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要略 An outline of the important points.

略戒 The first period of general moral law, before the detailed commandments became necessary; i.e. the first twelve years of the Buddha's ministry.

畢 To end, final, complete, all; translit. p, v.

畢利叉 畢洛叉; 畢剌叉 vṛkṣa is a tree; here it is described as the tree i.e. the Jonesia aśoka, a tree under which the Buddha is said to have been born.

畢利多 preta, hungry ghost.

畢力迦 (or 畢栗迦) pṛkkā, spṛkkā, a fragrant plant, said to be the trigonella corniculata.

畢勒支底迦 (畢勒支底迦佛); 畢支佛; 辟支佛; 鉢攞底迦佛 pratyeka(-buddha) . Cf. 辟. Singly, individually, one 'who lives in seclusion and obtains emancipation for himself only'. M. W. It is intp. as 獨覺 lonely (or alone) enlightenment, i.e. for self alone; also 緣覺 enlightened in the 十二因緣 twelve nidānas; or 圓覺 completely enlightened. i.e. for self.

畢境 atyanta. At bottom, finally, at last, fundamental, final, ultimate. [Note: Here, and in the following entries, 境 seems to be mistakenly used for 竟.]

畢境依 A final trust, ultimate reliance, i.e. Buddha.

畢境智 Ultimate, or final wisdom, or knowledge of the ultimate.

畢境無 Never, fundamentally not, or none.

畢境空 Fundamentally unreal, immaterial, or void, see 空.

畢境覺 The ultimate enlightenment, or bodhi, that of a Buddha.

畢舍遮 毘畢畢; 毘畢闍; 臂奢柘 piśāca, demons that eat flesh, malignant sprites or demons.

畢鉢 (畢鉢羅) pippala, one of the names of the Ficus religiosa; also the name of Mahā-Kāśyapa.

畢陵 (畢陵伽婆蹉) Pilindavatsa, who for 500 generations had been a Brahman, cursed the god of the Ganges, became a disciple, but still has to do penance, for his ill-temper.

異 pṛthak. Different, separate, unlike, not the same; diverse, diversity; strange; heterodox; extraordinary.

異人 Different person, another.

異口同音 Different or many mouths, but the same response, unanimous.

異品 Of different order, or class.

異因 A different cause, or origin.

異執 A different tenet; to hold to heterodoxy.

異學 Different studies; heterodoxy.

異心 Different mind; heterodox mind; amazed.

異慧 Heterodox wisdom.

異方便 Extraordinary, or unusual adaptations, devices, or means.

異熟 vipāka, different when cooked, or matured, i.e. the effect differing from the cause, e. g. pleasure differing from goodness its cause, and pain from evil. Also, maturing or producing its effects in another life.

異熟因 vipāka-hetu heterogeneous cause, i.e. a cause producing a different effect, known as 無記 neutral, or not ethical, e.g. goodness resulting in pleasure, evil in pain.

異熟果 Fruit ripening differently, i.e. in another incarnation, or life, e.g. the condition of the eye and other organs now resulting from specific sins or otherwise in previous existence.

異熟等五果 The five fruits of karma; pañcaphalāni, or effects produced by one or more of the six hetus or causes. They are as follows: (1) 異熟果 vipāka-phala, heterogeneous effect produced by heterogeneous cause. (2) 等流果 niṣyanda-phala, uniformly continuous effect. (3) 士用果 puruṣakāra-phala, simultaneous effect produced by the sahabhū-hetu and the saṃprayukta-hetu; v. 六因. (4) 增上果 adhipati-phala, aggregate effect produced by the karma-hetu. (5) 離繫果 visaṃyoga-phala, emancipated effect produced by, the six causes.

異熟生 A difference is made in Mahāyāna between 異熟 (異熟識) which is considered as ālaya-vijñāna, and 異熟生 the six senses, which are produced from the ālaya-vijñāna.

異生 pṛthagjana; bālapṛthagjana, v. 婆; an ordinary person unenlightened by Buddhism; an unbeliever, sinner; childish, ignorant, foolish; the lower orders.

異生羝羊心 Common 'butting goat', or animal, propensities for food and lust.

異相 Difference, differentiation.

異端 Heterodoxy.

異緣 ālambana-pratyaya, things distracting the attention, distracting thoughts; the action of external objects conditioning consciousness.

異見 A different view, heterodoxy.

異解 A different, or heterodox, interpretation.

異說 A different, or heterodox, explanation.

異部 Of a different class, or sect; heterodox schools, etc.

眷 Regard, love; wife; family; relatives; retainers.

眷屬 Retinue, retainers, suite, especially the retinue of a god, Buddha, etc.

眼 cakṣuh, the eye.

眼入 The eye entrance one of the twelve entrances i.e. the basis of sight consciousness.

眼智 Knowledge obtained from seeing.

眼根 The organ of sight.

眼界 The element or realm of sight.

眼目 The eye, eyes.

眼識 Sight-perception, the first vijñāna.

眼識界 cakṣur-vijñāna-dhātu, the element or realm of sight-perception.

祭 Sacrifice, sacrificial.

祭文 齋文. The prayer or statement read and burnt at a funeral.

祭祠論 The Yajurveda, v. 韋.

祥 Felicitous.

祥月 Felicitous month, an anniversary.

祥瑞 Auspicious.

祥草 The felicitous herb, or grass, that on which the Buddha sat when he attained enlightenment.

移 To transplant, transpose, transmit, convey, remove.

移山 To remove mountains.

移龕 To remove the coffin to the hall for the masses for the dead on the third day after the enconffinment.

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章 A section, chapter; finished, elegant; essay, document; rule, according to pattern.

章服 Regulation dress.

笯赤建 Nujkend, or Nujketh in Turkestan, between Taras and Khojend.

第 Number, degree, sign of the ordinals; only.

第一 The first, chief, prime, supreme.

第一乘 The supreme vehicle, Mahāyāna.

第一句 The first and supreme letter, a, the alpha of all wisdom.

第一寂滅 The supreme reality, nirvāṇa.

第一義 The supreme, or fundamental meaning, the supreme reality, i. e. enlightenment.

第一義悉檀 The highest siddhānta, or Truth, the highest universal gift of Buddha, his teaching which awakens the highest capacity in all beings to attain salvation.

第一義智 The highest knowledge, or wisdom.

第一義樂 The highest bliss, i.e. nirvāṇa.

第一義空 The highest Void, or reality, the Mahāyāna nirvāṇa, though it is also applied to Hīnayāna nirvāṇa.

第一義觀 The highest meditation of Tiantai, that on 中 the Mean.

第一義諦 The supreme truth, or reality in contrast with the seeming; also called Veritable truth, sage-truth, surpassing truth, nirvāṇa, bhūtatathatā, madhya, śūnyatā, etc.

第三禪 The third dhyāna, a degree of contemplation in which ecstasy gives way to serenity; also a state, or heaven, corresponding to this degree of contemplation, including the third three of the rūpa heavens.

第三能變 The third power of change, i. e. the six senses, or vijñānas, 能變 means 識.

第七仙 The seventh 'immortal', the last of the seven Buddhas, Śākyamuni.

第七情 A seventh sense; non-existent, like a 十三入 thirteenth base of perception, or a 十九界 19th dhātu.

第二月 A double or second moon, which is an optical illusion, unreal.

第二禪 The second dhyāna, a degree of contemplation where reasoning gives way to intuition. The second three rūpa heavens.

第二能變 The second power of change, the kliṣṭamano-vijñāna, disturbed-mind, consciousness, or self-consciousness which gives form to the universe. The first power of change is the ālaya-vijñāna.

第五大 A fifth element, the nonexistent.

第六陰 A sixth skandha: as there are only five skandhas it means the non-existent.

第八識 The eighth, or ālaya-vijñāna, mind-essence, the root and essence of all things.

第十八願 The eighteenth of Amitābha's forty-eight vows, the one vowing salvation to all believers.

第四禪 The fourth dhyāna, a degree of contemplation when the mind becomes indifferent to pleasure and pain; also the last eight rūpa heavens.

第耶那 v. 禪 dhyāna.

第黎多曷羅殺吒羅 Dhṛtarāṣṭra, one of the four mahārājas, the white guardian of the east, one of the lokapālas, a king of gandharvas and piśacas; cf. 提.

紹 To continue, hand down.

紹隆 To continue (or perpetuate) and prosper Buddhist truth, or the triratna.

終 End, termination, final, utmost, death, the whole; opposite of 始.

終南山 Zhongnan Shan, a mountain in Shanxi; a posthumous name for Du Shun 杜順, founder of the Huayan or Avataṃsaka School in China.

終教 The 'final teaching', i.e. the third in the category of the Huayan School, cf. 五教 the final metaphysical concepts of Mahāyāna, as presented in the Laṅkāvatāra sūtra, Awakening of Faith, etc.

終歸於空 All things in the end return to the Void.

累 To tie; accumulate; repeatedly; to implicate, involve.

累七齋 The sevenfold repetition of masses for the dead.

累劫 Repeated, or many kalpas.

累形 The body as involved in the distresses of life.

累障 The hindrances of many vexations, responsibilities or affairs.

紺 A violet or purplish colour, a blend of blue and red; also called紺靑 and紺璢璃, the colour of the roots紺髮 or 紺頂 of the Buddha's hair.

紺宇 紺園; 紺坊; 紺殿 Names for a Buddhist monastery.

紺睫 The Buddha's violet or red-blue eyebrows.

紺蒲 kamboja, described as a round, reddish fruit, the Buddha having something resembling it on his neck, one of his characteristic marks.

紺蒲國 The country of Kamboja.

細 Fine, small, minute, in detail: careful.

細四相 The four states of 生住異滅 birth, abiding, change, extinction, e.g. birth, life, decay, death.

細心 Carefully, in detail, similar to 細意議 the vijñāna of detailed, unintermitting attention.

細滑欲 Sexual attraction through softness and smoothness.

細色 Refined appearance. Cf. 徵.

罣 A snare; impediment; cause of anxiety, anxious.

罣念 To be anxious about.

罣礙 A hindrance, impediment.

習 Repetition, practice, habit, skilled; u.f. 習氣 intp. vāsanā.

習因習果 The continuity of cause and effect, as the cause so the effect.

習氣 Habit, the force of habit; the uprising or recurrence of thoughts, passions, or delusions after the passion or delusion has itself been overcome, the remainder or remaining influence of illusion.

習滅 To practise (the good) and destroy (the evil).

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脚 Foot, leg.

脚布 A bath towel, foot-towel.

脫 To take the flesh from the bones; to strip, undress, doff; to escape, avoid; let go, relinquish.

脫珍著弊 To doff jewels and don rags, as did the Buddha, on leaving home, but it is intp. as a kenosis, the putting off of his celestial body for an incarnate, earthly body.

解脫 v. 解.

脫闍 dhvaja, a banner, flag.

脫體 To strip the body, naked; to get rid of the body.

