century and founded the 雲門宗 (雲門禪宗), v. 三句.

雲集 Flocking like clouds, a great assembly.

雲鼓 A drum ornamented with clouds for calling to midday meals.

順 Accord with, comply, yield, obey, agreeable; v. 逆 to resist.

順世 To accord with the world, its ways and customs; to die.

順上分結 The five ties in the higher realm which hold the individual in the realms of form and formlessness: desire for form, desire for formlessness, restlessness, pride, and ignorance.

順下分結 The five ties in the lower realm which hold the individual in the realms of desire, i.e. desire, resentment, egoism, false tenets, and doubt.

順分 To follow out one's duty; to accord with one's calling; to carry out the line of bodhisattva progress according to plan.

順化 To accord with one's lessons; to follow the custom; to die.

順忍 The third of the five bodhisattva stages of endurance, i.e. from the fourth to sixth stage.

順次 According to order or rank, one after another, the next life in Paradise to follow immediately after this without intervening stages.

順流 Going with the stream, i.e. of transmigration, custom, etc.

順牙 śūnya, v. 空.

順逆 To go with, or resist, e.g. the stream to reincarnation, or to nirvāṇa.

須 To expect, wait for, wait on; necessary, must; moment, small, translit. for su; cf. 蘇.

須夜摩 Suyāma, also須炎摩 (or須燄摩), intp. as Yama, the ruler of the Yama heaven; and in other similar ways.

須大拏 Sudāna, see 須達拏.

須彌 Sumeru, also 須彌樓; 彌樓; 蘇彌樓; 修迷樓; later 蘇迷盧; the central mountain of every world, tr. as 妙高; 妙光, etc., wonderful height, wonderful brilliancy, etc.; at the top is Indra's heaven, or heavens, below them are the four devalokas; around are eight circles of mountains and between them the eight seas, the whole forming nine mountains and eight seas.

須彌座 須彌壇 A kind of throne for a Buddha.

須彌相 Merudhvaja, or Merukalpa, name of the universe of 須彌燈王佛, in the northwest, twelfth son of Mahābhijñā.

須彌頂 Merukūṭa, second son of Mahābhijñā, whose name is 須蜜羅天 Abhirati.

須扇多 Suśānta, a Buddha of this name, 'very placid,' M.W.; entirely pure; also 須延頭 ? Suyata.

須摩提 (or 須摩題) Sumati, of wonderful meaning, or wisdom, the abode of Amitābha, his Pure Land.

須摩那 Sumanā, also 修摩那 (or 蘇摩那); 須曼那; a plant 4 or 5 feet high with light yellow flowers, the 'great flowered jasmine'. M.W.

須梨耶 Sūrya, the sun.

須湼蜜陀 sunirmita, but suggestive in meaning of nirmāṇarati, heavens or devas of joyful transformation.

須眞 ? Sucinti; or Sucintā, or Sucitti, name of a deva.

須臾 A kṣaṇa, a moment.

須菩提 Subhuti, also 須扶提; 須浮帝; 蘇補底 (or 蘇部底); one of the ten chief disciples, said to have been the best exponent of śūnya, or the void 解空第一; he is the principal interlocutor in the Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra. There are two later personages of this name.

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須跋陀羅 (須跋陀) Subhadra; the last convert of the Buddha, 'a Brahman 120 years old.'

須達多 (須達); 蘇達多 Sudatta, well-given, intp. as a good giver, beneficent; known as 給獨 benefactor of orphans, etc. His name was Anāthapiṇḍaka, who bestowed the Jetavana vihāra on the Buddha.

須達天 Sudṛśās, the 善現天; seventh brahmaloka, eighth of the dhyāna heavens.

須達拏 Sudāna, also須大拏; 須提梨拏; 蘇達拏, a previous incarnation of the Buddha, when he forfeited the throne by almsgiving; it is confused in meaning with 善牙 Sudanta, good teeth.

須達梨舍那 Sudarśan 須帶a, the heaven of beautiful appearance, the sixteenth brahmaloka, and seventh of the fourth dhyāna.

須陀 śūdra, the fourth caste, cultivators, etc., cf. 首; also sudhā, nectar.