臯 A marsh, pool, bank; high; the fifth month.

臯諦 Kuntī, name of one of the rākṣasī, a female demon.

船 A boat, ship.

船師 Captain, i.e. the Buddha as captain of salvation, ferrying across to the nirvāṇa shore.

船筏 A boat, or raft, i.e. Buddhism.

莽 Jungle; wild; rude; translit. ma, cf. 摩; intp. as 無 and 空.

荷 A small-leaved water-lily, a marshmallow; to carry bear.

荷力皮陀 v. 吠 The Ṛigveda.

荷擔 To carry, bear on the back or shoulder.

荼 A bitter herb; weeds; to encroach; translit. da, dha, dhya, dhu.

荼吉尼 ḍākinī, also荼枳尼; 吒吉尼; 拏吉儞 yakṣas or demons in general, but especially those which eat a man's vitals; they are invoked in witchcraft to obtain power.

荼毘 闍毘 (or 闍維, or 闍鼻多); also 耶維; 耶旬 jhāpita; cremation.

荼矩磨 kuṅkuma, saffron, or turmeric, or the musk-root.

莎 A species of grass, or sedge; cf. 娑.

莎揭哆 svāgata 善來 'well come', a term of salutation; also 善逝 'well departed'. It is a title of every Buddha; also 莎迦陀 (or 莎伽陀); 沙伽陀 (or 沙竭陀); 裟婆羯多; 蘇揭多.

沙羅樹 The Sala-tree.

沙髻 A crown of grass put on the head of 不動尊 q.v. as a servant of the Buddhas.

莫 Not; none; no; do not; translit. ma, mu; cf. 摩.

莫伽 magha, donation, wealth; maghā, seven stars; M. W. says a constellation of five stars α, γ, ζ, η, ν Leonis.

莫訶 mahā, cf. 摩; Mahī, or Mahānada, a small river in Magadha, and one flowing into the gulf of Cambay.

莫訶僧祇尼迦耶 Mahāsāṅghika-nikāya, cf. 摩.

莫訶婆伽 The musk deer.

莫訶衍磧 The great Shamo (Gobi) desert.

莫賀延 The great Shamo (Gobi) desert; also called 'Makhai'. Eitel.

莫醯 v. 摩 Maheśvara, i. e. Śiva.

莊 Sedate, serious, proper, stern.

莊王 v. 妙 Śubhavyūha, reputed father of Guanyin.

莊嚴 alaṃkāraka. Adorn, adornment, glory, honour, ornament, ornate; e.g. the adornments of morality, meditation, wisdom, and the control of good and evil forces. In Amitābha's paradise twenty-nine forms of adornment are described, v. 淨土論.

莊嚴劫 The glorious kalpa to which the thousand Buddhas, one succeeding another, bring their contribution of adornment.

莊嚴王 Vyūharāja, a bodhisattva in the retinue of Śākyamuni.

莊嚴王經 Vyūharāja sūtra, an exposition of the principal doctrines of the Tantra school.

莊嚴門 The gate or school of the adornment of the spirit, in contrast with external practices, ceremonies, asceticism, etc.

處 To dwell, abide; fix, decide, punish; a place, state. āyatana, 阿耶怛那, also tr. 入, place or entrance of the sense, both the organ and the sensation, or sense datum; hence the 十二處 twelve āyatana, i. e. six organs, and six sense data that enter for discrimination.

處不退 Not to fall away from the status attained.

處中 To abide in the via media, which transcends ideas both of existence and non-existence.

蛇 sarpa, a serpent, snake.

毒蛇 A poisonous snake.

佛口蛇心 A Buddha's mouth but a serpent's heart.

蛇繩麻 The seeming snake, which is only a rope, and in reality hemp.

蛇藥 Snake-medicine, name of the Sarpāuṣadhi monastery in Udyāna, where Śākyamuni in a former incarnation appeared as an immense snake, and by giving his flesh saved the starving people from death.

蛇行 To crawl, go on the belly.

蛇足 Snake's legs, i.e. the nonexistent.

術 Way or method; art; trick, plan.

術婆迦 Śubhakara, a fisherman who was burnt up by his own sexual love.

被 A quilt, coverlet; to cover; to suffer; sign of the passive.

被位 Covered seats for meditation.

被葉衣觀音 Guanyin clad in leaves.

袈裟 kaṣāya, the monk's robe, or cassock. The word is intp. as decayed, impure (in colour), dyed, not of primary colour, so as to distinguish it from the normal white dress of the people. The patch-robe, v. 二十五條. A dyed robe 'of a colour composed of red and yellow' (M. W. ); it has a number of poetic names, e. g. robe of patience, or endurance. Also 迦沙曳 (迦邏沙曳).

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袍 a robe.

袍休羅蘭 Bahularatna, Prabhūtaratna, abundance of precious things, the 多寳 Buddha of the Lotus Sūtra.

袍裳 袍服 Upper and lower garments.

許 Grant, permit, admit, promise; very.

許可 Grant, permit, admit.

設 To set up, establish, institute; arrange, spread; suppose; translit. ś.

設利 (設利羅) śarīra, relics, remains, see 舍.

設利弗怛羅 Śāriputra, v. 舍.

設多圖盧 Satadru, 'an ancient kingdom of northern India, noted for its mineral wealth. Exact position unknown.' Eitel. Also, the River Sutlej.

設施 Śacī, Śakti, v. 舍.

設覩嚕 Śatru, an enemy, a destroyer, the enemy, also 設咄嚕; 設都嚧; 捨覩嚧 (or 轢覩嚧); 窣覩喚; 婆訥嚕.

設賞迦 Śaśāṅka. 'A king of Karṇasuvarṇa, who tried to destroy the sacred Bodhidruma. He was dethroned by Śīladitya.' Eitel.

貨 Goods, wares.

貨利習彌迦 Khārsmiga, an 'ancient kingdom on the upper Oxus, which formed part of Tukhāra, the Kharizm of Arabic geographers.' Eitel.

貫 To string, thread, pass through.

貫花 A string of flowers, a term for the gāthās in sūtras, i. e. the prose recapitulated in verse.

貫首 貫頂 A superintendent, head.

貧 Poor, in poverty.

貧女 A poor woman.

貧女寳藏 The poor woman in whose dwelling was a treasure of gold of which she was unaware, v. Nirvāṇa sūtra 7. Another incident, of a poor woman's gift, is in the 智度論 8, and there are others.

貧窮 Poor, poverty.

貧道 The way of poverty, that of the monk and nun; also, a poor religion, i.e. without the Buddha-truth.

貪 rāga; colouring, dyeing, tint, red; affection, passion, vehement longing or desire; cf. M. W. In Chinese: cupidity, desire; intp. tainted by and in bondage to the five desires; it is the first in order of the 五鈍使 pañca-kleśa q. v., and means hankering after, desire for, greed, which causes clinging to earthly life and things, therefore reincarnation.

貪使 (貪欲使) The messenger, or temptation of desire.

貪恚痴 v. 貪欲瞋恚愚痴, 貪瞋痴.

貪惜 To begrudge; be unwilling to give.

貪愛 Desire, cupidity.

貪染 The taint of desire, or greed.

貪欲 Desire for and love of (the things of this life).

貪欲卽是道 Desire is part of the universal law, and may be used for leading into the truth, a tenet of Tiantai.

貪欲瞋恚愚痴 rāga, dveṣa, moha; desire, anger, ignorance (or stupidity), the three poisons.

貪欲蓋 The cover of desire which overlays the mind and prevents the good from appearing.

貪毒 The poison of desire.

貪水 Desire is like water carrying things along.

貪濁 The contamination of desire.

貪煩惱 The kleśa, temptation or passion of desire.

貪狼 Greedy wolf, wolfish desire or cupidity.

貪瞋痴 rāgadveṣamoha, the three poisons.

貪結 The bond of desire, binding in the chain of transmigration.

貪縛 The tie of desire.

貪習 The habit of desire, desire become habitual.

貪習因 Habitual cupidity leading to punishment in the cold hells, one of the 十因.

貪著 The attachment of desire.

貪見 The illusions or false views caused by desire.

赦 To pardon.

赦儞娑 The son of Vaiśravaṇa, see 毘.

趺 To sit cross-legged.

趺坐, cf. 跏.

躭摩栗底 Tamluk, v. 多.

軟 soft, yielding.

軟語 Soft or gentle words adapted to the feelings of men.

這 This; these.

這裏 This place here.

這箇 This.

逍 To roam, saunter.

逍遙自在 To go anywhere at will, to roam where one will.

連 To connect, continue; contiguous; and, even.

連河 The Nairaṅjanā river v. 尼; 希.

逐 To drive, urge; expel; exorcise.

逐機頓 Immediate accordance with opportunity; 逐is used as 遂; i.e. to avail oneself of receptivity to expound the whole truth at once instead of gradually.

速 Haste, quick; speedily, urgent.

速得 Speedily obtain, or ensure.

速成 Speedily completed.

速疾鬼 Hurrying demons, rākṣasa.

速香 Quickly burnt inferior incense.

途 A road, way, method.

途慮諾檀那 (途慮檀那) Droṇodana, a prince of Magadha, father of Devadatta and Mahānāma, and uncle of Śākyamuni.

逗 Delay, loiter; skulk; beguile.

逗會 逗機 Adaptation of the teaching to the taught.

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逝 Pass away, depart, die, evanescent.

逝多 jeta; jetṛ; v. 祇.

逝宮 The transient mansions of Brahmā and of men. Astronomical 'mansions'.

逝瑟吒 The month Jyaiṣṭha (May-June), when the full moon is in the constellation Jyeṣṭhā.

逋 Abscond, default, owe; translit. po, pu, va.

逋利婆鼻提賀 Pūrvavideha, the eastern of the 四大洲 four continents.

逋多 (逋多羅) Potalaka, v. 補.

逋沙 puruṣa, v. 布.

逋沙他 upavasatha, a fast day.

逋盧羯底攝伐羅 Avalokiteśvara, v. 觀音.

造 Create, make, build. Hurried, careless.

造像 To make an image; the first one made of the Buddha is attributed to Udayana, king of Kauśāmbī, a contemporary of Śākyamuni, who is said to have made an image of him, after his death, in sandalwood, 5 feet high.

造化 To create; to make and transform.

造書天 The deva-creator of writing, Brahmā.

造花 To make flowers, especially paper flowers.

通 Permeate, pass through, pervade; perceive, know thoroughly; communicate; current; free, without hindrance, unimpeded universal; e.g. 神通 supernatural, ubiquitous powers. There are categories of 五通, 六通, and 十通, all referring to supernatural powers; the five are (1) knowledge of the supernatural world; (2) deva vision; (3) deva hearing; (4) knowledge of the minds of all others; (5) knowledge of all the transmigrations of self and all others. The six are the above together with perfect wisdom for ending moral hindrance and delusion. The ten are knowing all previous transmigrations, having deva hearing, knowing the minds of others, having deva vision, showing deva powers, manifesting many bodies or forms, being anywhere instantly, power of bringing glory to one's domain, manifesting a body of transformation, and power to end evil and transmigration.

通利 Intelligence keen as a blade, able to penetrate truth.

通別二序 The general and specific introductions to a sūtra; 如是我聞 being the 通序 general introduction in every sūtra.

通力 The capacity to employ supernatural power without hindrance. Buddhas, bodhisattvas, etc., have 神力 spiritual or transcendent power; demons have 業力 power acquired through their karma.

通化 Perspicacious, or influential teaching; universal powers of teaching.

通夜 The whole night, i.e. to recite or intone throughout the night.

通念佛 To call on the Buddhas in general, i.e. not limited to one Buddha.

通惑 The two all-pervading deluders見 and 思 seeing and thinking wrongly i.e. taking appearance for reality.

通慧 Supernatural powers and wisdom, the former being based on the latter.

通教 Tiantai classified Buddhist schools into four periods 藏, 通, 別, and 圓. The 藏 Piṭaka school was that of Hīnayāna. The 通Tong, interrelated or intermediate school, was the first stage of Mahāyāna, having in it elements of all the three vehicles, śrāvaka, pratyekabuddha, and bodhisattva. Its developing doctrine linked it with Hīnayāna on the one hand and on the other with the two further developments of the 別 'separate', or 'differentiated' Mahāyāna teaching, and the 圓 full-orbed, complete, or perfect Mahāyāna. The 通教 held the doctrine of the Void, but had not arrived at the doctrine of the Mean.

通明慧 The six 通, three 明, and three 慧 q.v.

通會 To harmonize differences of teaching.

通行 The thoroughfare, or path which leads to nirvāṇa.

通途 Thoroughfare, an open way.

通達 To pervade, perceive, unimpeded, universal.

通達心 通達菩提心 To attain to the enlightened mind; the stage of one who has passed through the novitiate and understands the truth.

部 A group, tribe, class, division, section; a board, office; school, sect; a work in volumes, a heading or section of a work.

部引陀 or 部引陁 The planet Mercury, i.e. Buddha.

部主 The founder of a sect, or school, or group.

部執 The tenets of a sect or school.

部多 bhūta, 'been, become, produced, formed, being, existing,' etc. (M. W. ); intp. as the consciously existing; the four great elements, earth, fire, wind, water, as apprehended by touch; also a kind of demon produced by metamorphosis. Also, the 眞如 bhūtatathatā.

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部教 The sūtras, or canon, and their exposition.

野 The country, wilderness, wild, rustic, uncultivated, rude.

野寐尼 Yamani, Java.

野布施 To scatter offerings at the grave to satisfy hungry ghosts.

野干 śṛgāla; jackal, or an animal resembling a fox which cries in the night.

野狐 A wild fox, a fox sprite.

野狐禪 Wild-fox meditation, i.e. non-Buddhist ascetics, heterodoxy in general.

野盤僧 A roaming monk without fixed abode.

野葬 Burial by abandoning the corpse in the wilds.

釣 To angle, fish.

釣語 Angling words or questions, to fish out what a student knows.

閉 To close, stop, block.

閉尸 peśī v. A 八位胎藏 A piece of flesh; a mass; a foetus.

閉爐 To cease lighting the stove (in spring).

閉關 To shut in; to isolate oneself for meditation.

閉黎多 preta, hungry ghost, see 薜.

陵 A mound, tomb; cf. 畢陵.

陪 To accompany, associated with; add to, assist.

陪食 To keep one company at meals.

陪臚 陪囉嚩 Bhairava, the terrible, name of Śiva, also of Viṣṇu and other devas, also of a 金剛神.

陶 Pottery, kiln.

陶家輪 A potter's wheel.

陳 Arrange, marshal, spread, state; old, stale.

陳棄藥 腐爛藥 Purgative medicines.

陳那 Dignāga, Dinnāga; a native of southern India, the great Buddhist logician, circa A. D. 500 or 550, founder of the new logic, cf. 因明; he is known also as 童授 and 域龍. Also used for Jina, victorious, the overcomer, a title of a Buddha.

陰 Shade, dark, the shades, the negative as opposed to the positive principle, female, the moon, back, secret. In Buddhism it is the phenomenal, as obscuring the true nature of things; also the aggregation of phenomenal things resulting in births and deaths, hence it is used as a translation like 蘊 q.v. for skandha, the 五陰 being the five skandhas or aggregates.

陰入界 The five skandhas, the twelve entrances, or bases through which consciousness enters (āyatana), and the eighteen dhātu or elements, called the 三科.

陰境 The present world as the state of the five skandhas.

陰妄 The skandha-illusion, or the unreality of the skandhas.

陰妄一念 The illusion of the skandhas like a passing thought.

陰幻 The five skandhas like a passing illusion.

陰界 The five skandhas and the eighteen dhātu.

陰藏 A retractable penis — one of the thirty-two marks of a Buddha.

陰錢 Paper money for use in services to the dead.

陰魔 The five skandhas considered as māras or demons fighting against the Buddha, nature of men.

雪 Snow.

雪山 雪嶺 The snow mountains, the Himālayas.

雪山大士 雪山童子The great man, or youth of the Himālayas, the Buddha in a former incarnation.

雪山部 Haimavatāḥ, the Himālaya school, one of the five divisions of the Mahāsāṅghikaḥ.

頂 Top of the head, crown, summit, apex, zenith; highest; to rise; oppose; an official's 'button'.

頂光 The halo round the head of an image.

頂巢 Contemplation so profound that a bird may build its nest on the individual's head.

頂珠 The gem in the head-dress, or coiffure; the protuberance on the Buddha's brow.

頂生王 Mūrdhaja-rāja, the king born from the crown of the head, name of the first cakravartī ancestors of the Śākya clan; the name is also applied to a former incarnation of Śākyamuni.

頂相 The protuberance on the Buddha's brow, one of the thirty-two marks of a Buddha; also an image, or portrait of the upper half of the body.

頂石 Like a heavy stone on the head, to be got rid of with speed, e.g. transmigration.

頂禮 To prostrate oneself with the head at the feet of the one reverenced.

頂輪 A wheel or disc at the top, or on the head, idem 金輪佛頂 q.v.

頂門眼 The middle upstanding eye in Maheśvara's forehead.

魚 matsya. Fish.

魚兎 Like a fish or a hare, when caught the net may be ignored, i.e. the meaning or spirit of a sūtra more valuable than the letter.

魚子 Spawn, vast in multitude compared with those that develop.

魚板 The wooden fish in monasteries, beaten to announce meals, and to beat time at the services.

魚母 The care of a mother-fish for its multitudinous young, e.g. Amitābha's care of all in leading them to his Pure Land.

魚鼓 Similar to魚板.

鳥 A bird.

鳥迹 The tracks left in the air by a flying bird, unreal.

鳥道 The path of the birds, evasive, mysterious, difficult, as is the mystic life. Also a fabulous island only reached by flight.

鳥鼠僧 A 'bat monk', i. e. one who breaks the commandments, with the elusiveness of a creature that is partly bird and partly mouse; also who chatters without meaning like the twittering of birds or the squeaking of rats.

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鹿 mṛga; a deer; as Śākyamuni first preached the four noble truths in the Deer-garden, the deer is a symbol of his preaching.

鹿仙 Śākyamuni as royal stag: he and Devadatta had both been deer in a previous incarnation.

鹿戒 Deer morals i.e. to live, as some ascetics, like deer.

鹿苑 鹿野園 Mṛgadāva, known also as 仙人園, etc., the park, abode, or retreat of wise men, whose resort it formed; 'a famous park north-east of Vārāṇasī, a favourite resort of Śākyamuni. The modern Sārnāth (Śāraṅganātha) near Benares.' M. W. Here he is reputed to have preached his first sermon and converted his first five disciples. Tiantai also counts it as the scene of the second period of his teaching, when during twelve years he delivered the Āgama sūtras.

鹿車 Deer carts, one of the three kinds of vehicle referred to in the Lotus Sūtra, the medium kind; v. 三車.

麥 yava. 耶婆 corn, wheat, barley, etc. Corn, especially barley; a grain of barley is the 2,688,000th part of a yojana.

麻 Hemp, flax, linen, translit. ma, cf. 牟, 麽, etc.

麻蹉 matsya, a fish.

麻豆瞿羅 madhugola, sweet balls, or biscuits.

12. TWELVE STROKES
傅 To superintend, teach; a tutor; to paint; a function; annex.

傅訓 The instructions of a teacher: to instruct.

傀 Gigantic, monstrous, part man part devil; a puppet.

傀儡子 A puppet, marionette.

傍 Near, adjoining, side, dependent.

傍生 tiryagyoni, 'born of or as an animal' (M. W.); born to walk on one side, i.e. belly downwards, because of sin in past existence.

傍生趣 The animal path, that of rebirth as an animal, one of the six gati.

囘鶻 高車; 高昌. M067729彝 Uighurs, M067729胡; A branch of the Turks first heard of in the seventh century in the Orkhon district where they remained until A. D. 840, when they were defeated and driven out by the Kirghiz; one group went to Kansu, where they remained until about 1020; another group founded a kingdom in the Turfan country which survived until Mongol times. They had an alphabet which was copied from the Soghdian. Chingis Khan adopted it for writing Mongolian. A. D. 1294 the whole Buddhist canon was translated into Uighur.

割 To cut, gash, sever.

割斷 To cut off.

勞 Toil, labour, trouble; to reward.

勞侶 Troublesome companions, e.g. the passions.

勞怨 The annoyance or hatred of labour, or trouble, or the passions, or demons.

勞結 The troublers, or passions, those which hold one in bondage.

勝 jina, victorious, from ji, to overcome, surpass.

勝乘 The victorious vehicle, i.e. Mahāyāna.

勝友 Jinamitra, friend of the Jina, or, having the Jina for friend; also the name of an eloquent monk of Nālandā, circa A. D. 630, author of Sarvāstivādavinaya-saṅgrāha, tr. A. D. 700.

勝士 Victor, one who keeps the commandments.

勝子樹 v. 祇. The Jeta grove, Jetavana.

勝宗 v. 勝論宗.

勝州 Uttarakuru, v. 鬱 the continent north of Meru.

勝心 The victorious mind, which carries out the Buddhist discipline.

勝應身 A Tiantai term for the superior incarnational Buddha-body, i.e. his compensation-body under the aspect of 他受用身 saving others.

勝林 v. 祇 The Jeta grove, Jetavana.

勝果 The surpassing fruit, i.e. that of the attainment of Buddhahood, in contrast with Hīnayāna lower aims; two of these fruits are transcendent nirvāṇa and complete bodhi.

勝業 Surpassing karma.

勝神州 Pūrvavideha, Videha, the continent east of Meru.

勝義 Beyond description, that which surpasses mere earthly ideas; superlative, inscrutable.