須陀洹 srota-āpanna; also 須陀般那; 窣路多阿半那(or 窣路陀阿半那) (or 窣路多阿鉢囊); intp. by 入流, one who has entered the stream of holy living, also 逆流, one who goes against the stream of transmigration; the first stage of the arhat, that of a śrāvaka, v. 聲聞.

須陀摩 (須陀須摩) Sudhāman, a king mentioned in the 智度論4.

黃 Yellow.

黃壚 A grave, idem黃沓.

黃幡 Yellow paper streamers hung on a grave.

黃教 黃帽教 The yellow sect of Lamaism, founded in 1417 by 宗喀巴 Tsoṅ-kha-pa, Sumatikīrti, who overthrew the decadent sect, which wears red robes, and established the sect that wears yellow, and which at first was: noted for the austere life of the monks; it is found chiefly in Tibet, Mongolia, and Ili.

黃昏 Evening.

黃楊木禪 The yellow poplar meditation. The yellow poplar grows slowly, and in years with intercalary months is supposed to recede in growth; hence the term refers to the backwardness, or decline of stupid disciples.

黃檗 Huangbo, Phallodendron amurense, a tree which gave its name to a monastery in Fujian, and to a sect founded by 希運 Xiyun, its noted abbot of the Tang dynasty.

黃泉 The yellow springs, the shades.

黃葉 Yellow willow leaves, resembling gold, given to children to stop their crying; the evanescent joys of the heavens offered by Buddha to curb evil.

黃衣 Yellow robes (of the monks), but as yellow is a prime colour and therefore unlawful, the garments are dyed a mixture, yellowish-grey.

黃金 The yellow metal, i.e. gold.

黃金宅 Golden abode, i.e. a monastery, so called after the Jetavana vihāra, for whose purchase the site was 'covered with gold'.

黃門 Eunuchs, paṇḍakas, v. 般 10.

黃面 The yellow-faced Laozi, i.e. Buddha, because his images are gold-colour.

黃龍寺 Huanglong, the Yellow Dragon monastery in Kiangsi after which 慧南 Huinan was called.

黑 kāla; kṛṣṇa; black; dark.

黑分 黑月 kṛṣṇapakṣa, the darkening, or latter half of the month, the period of the waning moon.

黑夜神 Kālarātri, also 黑夜天; 黑闇天; 闇夜天; one of the three queens of Yama, who controls midnight.

黑天 Mahākāla, the black deva, a title of Śiva, the fierce Rudra, a black or dark-blue deity with eight arms and three eyes.

黑業 Black karma, or evil deeds, which produce like karmaic results.

黑漆桶 Black varnish tub, blank ignorance.

黑白 Black and white, evil and good; also the two halves of the month, the waning and waxing moon.

黑繩 kālasūtra, the black-rope or black-bonds hell.

黑蚖 The black adder, or venomous snake, i.e. kleśa, passion, or illusion.

黑衣 黑袈 Black, or dark monastic garments.

黑闇 Black, dark, secluded, shut off; in darkness, ignorant.

黑風 Black wind, i.e. a dark storm.

黑齒 Maṭutacaṇḍī, black teeth, name of one of the rākṣasī.

13. THIRTEEN STROKES
亂 Disturb, perturb, confusion, disorder, rebellion.

亂僧 A disorderly monk.

亂善 To disturb the good, confound goodness; the confused goodness of those who worship, etc., with divided mind.

亂心 A perturbed or confused mind, to disturb or unsettle the mind.

亂想 To think confusedly, or improperly.

亂行 Disorderly conduct.

傳 To transmit, pass on, hand down, promulgate, propagate; tradition; summon; interpret; record; the Abhidharma.

傳心 To pass from mind to mind, to pass by narration or tradition, to transmit the mind of Buddha as in the Intuitional school, mental transmission.

傳戒 To transmit the commandments, to grant them as at ordination.

傳持 To maintain what has been transmitted; to transmit and maintain.

傳教 To spread the teaching, or doctrine; to transmit and instruct.

傳法 To transmit, or spread abroad the Buddha truth.

傳燈 To transmit the light, pass on the lamp of truth.

傳衣 To hand down the mantle, or garments.

傳通 Universal propagation; unhindered transmission.

傷 To injure, wound, hurt, harm, distress, A tr. of yakṣa.

傷和氣 To disturb the harmony.

傷命 Injury to life.

募 To solicit, call upon, invite: enroll, enlist, subscribe.