勝義根 The surpassing organ, i.e. intellectual perception, behind the ordinary organs of perception, e.g. eyes, ears, etc.

勝義法 The superlative dharma, nirvāṇa.

勝義空 nirvāṇa as surpassingly real or transcendental.

勝義諦 The superior truth, enlightened truth as contrasted with worldly truth.

勝義諦論 Paramārtha-satya-śāstra, a philosophical work by Vasubandhu.

勝者 Pradhāna, pre-eminent, predominant.

勝論 v. 吠 Vaiśeṣika-śāstra.

勝論宗 The Vaiśeṣika school of Indian philosophy, whose foundation is ascribed to Kaṇāda (Ulūka); he and his successors are respectfully styled 論師 or slightingly 論外道; the school, when combined with the Nyāya, is also known as Nyāya-vaiśeṣika .

勝軍 Prasenajit, conquering army, or conqueror of an army; king of Kośala and patron of Śākyamuni; also one of the Maharājas, v. 明王.

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勝鬘夫人 Mālyaśrī, daughter of Prasenajit, wife of the king of Kośala (Oudh), after whom the Śrīmālādevi-siṃhanāda 會 and 經 are named.

博 Wide, universal; widely read, versed in; to cause; gamble; barter.

博叉 Vaṅkṣu; Vakṣu; v. 縛 the Oxus.

博叉般荼迦 博叉半擇迦 pakṣa-paṇḍakās; partial eunuchs, cf. 半.

博吃蒭 pakṣa, half a lunar month; also used for Māra's army.

厥 Third personal pronoun; demonstrative pronoun; also used instead of 倶.

喫 To eat.

喫素 To eat ordinary, or vegetarian food.

喫棄羅 khakkhara, a beggar's staff; an abbot's staff.

喝 To shout, bawl, call, scold; to drink.

喝捍 Gahan, an ancient kingdom, also called 東安國, i.e. Eastern Parthia, west of Samarkand, now a district of Bukhara.

喚 To call, summon.

喚鐘 半鐘 (or飯鐘) The dinner bell or gong.

啼 To wail; crow.

啼哭 To weep and wail; to weep.

啼哭佛 The ever-wailing Buddha, the final Buddha of the present kalpa; cf. 薩陀.

喬 Lofty.

喬答魔 Gautama.

喬答彌 Gautami; v. 瞿.

喪 Mourning. To lose; destroy.

喪? Gifts to monks for masses for the dead.

喇嘛 Lama, the Lamaistic form of Buddhism found chiefly in Tibet, and Mongolia, and the smaller Himālayan States. In Tibet it is divided into two schools, the older one wearing red robes, the later, which was founded by Tson-kha-pa in the fifteenth century, wearing yellow; its chiefs are the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, respectively.

單 Single, alone; only; the odd numbers; poor, deficient; a bill, cheque, etc.; cf. 但.

單位 A single seat, or position; also a fixed, or listed position, or seat.

單前 In front of one's listed name, i.e. in one's allotted place.

單麻 The single hempseed a day to which the Buddha reduced his food before his enlightenment.

喩 Illustrate, example; to know 宗因喩q.v. The example (dṛṣṭānta) in a syllogism.

喩依 The subject of the example, e.g. a vase, or bottle; as contrasted with 喩體 the predicate, e.g. (the vase) is not eternal.

喜 prīti; ānanda. Joy; glad; delighted, rejoice; to like.

喜受 The sensation, or receptivity, of joy; to receive with pleasure.

喜忍 The 'patience' of joy, achieved on beholding by faith Amitābha and his Pure Land; one of the 三忍.

喜悅 喜歡; 喜樂 Pleased, delighted.

喜捨 Joyful giving.

喜林苑 Joy-grove garden, a name for Indra's garden or paradise.

喜見 priyadarśana. Joyful to see, beautiful, name of a kalpa.

喜見城 Sudarśana, the city, beautiful, the chief city or capital, of the thirty-three Indra-heavens; also 善見域.

喜見天 The Trāyastriṃśas, or thirty-three devas or gods of Indra's heaven, on the summit of Meru.

喜見菩薩 The Bodhisattva Beautiful, an incarnation of藥王.

喜覺支 The third bodhyaṅga, the stage of joy on attaining the truth.

善 su; sādhu; bhadra; kuśala. Good, virtuous, well; good at; skilful.

善人 A good man, especially one who believes in Buddhist ideas of causality and lives a good life.

善來 svāgata, susvāgata; 'welcome'; well come, a title of a Buddha; v. 善逝.

善劫 A good kalpa, bhadrakalpa, especially that in which we now live.

善友 kalyāṇamitra, 'a friend of virtue, a religious counsellor,' M. W.; a friend in the good life, or one who stimulates to goodness.

善哉 sādhu. Good! excellent!

善因 Good causation, i.e. a good cause for a good effect.

善宿 Abiding in goodness, disciples who keep eight commandments, upavasatha, poṣadha.

善巧 Clever, skilful, adroit, apt.

善心 A good heart, or mind.

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善性 Good nature, good in nature, or in fundamental quality.

善惡 Good and evil; good, inter alia, is defined as 順理, evil as 違理; i.e. to accord with, or to disobey the right. The 十善十惡 are the keeping or breaking of the ten commandments.

善慧地 sādhumatī, v. 十地.

善月 Good month, i.e. the first, fifth, and ninth; because they are the most important in which to do good works and thus obtain a good report in the spirit realm.

善本 Good stock, or roots, planting good seed or roots; good in the root of enlightenment.

善果 Good fruit from 善因 q.v.; good fortune in life resulting from previous goodness.

善現 Well appearing, name of Subhūti, v. 蘇.

善現天 (or 善現色) Suḍṛśa, the seventh brahmaloka; the eighth region of the fourth dhyāna.

善生 Sujāta, 'well born, of high birth,' M. W. Also tr. of Susaṃbhava, a former incarnation of Śākyamuni.

善男子 Good sons, or sons of good families, one of the Buddha's terms of address to his disciples, somewhat resembling 'gentlemen'.

善男信女 Good men and believing women.

善知 vibhāvana, clear perception.

善知識 A good friend or intimate, one well known and intimate.

善神 The good devas, or spirits, who protect Buddhism, 8, 16, or 36 in number; the 8 are also called 善鬼神.

善見 sudarśana, good to see, good for seeing, belle vue, etc., similar to 喜見 q.v.

善財童子 Sudhana, a disciple mentioned in the 華嚴經 34 and elsewhere, one of the 四勝身 q.v.; the story is given in Divyāvadāna, ed. Cowell and Neil, pp. 441 seq.

善逝 sugata, well departed, gone as he should go; a title of a Buddha; cf. 善來.

圍 Surround, enclose, encircle, go round.

圍繞 To surround, go round; especially to make three complete turns to the right round an image of Buddha.

堙羅那 Airāvana, a king of the elephants; Indra's white elephant, cf. 伊. It is also confused with Airāvata in the above senses, and for certain trees, herbs, etc.; also with Elāpattra, name of a nāga.

場 Area, arena, field, especially the bodhi-plot, or place of enlightenment, etc.; cf. 道場; 菩提場.

堪 To bear, sustain, be adequate to.

堪忍 sahā; to bear, patiently endure.

堪忍世界 The sahā world of endurance of suffering; any world of transmigration.

堪忍地 The stage of endurance, the first of the ten bodhisattva stages.

堪能 Ability to bear, or undertake.

報 Recompense, retribution, reward, punishment, tell.

報佛 To thank the Buddha; also idem報身.

報命 The life of reward or punishment for former deeds.

報因 The cause of retribution.

報土 The land of reward, the Pure Land.

報恩 To acknowledge, or requite favours.

報恩施 Almsgiving out of gratitude.

報恩田 The field for requiting blessings received, e.g. parents, teachers, etc.

報應 Recompense, reward, punishment; also the 報身 and 應身 q.v.

報果 The reward-fruit, or consequences of past deeds.

報沙 Pauṣa, the first of the three Indian winter months, from the 16th of the 10th Chinese month.

報生三昧 A degree of bodhisattva samādhi in which transcendental powers are obtained.

報緣 The circumstantial cause of retribution.

報身 Reward body, the saṃbhoga-kāya of a Buddha, in which he enjoys the reward of his labours, v. 三身 trikāya.

報謝 To acknowledge and thank; also, retribution ended.

報通 The supernatural powers that have been acquired as karma by demons, spirits, nāgas, etc.

報障 The veil of delusion which accompanies retribution.

奠 To settle, offer, condole.

奠茶 To make an offering of tea to a Buddha, a spirit, etc.

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奢 To spread out; profuse; extravagant.

奢利 奢利弗多羅(or 奢利富多羅); 奢利補擔羅 v. 舍 Śāriputra.

奢彌 奢弭 śamī, a leguminous tree associated with Śiva.

奢摩他 (or 奢摩陀); 舍摩他 śamatha, 'quiet, tranquility, calmness of mind, absence of passion.' M. W. Rest, peace, power to end (passion, etc.), one of the seven names for dhyāna.

奢羯羅 Śākala, the ancient capital of Takka and (under Mihirakula) of the whole Punjab; the Sagala of Ptolemy; Eitel gives it as the present village of Sanga a few miles south-west of Amritsar, but this is doubtful.

奢薩擔羅 舍薩擔羅; 設娑擔羅 śāstra, intp. by 論 treatise, q.v.

奢陀 śāṭhya, knavery, fawning, crooked.

寓 To dwell, lodge; appertain, belong to, resemble.

寓宗 A branch sect; one school appertaining to another.

寓錢 Semblance money, i.e. paper money.

寒 śīta. Cold; in poverty; plain.

寒暑 Cold and heat.

寒林 The cold forest, where the dead were exposed (to be devoured by vultures, etc.); a cemetery; v. 尸 for śītavana and śmaśāna.

寒獄 The cold hells, v. 地獄.

富 Rich, wealthy, affluent, well supplied; translit. pu and ve sounds; cf. 不, 布, 補, 婆.

富單那 (or 富陀那) pūtana. A class of pretas in charge of fevers, v. 布.

富婁沙富羅 (or 富留沙富羅) Puruṣapura, the ancient capital of Gandhara, the modern Peshawar, stated to be the native country of Vasubandhu.

富樓沙 puruṣa, v. 布; a man, mankind. Man personified as Nārāyaṇa; the soul and source of the universe; soul. Explained by 神我 the spiritual self; the ātman whose characteristic is thought, and which produces, through successive modifications, all forms of existence.

富樓那 Pūrṇa; also富樓那彌多羅尼子 and other similar phonetic forms; Pūrṇamaitrāyaṇīputra, or Maitrāyaṇīputra, a disciple of Śākyamuni, son of Bhava by a slave girl, often confounded with Maitreya. The chief preacher among the ten principal disciples of Śākyamuni; ill-treated by his brother, engaged in business, saved his brothers from shipwreck by conquering Indra through samādhi; built a vihāra for Śākyamuni; expected to reappear as 法明如來 Dharmaprabhāsa Buddha.

富沙 Puṣya. An ancient ṛṣi. A constellation, v. 弗.

富伽羅 (富特伽羅) pudgala, that which has (handsome) form; body; soul; beings subject to metempsychosis. Cf. 弗, 補.

富羅 A translit. for a short-legged, or ornamented boot, as 富維跋陀羅 is boot or shoe ornamentation. 富羅 is also intp. as land, country; perhaps pura, a city.

富蘭那 Purāṇas. A class of Brahmanic mythological literature; also 布剌拏 (or 補剌拏).

富蘭那迦葉 布剌拏 (or布剌那, 晡剌拏, 晡剌那, 棓剌拏, 棓剌那); 不蘭; 補剌那, etc. Purāṇa Kāśyapa; one of the six heretics opposed by Śākyamuni; he taught the non-existence of all things, that all was illusion, and that there was neither birth nor death; ergo, neither prince nor subject, parent nor child, nor their duties.

富蘭陀羅 Purandara; stronghold-breaker, fortress-destroyer, a name for Indra as thunder-god.

富那 Puṇya; Punar; Pūrṇa.

富那奇 Name of a preta, or hungry ghost; and of a monk named Pūrṇeccha .

富那婆蘇 Punarvasu; an asterism, i. e. the 弗宿; name of a monk.

富那耶舍 Puṇyayaśas; 富那奢 (富那夜奢) the tenth (or eleventh) patriarch; a descendant of the Gautama family; born in Pāṭaliputra, laboured in Vārāṇasī and converted Aśvaghoṣa.

富那跋陀 Pūrṇabhadra, name of a spirit-general.

尋 To seek; investigate; to continue; usually; a fathom, 8 Chinese feet.

尋伺 vitarka and vicāra, two conditions in dhyāna discovery and analysis of principles; vitarka 毘擔迦 a dharma which tends to increase, and vicāra 毘遮羅one which tends to diminish, definiteness and clearness in the stream of consciousness; cf. 中間定.

尋常念佛 Normal or ordinary worship of Buddha, in contrast with special occasions.

尊 To honour. ārya; honoured, honourable.

尊敕 The honourable commands, Buddha's teaching.

尊勝 Honoured and victorious, the honoured victorious one, one of the five 佛頂, also known as 除障佛頂, one of the divinities of the Yoga school.

尊宿 A monk honoured and advanced in years.

尊者 ārya, honourable one, a sage, a saint, an arhat.

尊記 The prediction of Buddhahood to his disciples by the Honoured One; the honourable prediction.

尊貴 尊重 Honoured, honourable; to honour.

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屠人 To butcher, kill; a butcher.

屠沽 Butcher and huckster; caṇḍāla is 'the generic name for a man of the lowest and most despised of the mixed tribes'. M. W.

嵐 Mountain mist; vapour.

嵐毘尼 Lumbinī, the park in which Māyā gave birth to Śākyamuni, 15 miles east of Kapilavastu; also Limbinī, Lambinī, Lavinī. 嵐鞞尼; 藍毘尼 (or 留毘尼, 流毘尼, 林毘尼, 樓毘尼); 流彌尼; 林微尼; 臘伐尼; 龍彌你; 論民尼; 藍軬尼.

強 Strong, forceful, violent; to force; to strengthen.

強伽 The Ganges, v. 恒.

復 Again, return, revert, reply.

復活 To live again, return to life.

復飾 To return to ordinary garments, i.e. to doff the robe for lay life.

循 To follow accord with, according to.

循環 pradakṣina; moving round so that the right shoulder is towards the object of reverence.

循身觀 The meditation which observes the body in detail and considers its filthiness.

徧 sarvatraga. On every side, ambit, everywhere, universal, pervade, all, the whole.

徧一切處 Pervading everywhere, omnipresent, an epithet for Vairocana.

徧吉 Universally auspicious, a tr. of 普賢 Samantabhadra.

徧成 To complete wholly, fulfil in every detail.

徧淨 Universal purity.

徧照 Universally shining, everywhere illuminating.

徧界 The whole universe.

徧行因 sarvatragahetu, 'omnipresent causes, like false views which affect every act.' Keith.

徧覺 The omniscience, absolute enlightenment, or universal awareness of a Buddha.

徧計 parakalpita. Counting everything as real, the way of the unenlightened.

徧計所執性 The nature of the unenlightened, holding to the tenet that everything is calculable or reliable, i.e. is what it appears to be.

悶 Depressed, oppressed, sad, melancholy; to cover, shut down, or in.

憂悶 愁悶 Distress, grief, sadness.

惱 Vexation, irritation, annoyance, e. g. 懊惱 and especially 煩惱 kleśa, q.v.

惠 Kind, gracious, forbearing, accordant.

恩惠 Grace, kindness.

施惠 To bestow kindness, or charity.

惠利 To show kindness to and benefit others.

惑 moha. Illusion, delusion, doubt, unbelief; it is also used for kleśa, passion, temptation, distress, care, trouble.

惑人 A deluded person, to delude others.

惑染 The taint of delusion, the contamination of illusion.

惑業苦 Illusion, accordant action, and suffering; the pains arising from a life of illusion.

惑著 The bond of illusion, the delusive bondage of desire to its environment.

惑趣 The way or direction of illusion, delusive objective, intp. as deluded in fundamental principles.

惑障 The hindrance, or obstruction of the delusive passions to entry into truth.

悲 karuṇā; kṛpā. Sympathy, pity for another in distress and the desire to help him, sad.

悲心 A heart of pity, of sympathy, or sadness.

悲手 A pitying hand.

悲智 Pity and wisdom; the two characteristics of a bodhisattva seeking to attain perfect enlightenment and the salvation of all beings. In the esoteric sects pity is represented by the Garbadhātu or the womb treasury, while wisdom is represented by the Vajradhātu, the diamond treasury. Pity is typified by Guanyin, wisdom by Mahāsthāmaprāpta, the two associates of Amitābha.

悲無量心 Infinite pity for all.

悲田 The field of pity, cultivated by helping those in trouble, one of the three fields of blessing.

悲觀慈觀 The pitying contemplation for saving beings from suffering, and the merciful contemplation for giving joy to all beings.

悲願 The great pitying vow of Buddhas and bodhisattvas to save all beings.

悲願船 The boat of this vow for ferrying beings to salvation.

惡 agha. Bad, evil, wicked, hateful; to hate, dislike; translit. a, cf. 阿.

惡世界 An evil world.

惡作 Evil doings; also to hate that which one has done, to repent.

惡叉 akṣa, 'a seed of which rosaries are made (in compound words, like Indrāksha, Rudrāksha); a shrub producing that seed ( Eleocarpus ganitrus).' M. W. It is called the 惡叉聚 because its seeds are said to be formed in triplets, and illustrate the simultaneous character of 惑行苦 illusion, action, and suffering; another version is that the seeds fall in clusters, and illustrate numbers, or numerous; they are also known as 金剛子.

惡取空 To have evil ideas of the doctrine of voidness, to deny the doctrine of cause and effect.

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惡口 Evil mouth, evil speech; a slanderous, evil-speaking person.

惡因 A cause of evil, or of a bad fate; an evil cause.

惡報 Recompense for ill, punishment.

惡察那 (or 惡察羅) akṣara; imperishable, unalterable; a syllable; words; intp. as unchanging word, a root word, or word-root. Also 惡刹羅; 阿乞史羅.

惡師 An evil teacher who teaches harmful doctrines.

惡律儀 Bad, or evil rules and customs.

惡揭嚕 aguru, lignum aloes, v. 沉水香.

惡果 Evil fruit from evil deeds.

惡業 Evil conduct in thought, word, or deed, which leads to evil recompense; evil karma.

惡無過 That it is not wrong to do evil; that there are no consequences at attached to an evil life.

惡癩野干心 A scabby pariah, a phrase describing the evil of the mind.

惡知識 A bad intimate, or friend, or teacher.

惡祁尼 Agni; intp. by 火神 the god of fire, cf. 阿.

惡緣 External conditions or circumstances which stir or tempt one do evil.

惡見 Evil or heterodox views.

惡見處 The place in Hades whence the sinner beholds the evil done in life, one of the sixteen special hells.

惡覺 Contemplation or thought contrary to Buddhist principles.

惡觸 Evil touch; contaminated as is food by being handled or touched.

惡趣 The evil directions, or incarnations, i. e. those of animals, pretas, and beings in purgatory; to which some add asuras.

惡道 Evil ways; also the three evil paths or destinies— animals, pretas, and purgatory.

惡露 Foul discharges from the body; also evil revealed.

惡鬼神 Evil demons and evil spirits, yakṣas, rākṣasas, etc.

惡魔 Evil māras, demon enemies of Buddhism.

插 To insert, stick in.

插單 To insert one's slip, or credentials.

掌 A palm, a paw; to grasp, control, administer.

掌果 (As easy to see) as a mango in the hand.

揀 To pick, choose, select.

揀擇 To choose, select.

揀師 One chosen to be a teacher, but not yet fit for a full appointment.

揵達婆 gandharva, v. 乾.

揣 To estimate, conjecture, guess; said also to mean 摶 to roll into a ball, roll together.

揣食 The Indian way of eating by first rolling the food into a ball in the hand; also 團食.

揄 To draw out, extol.

揄旬 yojana, v. 由.

揭 To lift up, or off, uncover; make known, stick up, publish; translit. g, ga, kha.

揭利呵跋底 grḥapati, an elder, householder, proprietor, landlord.

揭底 gati, 'a particular high number' (M. W.), 10 sexillions; 大揭底 100 sexillions, v. 洛叉 lakṣa.

揭盤陀 Khavandha, an ancient kingdom and city, 'modern Kartchou' south-east of the Sirikol Lake. Eitel.

揭職 Gachi, an ancient kingdom between Balkh and Bamian, about Rui. Eitel.

揭路茶 garuḍa, the mythical bird on which Viṣṇu rides, v. 迦樓羅.

提 To raise, mention, bring forward, summon, lead.

提和 deva.

提和竭羅 Dīpaṃkara, v. 然燈.

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提唱 To mention, to deliver oral instruction, or the gist of a subject, as done in the Intuitional School. Also 提綱; 提要.

提多羅吒 Dhṛtarāṣṭra, one of the four mahārājas, the yellow guardian eastward of Sumeru; also 頭賴吒; 第黎多曷羅殺吒羅.

提多迦 Dhṛtaka; the fifth patriarch 'unknown to Southern Buddhists, born in Magadha, a disciple of Upagupta, he went to Madhyadeśa where he converted the heretic Micchaka and his 8,000 followers'. Eitel.

提婆 deva. Explained by 天 celestial; also by 梵天人 inhabitants of the brahmalokas, or by 天神 celestial spirits. General designation of the gods of Brahmanism, and of all the inhabitants of devalokas who are subject to metempsychosis. Also 提波; 提和; 提桓. Used also for Devadatta, infra.