募緣 募化 To raise subscriptions.

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勢 bala, sthāman. Power, influence, authority; aspect, circumstances.

勢力鬼 A powerful demon.

勢羅 śaila, craggy, mountainous, mountain.

勢至 He whose wisdom and power reach everywhere, Mahāsthāmaprāpta, i.e. 大勢至 q.v. Great power arrived (at maturity), the bodhisattva on the right of Amitābha, who is the guardian of Buddha-wisdom.

勤 vīrya, energy, zeal, fortitude, virility; intp. also as 精進 one of the pāramitās.

勤息 A tr. of śramaṇa, one who diligently pursues the good, and ceases from evil.

勤求 To seek diligently (after the good).

勤苦 Devoted and suffering, zealously suffering.

勤行 Diligently going forward, zealous conduct, devoted to service, worship, etc.

嗟 To sigh.

嗟嘆 Alas ! translit. cha.

鳴 Oh ! alas ! to wail.

鳴嚕捺囉叉 rudrakṣa, the Eiceocarpus ganitrus, whose berries are used for rosaries; hence, a rosary.

嗜 Fond of, given up to, doting; translit. sh, j sounds.

嗜那耶舍 Jinayaśas, a noted monk.

嗣 To succeed to, continue, adopt, posterity, follow after.

嗣法 To succeed to the dharma, or methods, of the master, a term used by the meditative school; 傳法 is used by the esoteric sect.

嗢 To clear the throat; translit. u, cf. 鬱, 烏, 溫, 優.

嗢呾羅 (or嗢怛羅) uttarā, tr. by 上 superior, predominant, above all.

嗢呾羅矩嚕 Uttarakuru, one of the four continents, that north of Meru.

嗢呾羅犀那 Uttarasena, a king of Udyāna who obtained part of Śākyamuni's relics.

嗢呾羅頞沙荼 Uttarāṣāḍhā, the nakṣatra presiding over the second half of the 4th month, 'the month in which Śākyamuni was conceived.' Eitel.

嗢尸羅 uśīra, fragrant root of Andropogon muricatus.

嗢屈竹迦 嗢倶吒 utkuṭukāsana, v. 結跏 to squat on the heels.

嗢瑟尼沙 uṣṇīṣa, the protuberance on the Buddha's head, v. 烏.

嗢蹭伽 utsaṅga, 100,000 trillions, a 大嗢蹭伽 being a quadrillion, v. 洛叉.

嗢鉢 (嗢鉢羅) utpala, the blue lotus; the 6th cold hell.

園 vihāra; place for walking about, pleasure-ground, garden, park.

園觀 A garden look-out, or terrace.

園頭 A gardener, or head of a monastery-garden, either for pleasure, or for vegetables.

圓 Round, all-round, full-orbed, inclusive, all-embracing, whole, perfect, complete.

圓乘 The all-complete vehicle, the final teaching of Buddha.

圓信 Complete faith; the faith of the 'perfect' school. A Tiantai doctrine that a moment's faith embraces the universe.

圓修 (1) TO observe the complete Tiantai meditation, at one and the same time to comprehend the three ideas of 空假中 q.v. (2) To keep all the commandments perfectly.

圓位 The perfect status, the position of the 'perfect' school, perfect unity which embraces all diversity.

圓光 The halo surrounding the head of a Buddha, etc.

圓佛 The Buddha of the 'perfect' school, the perfect pan-Buddha embracing all things in every direction; the dharmakāya; Vairocana, identified with Śākyamuni.

圓凝 Complete crystallization, or formation, i.e. perfect nirvāṇa.

圓合 All-embracing, all inclusive.

圓壇 Round altar; a complete group of objects of worship, a maṇḍala.

圓妙 The mystery of the 'perfect' school, i.e. the complete harmony of 空假中 noumenon, phenomenon, and the middle way.

圓宗 The sect of the complete or final Buddha-truth, i.e. Tiantai; cf. 圓教.

圓密 The complete teaching of Tiantai and the esoteric teaching. Also, the harmony of both as one.

圓寂 Perfect rest, i.e. parinirvāṇa; the perfection of all virtue and the elimination of all evil, release from the miseries of transmigration and entrance into the fullest joy.

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圓實 Perfect reality; the Tiantai perfect doctrine which enables one to attain reality or Buddhahood at once.