提婆地提婆 Devātideva, the god of gods, Viṣṇu; also name of the Buddha before he left home.

提婆宗 The school of Nāgārjuna, so called after Āryadeva, infra.

提婆犀那 Devasena, celestial host, name of an arhat.

提婆菩薩 Devabodhisattva, or Āryadeva, or Kāṇadeva, the one-eyed deva, disciple of Nāgārjuna, and one of the 'four sons' of Buddhism; fourteenth patriarch; a monk of Pāṭaliputra; along with Nāgārjuna he is counted as founder of the 三論宗 q.v.

提婆設摩 Devakṣema, or Devaśarman, an arhat who wrote the 阿毘達磨識身足論 tr. by Xuanzang, A. D. 649, in which he denied the ego.

提婆達多 提婆; 提婆達; 提婆達兜; 達兜; 地婆達多 (or 地婆達兜); 禘婆達多; 調婆達多 Devadatta, son of Droṇodana rāja 斛飯王, and cousin of Śākyamuni, of whom he was enemy and rival, cultivating magical powers. For his wicked designs on the Buddha he is said to have been swallowed up alive in hell; nevertheless, he is predicted to become a Buddha as Devarāja; he was worshipped as a Buddha by a sect 'up to A. D. 400'. Eitel.

提婆魔囉播稗 Deva-māra-pāpīyān, Māra, the evil one, king of demons.

提撕 To arouse or stimulate a student.

提桓 deva, v. 提婆.

提樹 The bodhidruma tree, v. 菩.

提波 deva, v. 提婆.

提洹竭 Dīpaṃkara, cf. 然燈.

提羅 One with abnormal sexual organs; abbreviation of ṣaṇḍhilā, cf. 般, 半.

提舍 Intp. as preaching to and ferrying people over the stream of transmigration; also 底沙.

提舍尼 pratideśanīya, v. 波.

提舍那 deśanīya, confession.

提訶 deha; the body. Also v. 八中洲.

提調 To arrange, or manage, as deputy; a deputy manager or director.

提謂波利 Trapusa and Bhallika, the two merchants who offered Śākyamuni barley and honey after his enlightenment.

提那婆 'Dinabha,' or Dineśvara, the sun-god, worshipped by 'heretics in Persia'. Eitel.

提雲般若 Devaprajñā, a śramaṇa of Kustana (Khotan) who tr. six works A. D. 689-691; in B. N. eight works are ascribed to him. Also 提曇陀若那.

提鞞 devī. Female devas; apsaras.

提鞞沙 dveṣa, hatred, dislike, enmity, one of the 三毒 three poisons.

提鞞波 dvīpa, an island, or continent; four dvīpa compose a world, v. 四洲.

敢 To dare, venture.

敢曼 kambala, a woollen or hair mantle; a loin cloth.

敦 Staunch, honest, substantial; to consolidate; urge, etc.

敦煌 (or 燉煌) The city in Kansu near which are the 千佛洞 Cave-temples of the thousand Buddhas; where a monk in A. D. 1900, sweeping away the collected sand, broke through a partition and found a room full of MSS. ranging in date from the beginning of the 5th to the end of the 10th century, together with block prints and paintings, first brought to light by Sir Aurel Stein.

散 viprakrī. Scatter, disperse, dismiss; scattered; broken, powder; translit. saṃ, san.

散亂 Scattered, dispersed, unsettled, disturbed, restless.

散供 To scatter paper money, etc., as offerings.

散善 Goodness cultivated during normal life, not as 定善, i.e. by meditation.

散地 The stage of distraction, i.e. the world of desire.

散心 A distracted or unsettled mind; inattentive.

散拓羅 saṃsāra, course, passage, transmigration.

散支 散脂 (散脂迦); 半只迦 (or半支迦) Pañcika, one of the eight generals of Vaiśravaṇa, cf. 毘.

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散日 The dispersing day, the last of an assembly.

散業 The good karma acquired in a life of activity.

散業念佛 To repeat the name of Buddha generally and habitually.

散生齋 Almsgiving in petition for restoration from illness.

散疑三昧 A samādhi free from all doubt.

散花 散華 To scatter flowers in honour of a Buddha, etc.

散錢 To scatter paper money as offerings.

散陀那 sandānikā, a kind of flower.

斑 Spotted, striped, streaked, variegated.

斑足王 The king with the marks on his feet, Kalmāṣapāda, said to be the name of a previous incarnation of the Buddha.

斯 This, these; to rive; forthwith; translit. s.

斯哩牙 Sūrya, the sun, the sun-deva.

斯陀含 sakṛdāgāmin, once more to arrive, or be born; the second grade of arhatship involving only one rebirth. Cf. 四向 and 四果.

景 Prospect, view, circumstances.

景命日 The day of the king's accession, when services were conducted monthly on that day for his welfare.

景教 The Luminous Religion, i.e. Nestorian Christianity.

普 viśva; universal, all; pervasive, ubiquitous; translit. po, pa, pu.

普光 Universal light, to shine everywhere.

普化 Universal change, or transformation.

普明 Samantaprabhāsa, pervading-light, name of 500 arhats on their attaining Buddhahood.

普法 Universal dharmas, or things; all things.

普渡 Universally to ferry across.

普王 Universal king, title of Yama when he has expiated all his sins.

普現 Universal manifestation, especially the manifestation of a Buddha or bodhisattva in any shape at will.

普知 Omniscience, hence 普知者 the Omniscient, i.e. Buddha.

普禮 To worship all the Buddhas.

普等 Everywhere alike, universal equality, all equally.

普莎 Puṣya, the asterism Tiṣya, and the month Pauṣa; blossom, form, scum; but intp. as 吉祥 auspicious.

普賢 Samantabhadra, Viśvabhadra; cf. 三曼 Universal sagacity, or favour; lord of the 理 or fundamental law, the dhyāna, and the practice of all Buddhas. He and Mañjuśrī are the right- and left-hand assistants of Buddha, representing 理 and 智 respectively. He rides on a white elephant, is the patron of the Lotus Sūtra and its devotees, and has close connection with the Huayan Sūtra. His region is in the east. The esoteric school has its own special representation of him, with emphasis on the sword indicative of 理 as the basis of 智. He has ten vows.

普通 Universal, reaching everywhere, common to all.

普遍 普循 Universal, everywhere, on all sides.

普門 Universal door, the opening into all things, or universality; the universe in anything; the unlimited doors open to a Buddha, or bodhisattva, and the forms in which he can reveal himself.

普陀 Potala, cf. 補, 布; it is also Pattala, an ancient port near the mouth of the Indus; the Potala in Lhasa, etc., but in this form especially the sacred island of Pootoo, off Ningpo; also called普陀洛伽山 Potaraka monastery.

智 jñāna 若那; 闍那 Knowledge; wisdom; defined as 於事理決斷也 decision or judgment as to phenomena or affairs and their principles, of things and their fundamental laws. There are numerous categories, up to 20, 48, and 77, v. 一智; 二智 and others. It is also used as a tr. of prajñā, cf. 智度.

智儼 Fourth patriarch of the 華嚴 Huayan school, also called 雲華 Yunhua, A. D. 600-668.

智光 Jñānaprabha. Having the light of knowledge; name of a disciple of Śīlabhadra.

智刃 The sword of knowledge; knowledge like a sword.

智力 Knowledge and supernatural power; power of knowledge; the efficient use of mystic knowledge.

智度 prajñā-pāramitā, the sixth of the six pāramitās, wisdom which brings men to nirvāṇa.

智度論 (大智度論) The śāstra or commentary on the Prajñā-pāramitā-sūtra; cf. 般若. It is a famous philosophical Mahāyāna work.

智城 The city of mystic wisdom, Buddhahood.

智境 The objects of wisdom, or its state, or conditions.

智妙 Mystic knowledge (which reveals spiritual realities).

智山 The mountain of knowledge; knowledge exalted as a mountain.

智心 The mind of knowledge; a wise mind.

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智悲 All-knowing and all-pitying; these two with 定 'contemplative' make up the 三德 three virtues or qualities of a Buddha.

智惑 Wisdom and delusion.

智慧 jñāna as 智 knowledge and prajñā as 慧 discernment, i.e. knowledge of things and realization of truth; in general knowledge and wisdom; but sometimes implying mental and moral wisdom.

智慧力 Wisdom, insight.

智慧光佛 Wisdom light Buddha, i.e. Amitābha.

智慧劍 (智劍) The sword of wisdom which cuts away passion and severs the link of transmigration.

智慧水 The water of wisdom which washes away the filth of passion.

智慧海 Buddha-wisdom deep and wide as the ocean.

智慧觀 One of the meditations of Guanyin, insight into reality.

智慧門 The gate of Buddha-wisdom which leads into all truth.

智手 The knowing hand, the right hand.

智斷 Mystic wisdom which attains absolute truth, and cuts off misery.

智智 Wisdom of wisdom; Buddha-omniscience.

智月 Jñānacandra. Knowledge bright as the moon; name of a prince of Karashahr who became a monk A. D. 625.

智杵 The wisdom hammer, the vajra or 'diamond club'.

智果 The fruit of knowledge, enlightenment.

智楫 Oar of wisdom, that rows across to nirvāṇa.

智母 The mother of knowledge; wisdom-mother; v. mātṛkā 摩.

智波羅蜜 prajñā-pāramitā, see 智度.

智淨相 Pure-wisdom-aspect; pure wisdom; wisdom and purity.

智火 Te fire of knowledge which burns up misery.

智炬 The torch of wisdom.

智界 The realm of knowledge in contrast with 理界 that of fundamental principles or law.

智相 Wise mien or appearance, the wisdom-light shining from the Buddha's face; also human intelligence.

智眼 The eye of wisdom; wisdom as an eye.

智礙 Obstacles to attaining Buddha-wisdom, especially original ignorance.

智積 Jñānākara. Accumulation of knowledge. Eldest son of Mahābhijñā; also said to be Akṣobhya. Prajñākūṭa. A Bodhisattva in the retinue of Prabhūtratna, v. Lotus Sūtra.

智者 The knower, or wise man; a name for 智顗 q.v.

智藏 The treasury of Buddha-wisdom; posthumous title of Amogha.

智證 Wisdom assurance, the witness of knowledge, the wisdom which realizes nirvāṇa.

智辯 Wisdom and dialectic power; wise discrimination; argument from knowledge.

智象 prajñā, or Wisdom, likened to an elephant, a title of Buddha, famous monks, the Nirvāṇa-sūtra, the Prajñā-pāramitā sūtra, etc.

智身 jñānakāya, wisdom-body, the Tathāgata.

智鏡 The mirror of wisdom.

智門 Wisdom gate; Buddha-wisdom and Buddha-pity are the two gates or ways through which Buddhism expresses itself: the way of enlightenment directed to the self, and the way of pity directed to others.