圓心 The perfect mind, the mind that seeks perfection, i.e. nirvāṇa.

圓悟 Completely to apprehend the truth. In Tiantai, the complete apprehension at the same time of noumenon, phenomenon, and the middle way.

圓成 Complete perfection.

圓成實性 The perfect true nature, absolute reality, the bhūtatathatā.

圓戒 v. 圓頓戒.

圓教 The complete, perfect, or comprehensive doctrine; the school or sect of Mahāyāna which represents it. The term has had three references. The first was by 光統 Guangtong of the Later Wei, sixth century, who defined three schools, 漸 gradual, 頓 immediate, and 圓 inclusive or complete. The Tiantai called its fourth section the inclusive, complete, or perfect teaching 圓, the other three being 三藏 Hīnayāna, 通 Mahāyāna-cum-Hīnayāna, 別 Mahāyāna. The Huayan so called its fifth section, i.e. 小乘; 大乘始; 大乘終; 頓 and 圓. It is the Tiantai version that is in general acceptance, defined as a perfect whole and as complete in its parts; for the whole is the absolute and its parts are therefore the absolute; the two may be called noumenon and phenomenon, or 空 and 假 (or 俗), but in reality they are one, i.e. the 中 medial condition. To conceive these three as a whole is the Tiantai inclusive or 'perfect' doctrine. The Huayan 'perfect' doctrine also taught that unity and differentiation, or absolute and relative, were one, a similar doctrine to that of the identity of contraries. In Tiantai teaching the harmony is due to its underlying unity; its completeness to the permeation of this unity in all phenomena; these two are united in the medial 中 principle; to comprehend these three principles at one and the same time is the complete, all-containing, or 'perfect' doctrine of Tiantai. There are other definitions of the all-inclusive doctrine, e.g. the eight complete things, complete in teaching, principles, knowledge, etc. 圓教四門 v. 四門.

圓斷 The Tiantai doctrine of the complete cutting off, at one remove, of the three illusions, i.e. 見思 associated with 空; 塵沙 with 假; and 無明 with 中; q. v.

圓果 Perfect fruit, nirvāṇa.

圓極 Inclusive to the uttermost; absolute perfection.

圓機 The potentiality of becoming fully enlightened at once.

圓海 The all-embracing ocean, i.e. the perfection or power of the Tathāgata.

圓滿 Completely full; wholly complete; the fulfilling of the whole, i.e. that the part contains the whole, the absolute in the relative.

圓滿經 The complete, or all-inclusive sūtra, a term applied to the Huayan jing.

圓空 Complete vacuity, i.e. 空空, from which even the idea of vacuity is absent.

圓融 Complete combination; the absolute in the relative and vice versa; the identity of apparent contraries; perfect harmony among all differences, as in water and waves, passion and enlightenment, transmigration and nirvāṇa, or life and death, etc.; all are of the same fundamental nature, all are bhūtatathatā, and bhūtatathatā is all; waves are one with waves, and water is one with water, and water and wave are one.

圓融三諦 The three dogmas of 空假中 as combined, as one and the same, as a unity, according to the Tiantai inclusive or perfect school. The universal 空 apart from the particular 假 is an abstraction. The particular apart from the universal is unreal. The universal realizes its true nature in the particular, and the particular derives its meaning from the universal. The middle path 中 unites these two aspects of one reality.

圓行 The conduct or discipline of the Tiantai 'perfect' school.

圓覺 Complete enlightenment potentially present in each being, for all have 本覺 primal awareness, or 眞心 the true heart (e. g. conscience), which has always remained pure and shining; considered as essence it is the 一心 one mind, considered causally it is the Tathāgata-garbha, considered it is|| perfect enlightenment, cf. 圓覺經.

圓詮 Exposition of the perfect or all-embracing doctrine, as found in the Huayan and Lotus Sūtras.

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圓具 whole and complete, i.e. the whole of the commandments, by the observance of which one is near to nirvāṇa.

圓通 Universally penetrating; supernatural powers of omnipresence; universality; by wisdom to penetrate the nature or truth of all things.

圓通三昧 The various samādhi of supernatural powers of the twenty-five 'great ones' of the 楞嚴經 Surangama sūtra, especially of 圓通大士 the omnipresent hearer of those who call, i.e. Guanyin.

圓道 The perfect way (of the three principles of Tiantai, v. above).

圓頓 Complete and immediate, i.e. to comprehend the three principles 空假中 at one and the same time, cf. 圓教.

圓頓一乘 The complete immediate vehicle, that of Tiantai.

圓頓宗 圓頓教 See 圓頓一乘.

圓頓戒 The rules of the Tiantai school, especially for attaining immediate enlightenment as above; also called 圓頓無作大戒 (or 圓頓菩薩大戒).

圓頓觀 (圓頓止觀) as given in the 摩訶止觀 is the concentration, or mental state, in which is perceived, at one and the same time, the unity in the diversity and the diversity in the unity, a method ascribed by Tiantai to the Lotus Sūtra; v. above.

塚 A tomb, mound, cemetery; śmaśāna, v. 舍.

塑 To model in clay.

泥塑木雕 Modeled clay and carved wood, images.

塑像 To model images.

塡 To fill up.

塡王 Udayana, v. 優塡 king of Kauśāmbi.

塡陵 A raised mound, a stūpa.

塢 A bank, wall, entrenchment, dock; translit. u, for which many other characters are used, e.g. 烏; 憂; 于, etc.

塗 To smear, rub on.

塗割 To anoint the hand, or cut it off, instances of love and hatred.

塗毒鼓 A drum smeared with poison to destroy those who hear it.

塗灰外道 Pāṃśupatas, perhaps Pāsupatas, followers of Śiva, Śaiva ascetics; a class of heretics who smeared themselves with ashes.

塗足油 Oil rubbed on the feet to avoid disease.

塗香 To rub the body with incense or scent to worship Buddha.

塔 stūpa; tope; a tumulus, or mound, for the bones, or remains of the dead, or for other sacred relics, especially of the Buddha, whether relics of the body or the mind, e.g. bones or scriptures. As the body is supposed to consist of 84,000 atoms, Aśoka is said to have built 84,000 stūpas to preserve relics of Śākyamuni. Pagodas, dagobas, or towers with an odd number of stories are used in China for the purpose of controlling the geomantic influences of a neighbourbood. Also 塔婆; 兜婆; 偸婆; 藪斗波; 窣堵波; 率都婆; 素覩波; 私鍮簸, etc. The stūpas erected over relics of the Buddha vary from the four at his birthplace, the scene of his enlightenment, of his first sermon, and of his death, to the 84,000 accredited to Aśoka.

塔像 stūpas and images.

塔廟 Pagodas and temples.

塞 To stop up, block, gag; dull; honest; a barrier, frontier; translit. s.

塞建陀 (塞建陀羅); 塞健陀 skandha, 'the shoulder'; 'the body'; 'the trunk of a tree'; 'a section,' etc. M.W. 'Five psychological constituents.' 'Five attributes of every human being.' Eitel. Commonly known as the five aggregates, constituents, or groups; the pañcaskandha; under the Han dynasty 陰 was used, under the Jin 衆, under the Tang 蘊. The five are: 色 rūpa, form, or sensuous quality; 受 vedana, reception, feeling, sensation; 想 sañjñā , thought, consciousness, perception; 行 karman, or saṃskāra, action, mental activity; 識 vijñāna, cognition. The last four are mental constituents of the ego. Skandha is also the name of an arhat, and Skanda, also 塞建那, of a deva.

塞畢力迦 spṛkka, clover, lucern.

塞縛悉底迦 svastika, v. 萬.

塞頗胝加 sphāṭika, crystal, quartz, one of the saptaratna, seven treasures.

奧 [奥] South-west corner where were the lares; retired, quiet; abstruse, mysterious; blended; warm; translit. au.

奧箄迦 aupayika, proper, fit, suitable.

奧疏 Esoteric commentary 奥疏.

嫉 īrṣyā; envy of other's possessions, jealousy.

媽 Nurse, mother.

媽哈薩督呀 mahāsattva, a great or noble being; the perfect bodhisattva, greater (mahā) than any other being (sattva) except a Buddha; v. 摩訶薩埵.

? To pair. Small.

?摩 Bhīmā, terrible, fearful; name of Śiva' s wife. 'A city west of Khoten noted for a Buddha-statue, which had transported itself thither from Udjyana.' Eitel. Xuanzang's Pimo. v. 毗.

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媻 To and fro, to roll: translit. bha, va.