智顗 Zhiyi, founder of the Tiantai school, also known as 智者 and 天台 (天台大師); his surname was 陳 Chen; his 字 was 德安, De-an; born about A. D. 538, he died in 597 at 60 years of age. He was a native of 頴川 Ying-chuan in Anhui, became a neophyte at 7, was fully ordained at 20. At first a follower of 慧思, Huisi, in 575 he went to the Tiantai mountain in Chekiang, where he founded his famous school on the Lotus Sūtra as containing the complete gospel of the Buddha.

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替 Substitute, deputy, on behalf of, for, exchange.

替僧 A youth who becomes a monk as deputy for a new-born prince.

最 Most, very, superlative.

最上 Supreme, superlative.

最上乘 The supreme vehicle, or teaching.

最上大悉地 The stage of supreme siddhi or wisdom, Buddhahood.

最勝 jina; vijaya; conquering, all-conquering, pre-eminent, peerless, supreme.

最勝乘 The supreme vehicle, Mahāyāna.

最勝尊 The most honoured one, Buddha.

最後 (最末後) The last of all, ultimate; final, finally, at death.

最後十念 To call on Amitābha ten times when dying.

最後心 最後念 The final mind, or ultimate thought, on entering final nirvāṇa.

最後身 最後生 The final body, or rebirth, that of an arhat, or a bodhisattva in the last stage.

最正覺 Supreme perfect enlightenment, i.e. Buddhahood.

期 A set time; a limit of time; times, seasons; to expect.

滿期 The time fulfilled.

過期 Beyond the time.

期望 To look for, expect, hope.

朝 Morning. Court, dynasty; towards.

朝夕 朝暮 Morning and evening.

朝山 To worship (towards) the hills, pay court to a noted monastery, especially to pay court to the Dalai Lama.

朝露 Morning dew, e.g. man's life as transient.

朝鮮 Korea, Chosen.

棲 Roost, rest.

棲光 To bring his light to rest, the Buddha's nirvāṇa.

棲身 To take one's rest, retire from the world.

棲神 To rest the spirit, or mind, be unperturbed.

植 To plant, set up.

植衆德本 To plant all virtuous roots, cultivate all capacities and powers.

椎 A hammer, especially for a gong, etc.; idem 槌.

棺 A coffin 棺材.

棱 A corner, a shaped edge, trimmed timber, corner-like; intractable, uncertain.

棱嚴經 The Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra, v. 楞.

棒 A stick, cudgel.

棒喝 To bang and bawl, in rebuke of a student.

棓 A flail.

棓剌拏 Pūraṇa, v. 富.

森 Dense, forest-like.

森羅萬象 The myriad forms dense and close, i.e. the universe.

森羅萬象卽法身 The universe in its vast variety is the dharmakāya, or Buddha-body; in the esoteric school it is the Vairocana-body.

棄 To cast aside, reject, abandon.

棄世 To leave the world; to die.

自棄 To throw oneself away.

欽 Imperial; to respect, reverence.

欽婆羅 kambala, a woollen or hair mantle, v. 敢 12.

殘 To spoil, injure; cruel.

殘果 Spoiled fruit, i.e. a corpse.

殼 Husk, shell.

殼漏子 (or可漏子) A leaking husk or shell, i.e. the body of a man.

毳 Down, feathered.

毳衣 A garment wadded with down.

減 v. 减.

湛 Deep, clear, placid, to soak.

湛然 Zhanran, the sixth Tiantai patriarch, also known as 荆溪 Jingqi; died A. D. 784; author of many books.

湖 A lake.

湖南 The province of Hunan.

湯 Hot liquid, hot water, soup, etc.

湯頭 The monk in charge of the kettles, etc.

溫 Warm, mild, bland, gentle; acquainted with; to warm.

溫室 Bath-house; bathroom.

溫宿 Wensu, a district in Sinkiang, on the river Aksu.

溫陀羅 uttara, cf. 嗢.

游 bhrāmyati; to ramble, travel; swim.

游藍 Ambrosia, nectar.

渴 tṛṣṇā. Thirst, thirsty; translit. kha.

渴仰 To long for as one thirsts for water.

渴伽 khaḍga, a rhinoceros.

渴地獄 The thirst-hell, where red-hot iron pills are administered.

渴愛 Thirsty desire or longing; the will to live.

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渴樹羅 kharjūra, a date, the wild date, the Persian date.

渴法 To thirst for the truth, or for the Buddha-way.

渴鹿 The thirsty deer which mistakes a mirage for water, i.e. human illusion.

湼 Black mud at the bottom of pools; to defile, black.

湼槃 nirvāṇa, v. 涅槃.

湼末 Nimat, or Calmadana, 'an ancient kingdom and city at the south-east borders of the desert of Gobi.' Eitel.

湼疊般那 niṣṭapana, burning, cremation.

焦 Scorch, harass.

焦熱地獄 Tapana, the sixth of the eight hot hells; the 焦熱大焦熱 is the seventh, i.e. Pratāpana.

焚 To burn, consume by fire.

焚香 To burn incense.

然 To burn, simmer; so, yes; but, however.

然燈佛 Dīpaṃkara Buddha, the twenty-fourth predecessor of Śākyamuni, who always appears when a Buddha preaches the gospel found in the Lotus Sūtra, in which sūtra he is an important hearer; also 錠光; 提洹竭 (or 提和竭); 大和竭羅.

焰 Flame, blaze; nirvāṇa; translit. ya. Cf. 炎; 閻; 夜.

焰慧地 The stage of flaming wisdom, the fourth of the ten Bodhisattva-stages.

焰摩大火仙 Jamadagni, one of the seven ancient sage-ṛṣis.

焰摩天 Yamadevaloka, the third of the desire-heavens, above the trāyastriṃśas; also deva Yama, v. 夜, whose wife is 焰摩天妃 in the Yama-maṇḍala.

焰王光佛 The fifth of the twelve shining Buddhas.

焰網 The flaming, or shining net of Buddha, the glory of Buddha, which encloses everything like the net of Indra.

焰胎 The flaming womb, the Garbhadhātu which surrounds with light.

無 Sanskrit a, or before a vowel an, similar to English un-, in- in a negative sense; not no, none, non-existent, v. 不, 非, 否; opposite of 有.

無一 Not one.

無二無三 Neither two nor three, but only 一乘 one Vehicle.

無上 anuttara. Unsurpassed, unexcelled, supreme, peerless.

無上上 Above the supreme, the supreme of the supreme, i.e. Buddha.

無上乘 (無上上乘) The most supreme Vehicle, the Mahāyāna.

無上尊 (無上兩足尊) The peerless (two-legged) honoured one.

無上士 The peerless nobleman, the Buddha.

無上妙覺 The supreme mystic enlightenment.

無上忍 The highest patient equanimity in receiving the truth; also, to believe the truth of impermanence without doubt, v. 十忍.

無上慧 Supreme wisdom, that of Buddha.

無上慚愧衣 The supreme garment of sensitiveness to the shameful, the monk's robe.

無上福田衣 The supreme garment of the field of blessedness, i.e. good works.

無上正徧智, or 無上正徧道 or 無上正徧覺, the last being the later tr., anuttara-samyak-saṃbodhi, supreme perfect enlightenment, or wisdom.

無上法 The supreme dharma, nirvāṇa.

無上法王 Lord of the supreme dharma, Buddha.

無上法輪 Preaching, or propagation, of the supreme dharma.

無上涅槃 The supreme nirvāṇa, that of Mahāyāna in contrast with the inferior nirvāṇa of Hīnayāna.

無上燈 The supreme lamp, that of nirvāṇa, as dispersing the gloom of passion-illusion.

無上眼 The supreme eye, able to discern the inward significance of all things.

無上菩提 The supreme bodhi or enlightenment, that of Buddha.

無上覺 see無上菩提.

無上道 The supreme way, or truth, that of Buddha.

無不 A double negative, making a positive; also 無非; 無沒.

無住 Not abiding; impermanence; things having no independent nature of their own, they have no real existence as separate entities.

無住三昧 The samādhi which contemplates all things as temporal and evanescent.

無依 Nothing on which to rely; unreliable.

無依湼槃 Final nirvāṇa, v. 無餘, nothing for reincarnation to lay hold of.

無倒 Not upside-down, seeing things right-side up, or correctly, i.e. correct views of truth and things, e.g. not regarding the seeming as real, the temporal as eternal, etc.

無作 Not creating; uncreated; not doing; inactive, physically or mentally; independent of action, word, or will i.e. natural, intuitive.

無作戒 無表戒 The intangible, invisible moral law that influences the ordinand when he receives visible ordination; i.e. the internal spiritual moral law and its influence; the invisible grace of which the visible ordination is a sign; v. 無表 avijñapti.

無光佛 An unilluminating Buddha, a useless Buddha who gives out no light.

無刀大賊 A bandit without a sword, e.g. a virtueless monk robbing others of their virtue.

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無分別 nirvikalpa. Non-discriminating.

無分別心 The mind free from particularization, especially from affection and feelings; passionless; translates avikalpa; (a) unconditioned or absolute, as in the 眞如; (b) conditioned, as in dhyāna. Particularization includes memory, reason, self-consciousness; the mind free from particularization is free from these.

無分別智 The unconditioned or passionless mind, see 無分別心.

無分別法 The absolute dharma underlying all particular dharmas, the absolute as contrasted with the relative.

無功用 Without effort.

無功德 Without merit, or virtue.

無動 akṣobha; imperturbable, calm, serene, unagitated.

無動佛 Akṣobhya, cf. 阿閦婆 and 不動佛 The unperturbed Buddha, sometimes tr. as motionless, but the reference is to his calmness, serenity, and absence of passion; he is one of the Five Dhyāni-Buddhas, and generally reigns over the east, his kingdom being Abhirati; realm of mystic pleasure. In the Lotus Sūtra he is named as the first of the sixteen sons of Mahābhijñābhibhu. One of his principal characteristics is that of subduing the passions.

無動尊 idem 不動明王.

無勝 ajita; invincible, unsurpassed.

無勝國 The unexcelled land, the Pure Land located west of this universe.

無厭足 Insatiable, name of a rākṣasī, v. 十羅刹女.

無去無來 Neither going nor coming, eternal like the dharmakāya.

無叉羅 Mokṣala, also 無羅叉 'A native of Kustana who laboured in China as a translator and introduced there a new alphabet (A. D. 291) for the transliteration of Sanskit.' Eitel.

無問 Unasked; not to ask; volunteered.

無問自說 udāna, that part of the canon spoken voluntarily and not in reply to questions or appeals; but Kern defines udāna as 'enthusiastic utterances in prose and verse'.

無垢 vimala; amala. Undefiled, stainless; similar to 無漏.

無垢地 The stage of undefilement, the second stage of a bodhisattva; also applied to the final stage before attaining Buddhahood.

無垢忍 The stage of undefiled endurance, the final stage of a bodhisattva, see無垢地.

無垢衣 The stainless garment, the monastic robe of purity.

無垢識 amala, undefiled or pure knowing or knowledge, formerly considered as the ninth, later as the eighth vijñāna.

無塵 Dustless, without an atom of the material or unclean, immaterial, pure.

無塵法界 The immaterial realm out of which all things come.

無央數劫 asaṅkhyeya kalpa, a period of numberless kalpas.

無始 Without beginning, as is the chain of transmigration.

無始曠劫 Transmigration which has existed without beginning through vast kalpas.

無始無明 元品無明 (or 根本無明) The period of unenlightenment or ignorance without beginning, primal ignorance, also called 無始間隔, the period of transmigration which has no beginning; since under the law of causality everything has a cause, therefore no beginning is possible; for if there were a beginning it would be without cause, which is impossible. Also primal ignorance is without beginning; and the 眞如 is without beginning, the two terms connoting the same idea. 生死 Birth and death, or transmigration are 無始無終 also without beginning or end, but about the 'end' there is difference of interpretation.

無始無邊 The Buddha-truth is without beginning and infinite.

無始空 Without beginning and unreal, void without beginning, the abstract idea of 無始 i.e. without beginning.

無學 aśaikṣa. No longer learning, beyond study, the state of arhatship, the fourth of the śrāvaka stages; the preceding three stages requiring study; there are nine grades of arhats who have completed their course of learning.

無學道 The way of the arhat, especially his attainment to complete truth and freedom from all illusion, with nothing more to learn.

無常 anitya. Impermanent; the first of the 三明 trividyā; that all things are impermanent, their birth, existence, change, and death never resting for a moment.

無常依 The reliance of the impermanent, i.e. Buddha, upon whom mortals can rely.

無常堂 無常院; 延壽堂; 湼槃堂 The room where a dying monk was placed, in the direction of the sunset at the north-west corner.

無常磬 無常鐘 The passing bell, or gong, for the dying.

無常鵑 The bird which cries of impermanence, messenger of the shades, the goat-sucker.

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無師智 Self-attained enlightenment, wisdom attained without a teacher, that of Buddha.

無影像 nirābhāsa, without image or shadow, without semblance or appearance.

無後生死 No more birth-and-death, the bodhisattva who will not again be subject to the wheel of transmigration.

無心 Mindless, without thought, will, or purpose; the real immaterial mind free from illusion; unconsciousness, or effortless action.

無心三昧 無心定 The samādhi in which active thought has ceased.

無心道人 The hermit or saint in ecstatic contemplation, as with emptied mind he becomes the receptacle of mystic influences.

無性 Without a nature, nothing has an independent nature of its own; cf. 三無性.

無性有情 Men and devas with passions and devoid of natures for enlightenment, hence destined to remain in the six paths of transmigration; a doctrine of the 法相宗 Dharmalakṣana school.

無念 Without a thought; without recollection; absence of false ideas or thoughts, i.e. correct ideas or thoughts; apart from thought (nothing exists).

無想 Without thought, absence of thinking.

無想天 無想界; 無想處 avṛha, the thirteenth brahmaloka, the fourth in the fourth dhyāna, where thinking, or the necessity for thought, ceases.

無想定 The concentration in which all thinking ceases, in the desire to enter Avṛha, v. 無想天; such entry is into 無想果.

無想門 parinirvāṇa.

無愛 Without love, or craving, or attachment.

無意 Absence of objective thought, of will or intention; absence of idea, the highest stage of dhyāna.

無慚 ahrīka, without shame, shameless.

無憂 aśoka, 'without sorrow, not feeling or not causing sorrow.' M. W.

無憂王 v. 阿 King Aśoka.

無憂樹 jonesia aśoka Roxb., the tree under which Śākyamuni is said to have been born.

無憂伽藍 Aśokārāma, a vihāra in Pāṭaliputra in which the 'third synod was held'. Eitel.

無我 anātman; nairātmya; no ego, no soul (of an independent and self-contained character), impersonal, no individual independent existence (of conscious or unconscious beings, anātmaka). The empirical ego is merely an aggregation of various elements, and with their disintegration it ceases to exist; therefore it has nm ultimate reality of its own, but the Nirvāṇa Sūtra asserts the reality of the ego in the transcendental realm. The non-Buddhist definition of ego is that it has permanent individuality 常一之體 and is independent or sovereign 有主宰之用. When applied to men it is 人我, when to things it is 法我. Cf. 常 11.

無所 Nothing, nowhere.

無所不能 Nothing (he) cannot do, omnipotent.

無所不至 Nowhere (it) does not reach.

無所住 apratiṣṭhita. No means of staying, non-abiding.

無所得 Nowhere, or nothing obtainable, the immaterial universal reality behind all phenomena.

無所有 avidyamāna, non-existing; nothing existing, the immaterial.

無所有處 The third region in the realm of formlessness.

無所有處定 akiñcanāyatana. The contemplation of the state of nothingness, or the immaterial, in which ecstasy gives place to serenity.

無所著 Not bound by any tie, i.e. free from all influence of the passion-nature, an epithet of Buddha.

無所觀 The contemplation of the immaterial reality behind all phenomena.

無擇地獄 idem 無間地獄 q.v.

無數 asaṃkhyeya, numberless.

無方 No place, nowhere; unlimited to place or method, i.e. Buddha's power.

無明 avidyā, ignorance, and in some senses Māyā, illusion; it is darkness without illumination, the ignorance which mistakes seeming for being, or illusory phenomena for realities; it is also intp. as 痴 ignorant, stupid, fatuous; but it means generally, unenlightened, unillumined. The 起信論 distinguishes two kinds as 根本: the radical, fundamental, original darkness or ignorance considered as a 無始無明 primal condition, and 枝末 'branch and twig' conditions, considered as phenomenal. There is also a list of fifteen distinctions in the Vibhāṣā-śāstra 2. avidyā is also the first, or last of the twelve nidānas.

無明使 One of the ten lictors, messengers or misleaders, i.e. of ignorance, who drives beings into the chain of transmigration.

無明住地 The fifth of the five 住地, i.e. the fundamental, unenlightened condition; the source or nucleus of ignorance; also ignorance as to the nature of things, i.e. of their fundamental unreality.

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無明惑 The illusion arising from primal ignorance which covers and hinders the truth of the via media; one of the 三惑 of Tiantai; in the 別教 it is overcome by the bodhisattva from the first 地 stage, in the 圓教 in the first 住 resting-place.

無明業愛 ajñānakarmatṛṣṇā. Ignorance, karma, desire— the three forces that cause reincarnation.

無明法性一體 avidyā and the bhūtatathatā are of the same nature, as are ice and water; the ice of avidyā is the water of all things, the source out of which all enlightenment has come.

無明流 Unenlightenment, or ignorance, the cause of the stream of transmigration.

無明漏 The stream of unenlightenment which carries one along into reincarnation.

無明熏習 v. 四熏習.

無明父 Ignorance as father and desire as mother produce the ego.

無明結 The bond of ignorance which binds to transmigration.

無明網 The snare of ignorance.

無明藏 The storehouse of ignorance, from which issues all illusion and misery.

無明見 Views produced by ignorance, ignorant perception of phenomena producing all sorts of illusion.

無有 Non-existent and existent; also, nonexistent, have not, there is none, etc.

無根 Without root; without organs; without the organs of sex.

無根信 Faith produced not of oneself but by Buddha in the heart.

無極 Limitless, infinite.

無極之體 The limitless bodies of those in the Pure Land; the state of one who has attained nirvāṇa.

無比 Without comparison, no comparing, incomparable.

無比法 Incomparable truth or law, an incorrect tr. of abhidharma.

無比身 The incomparable body (of the Buddha).

無減 The undiminished powers of a bodhisattva after attaining Buddhahood; i.e. undiminished power and zeal to save all beings, power of memory, wisdom, nirvāṇa, and insight attained through nirvāṇa; cf. 智度論 26; also for a list of twenty-two cf. 唯識論 10.

無漏 anāsrava. No drip, leak, or flow; outside the passion-stream; passionless; outside the stream (of transmigratory suffering); away from the downflow into lower forms of rebirth.

無漏因 Passionless purity as a cause for attaining nirvāṇa.

無漏實相 Reality as passionless or pure.

無漏後身 (無漏最後身) The final pure or passionless body.

無漏慧 無漏智 Passionless, or pure, wisdom, knowledge, or enlightenment.

無漏根 The three roots which produce pure knowledge, 三無漏根 q.v.

無漏果 The result of following the way of 戒, 定, and 慧, i.e. purity, meditation, and wisdom, with liberation from the passions and from lower incarnation.

無漏法 The way of purity, or escape from the passions and lower transmigration.

無漏法性 The pure, passionless dharma-nature.

無漏道 The way of purity, or deliverance from the passions, i.e. 戒定慧 supra; the fourth of the four dogmas 滅 cessation, or annihilation of suffering.

無漏門 āsravakṣaya-jñāna, entry into spiritual knowledge free from all faults, the last of the 六通 q.v.

無爲 Non-active, passive; laisser-faire; spontaneous, natural; uncaused, not subject to cause, condition, or dependence; transcendental, not in time, unchanging, eternal, inactive, and free from the passions or senses; non-phenomenal, noumenal; also intp. as nirvāṇa, dharma-nature, reality, and dharmadhātu.

無爲法 asaṃskṛta dharmas, anything not subject to cause, condition, or dependence; out of time, eternal, inactive, supra-mundane. Sarvāstivādins enumerate three: ākāśa, space or ether; pratisaṃhyā-nirodha, conscious cessation of the contamination of the passions; apratisaṃhyā-nirodha, unconscious or effortless cessation.

無爲法身 asaṃskṛta dharmakāya, the eternal body of Buddha not conditioned by cause and effect.

無爲湼槃 (無爲湼槃界) The realm of the eternal, unconditioned nirvāṇa, the Pure Land.

無爲生死 The birth-and-death of saints, i.e. without my action; transformation.

無爲空 asaṃskṛta śūnyatā, the immaterial character of the transcendent.

無爲自然 Causeless and spontaneous, a tr. of nivṛtti.

無爲舍 The nirvāṇa home.

無熱 anavatapta, heatless.

無熱天 The Anavatapta, or Atapta heaven, without heat or affliction 熱惱; the second of the 五淨天 in the fourth dhyāna heaven.

無熱池 The lake without heat, or cold lake, called Mānasarovara, or Mānasa-saro-vara, 'excellent mānasa lake,' or modern Manasarovar, 31° N., 81° 3 E., 'which overflows at certain seasons and forms one lake with' Rakas-tal, which is the source of the Sutlej. It is under the protection of the nāga-king Anavatapta and is also known by his name. It is said to lie south of the Gandha-mādana mountains, and is erroneously reputed as the source of the four rivers Ganges, Indus, Śītā (Tārīm River), and Oxus.

無生 Not born, without being born or produced; uncreated; no rebirth; immoral; nirvāṇa as not subject to birth and death, or reincarnation, and which negates them; the condition of the absolute.