媻毗吠伽 Bhāvaviveka, a disciple of Nāgārjuna, who retired to a rock cavern to await the coming of Maitreya.

媻羅犀那 Varasena (the Aparasvin of the Zend-Avesta); a pass on the Paropamisus, now called Khawak, south of Indarab.

媻藪天 Vasudeva, in Brahmanic mythology the father of Kṛṣṇa.

媻達羅鉢陀 Bhādrapada, the last month of summer.

嵯 Irregular, uneven; translit. jha.

廅 A cave.

廅天 Parīttābha, the fourth brahmaloka, the first region of the second dhyāna.

廅樓亘 An early attempt to translate the name of Guanyin. 廅樓亙.

廅波摩那 (廅波) Apramāṇābha, the heaven of infinite light, the second region of the second dhyāna.

微 sūkṣma. Minute, small, slight; abstruse, subtle; disguised; not; used in the sense of a molecule seven times larger than 極微 an atom; translit. vi, bi.

微塵 A molecule, v. above.

微塵數 Numerous as molecules, or atoms; numberless.

微妙 Abstruse, recondite, mysterious.

微密 Mysterious, secret, occult.

微戍陀 viśuddha, purified, pure.

微沙落起多 Vibhārakṣita ? , a form of Tiṣyarakṣita, Aśoka's queen.

微瑟紐 Viṣṇu, also 毘瑟紐 (or 毘瑟笯 or 毘瑟怒); 毘紐; 毘搜紐 (or 毘痩紐); 韋紐; the second in the Trimūrti, Brahmā, Viṣṇu, Śiva; the 'preserver', and all-pervading, or encompassing; identified with Nārāyaṇa-deva.

微若布雷迦 bījapūraka; a citron, citron medicus. M. W.

微細 Minute, fine, refined, subtle.

微細身 A refined, subtle body.

微聚 A molecule, the smallest aggregation of atoms.

微行 Minute, refined, or subtle action.

微誓耶 Vijayā, also 微惹耶; 毘社耶 the overcomer, Durgā, intp. as the wife, or female manifestation, of Vairocana.

愼 Careful, cautious, attentive, heedful.

愼謹 translit. ji.

愼那弗怛羅 Jinaputra, author of the Yogācāryabhūmi-śāstra-kārikā, tr. by Xuanzang A.D. 654.

M011078惕鬼 A demon of the nerves who troubles those who sit in meditation. Also 堆惕鬼; 埠惕鬼.

愧 Ashamed, intp. as ashamed for the misdeeds of others. v. 慚.

惹 Incite, provoke, irritate; translit. j, ja, jña; cf. 社; 闍.

惹那 jñāna, v. 智 knowledge, wisdom.

愍 idem 憫. Grieve for, mourn, sympathize.

愍忌 A day of remembrance for a virtuous elder on the anniversary of his birthday.

感 To influence, move.

感應 Response to appeal or need; Buddha moved to respond.

感果 The result that is sought.

感進 To move to zeal, or inspire to progress.

想 To think, meditate, reflect, expect; a function of mind.

想地獄 Sañjīva, idem 等地獄 the resurrecting hell.

想念 To think and reflect.

想愛 Thought of and desire for, thought leading to desire.

想蘊 sañjñā, one of the five skandhas, perception.

想顚倒 Inverted thoughts or perceptions, i.e. the illusion of regarding the seeming as real.

愚 Monkey-witted, silly, stupid, ignorant.

愚僧 Ignorant monk.

愚夫 bāla; ignorant, immature, a simpleton, the unenlightened.

愚惑 Deluded by ignorance, the delusion of ignorance.

愚法 Ignorant, or immature law, or method, i.e. that of śrāvakas and pratyekabuddhas, Hīnayāna.

愚痴 muḍha; ignorant and unenlightened, v. 痴.

愚鈍 Ignorant and dull-witted.

慈 Affection (as that of a mother), mercy, compassion, tenderness; mother.

慈光 Merciful light, that of the Buddhas.

慈力王 Maitrībala-rāja, king of merciful virtue, or power, a former incarnation of the Buddha when, as all his people had embraced the vegetarian life, and yakṣas had no animal food and were suffering, the king fed five of them with his own blood.

慈嚴 Compassion and strictness, the maternal-cum-paternal spirit.

慈子 Sons of compassion, i.e. the disciples of Maitreya.

慈尊 The compassionate honoured one, Maitreya.

慈心 A compassionate heart.

慈忍 Compassion and patience, compassionate tolerance.

慈恩 Compassion and grace, merciful favour; name of a temple in Luoyang, under the Tang dynasty, which gave its name to Kuiji 窺基 q.v., founder of the 法相 school, known also as the 慈恩 or 唯識 school; he was a disciple of and collaborator with Xuanzang, and died A.D. 682.

慈悲 Compassion and pity, merciful, compassionate.

慈悲室 The abode of compassion, the dwelling of Buddha, v. Lotus Sūtra.

慈悲萬行 Tender compassion in all things, or with compassion all things succeed.

慈悲衣 Compassionate garment, the monk's robe.

慈悲觀 The compassion-contemplation, in which pity destroys resentment.

慈意 The mind or spirit of compassion and kindness.

慈敬 Loving reverence.

慈明 Ciming, a noted monk of the Song dynasty.

慈氏 The compassionate one, Maitreya.

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慈水 Mercy as water fertilizing the life.

慈眼 The compassionate eye (of Buddha).

慈航 The bark of mercy.

慈辯 To discuss compassionately.

慈門 The gate of mercy, Buddhism.

慈雲 The over-spreading, fructifying cloud of compassion, the Buddha-heart; also Ciyun, the name of a noted Sung monk.

慈霪 To rain down compassion on men.

意 Manas, the sixth of the ṣaḍāyatanas or six means of perception, i.e. sight, hearing, smell, taste, touch, and mind. Manas means "mind (in its widest sense as applied to all the mental powers), intellect, intelligence, understanding, perception, sense, conscience, will". M.W. It is "the intellectual function of consciousness", Keith. In Chinese it connotes thought, idea, intention, meaning, will; but in Buddhist terminology its distinctive meaning is mind, or the faculty of thought.

意三 The three evils which belong to intellect — lobha, dveṣa, moha, i.e. desire, dislike, delusion.

意力 Mental power or intention; the purpose to attain bodhi or enlightenment.

意地 The stage of intellectual consciousness, being the sixth vijñāna, the source of all concepts.

意學 Mental learning, learning by meditation rather than from books, the special cult of the Chan or Intuitional school, which is also called the School of the Buddha-mind.

意安樂行 The calmly joyful life of the mind — one of the four in the Lotus Sutra 14; v. 四安樂行.

意念往生 By thought and remembrance or invocation of Amitābha to enter into his Pure Land.

意憤天 A deva who sinned and was sent down to be born among men.

意成 Mentally evolved, or evolved at will.

意成天 Devas independent of the nourishment of the realms of form and formlessness, who live only in the realm of mind.

意成身 idem 意生身 q.v.

意根 The mind-sense, or indriya, the sixth of the senses; v. 六處.

意業 The function of mind or thought, one of the 三業 thought, word, deed.

意樂 Joy of the mind, the mind satisfied and joyful. Manobhirāma, the realm foretold for Maudgalyāyana as a Buddha.

意水 The mind or will to become calm as still water, on entering samādhi.

意猿 The mind as intractable as a monkey.

意生身 A body mentally produced, or produced at will, a tr. of manomaya. Bodhisattvas from the first stage 地 upwards are able to take any form at will to save the living ; also 意生化身 ; 意成身.

意界 Manodhātu, the realm of mind.

意處 The, mind-sense, the mind, the sixth of the six senses, v. 六處.

意見 Thoughts, ideas, concepts, views.

意解 Intellectual explanation; liberation of the mind, or thought.

意言 Mental words, words within the intellectual consciousness; thought and words.

意識 manovijñāna; the faculty of mind, one of the six vijñānas.

意趣 The direction of the mind, or will.

意車 The mind vehicle, the vehicle of intellectual consciousness, the imagination.

意馬 The mind as a horse, ever running from one thing to another.

意馬心猿 The mind like a horse and the heart like a monkey — restless and intractable.

愛 kāma; rāga. Love, affection, desire; also used for tṛṣṇā, thirst, avidity, desire, one of the twelve nidānas. It is intp. as 貪 coveting, and 染著 defiling attachment; also defined as defiling love like that toward wife and children, and undefiling love like that toward one's teachers and elders.