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Saddharmapundarika Sutra

The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra in Sanskrit. "Sad" means wonderful, and "Pundarika" means white lotus flower.

Sagely Wheel-turning King 转轮圣王

He is referred to a Buddha as universal spiritual king with all kinds of good marks and appearance, or a god over a universe, or a preacher of the supreme doctrine. The wheel is probably a symbol of the sun with its myraid rays.

Saha Land 娑婆世界

Also called the Saha World. It refers to the land on Earth. Saha interprets as bearing and enduring. Saha Land is contrary to Pure Land. It is a place of good and evil. A universe where all are subjected to transmigration and in which a Buddha transforms.

Sakrdagamin 斯陀含

A Sanskrit word means one who returns once. It is the certification of the second fruit of Arhatship. Being a Sakrdagamin, he returns once - once to heaven and once among men before he cuts off the last three categories of his delusions in thought in the Desire Realm.

Samadhi 三摩地

Sanskrit word for meditation. See Meditation and Contemplation.

Samana 苦行者

A Pali word, Sramana in Sanskrit. One who practices austerities; an ascetic.

Samantabhadra Bodhisattva 普贤菩萨

Also called Visvabhadra Bodhisattva, Universally Worthy Bodhisattva. Being one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas, he is the Bodhisattva of Great Conduct, representing the Law. He has Ten Great King Vows, which are the guidelines in practising Buddhism, and cultivating the Buddhist Way.

Samhita 本集

One of four types of Vedic literature in ancient India. It consists of four sections, including poems, songs, rituals, mandra, etc.

1. Rg-veda 梨俱吠陀  -   life & health;

2. Sama-veda 傞马吠陀  -   ritual & worship;

3. Yajur-veda 夜柔吠陀  -   war study;

4. Atharva-veda 阿闥吠陀  -   mandra & poems.

The four is know as Four Vedas.

Sammatiyah 正量部

One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah. It is a school of correct measures, or correct evaluation, formed about 300 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. It was classified in the Pudgalavadin category, thus often linked with Vatsiputriyah.

Samsara 轮回转世

Sanskrit word meaning turning of the wheel or revolving. It refers to the transmigration in the Six Directions of Reincarnation, the realm of birth and death.

Samskara 行

See Volition or Five Skandhas.

Sangha 僧伽

The Buddhist monastic order. The corporate assembly of at least 3 monks under a chairman, empowered to hear confession, grant absolution and ordain. In general terms, it refers to any community practising the Buddhist Way.

Sanjna 想

See Recognition or Five Skandhas.

Sankrantivada 经量部  说转部

See Sautrantika.

Sannagarikah 密林山部  六城部

One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah.

Sanskrit

Brahma letters. The classical Aryan language of ancient India, systematized by scholars. With the exception of a few ancient translations probably from Pali versions, most of the original texts in Buddhism used in China were Sanskrit.

Sariputra 舍利弗

Sariputra in Sanskrit, Sariputta in Pali.   He was born in a Brahman family near Rajagaha. At the age of 17, he mastered all Vedic doctrines. In seeking a good teacher, he studied under one of the six great non-Buddhist teachers called Sanjaya. He met Shakyamuni with the aid of Assaji, one of the Five Bhiksus. He then became one of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni, noted for his wisdom and learning. He was also the right-hand attendant on Shakyamuni. He died before Shakyamuni entered Nirvana. He figures prominently in certain sutras. He is represented as standing with Maudgalyayana by the Buddha when entering Nirvana. He is to reappear as Padmaprabha Buddha.

Sarvastivadah 有部  一切有部  说一切有部

One of the early Hinayana sects, said to be formed about 200-300 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. A branch of the Vaibhasika claiming Rahula as founder. A school of reality of all phenomena asserting the doctrine that all things are real.

The subdivision of Sarvastivadah was complicated and doubtful. In the list of the Eighteen Sects of Hinayana, the Sarvastivadah was not taken into account to be one sect, as it split into all the remaining sects.

Also known as Hetavadinah.

Satyasiddhi School

One of the Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism. Founded on the Satyasiddhi Shastra by Harivarman.

Satyasiddhi Shastra 成实论

Written by Harivarman and translated by Kumarajiva, on which the Satyasiddhi Sect bases its doctrine. It was a Hinayana variation of the Sunya (emptiness) doctrine. The term is defined as perfectly establishing the real meaning of the Sutras.

Sautrantika 经量部  说转部

Sutravada in Sanskrit, Suttavada in Pali.   Libereally means reliance upon sutras, the original Buddhist texts, therefore emphasized the efficacy and authority of the sutras. Also called Sankrantivada as it held the view that the Skandhas transmigrate from the former world to the later world. It is one of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Sthaviradin developed from Sarvastivadah. Vasubandhu's arguments in the Abhidharmakosa criticize the Vaibhasikas from a Sautrantika viewpoint. The ideas influenced Mahayana doctrines to form Yogacara school.

Savatthi 舍卫城

Savatthi in Pali, Sravasti in Sanskrit.   The capital of the ancient Kingdom of Kosala, where the famous monastery (Bodhimandala) Jetavanna Grove was located.

Seng-yu (445-518 A.D.) 僧佑

He edited "the collection of Records concerning the Taipitaka", which is the earliest extant collection of its kind. He was the follower of Mahayana Buddhism.

Sensation 受

Or Feeling. The Sanskrit word is Vedana. One of the Five Skandhas. See Five Skandhas.

Seven Gems 七宝

They are gold, silver, lapis lazuli, crystal, mother-of-pearl, red pearls and carnelian.

Seven Title Classification

Sutra titles fall into seven classes accordingly to their reference to person, Dharma and analogy.

A.      Three Single

1.     Solely by reference to people
e.g. the Amitabha Sutra

2.     Solely by reference to Dharma
e.g. the Mahaparinirvana Sutra

3.     Solely by analogy
e.g. The Brahma Net Sutra

B.      Three Paired

4.     By reference to a person and a Dharma
e.g. The Sutra of the Questions of Manjushri

5.     By reference to a person and an analogy
e.g. The Sutra of the Lion's Roar of the Thus Come One

6.     By reference to a Dharma and an analogy.
e.g. The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra.

C.      Three-in-one

7.     By reference to person, Dharma and analogy together
e.g. The Great Universal Buddha Flower Adornment Sutra

Shakya 释迦族

Sakiya in Pali and Sakya in Sanskrit. The tribe to which Shakyamuni belonged.

Shakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sakayamuni in Sanskrit, Shakyamuni in Pali.   The founder of Buddhism. He was born as the Prince of Sakyans, and was called Siddhartha Goutama. At the age of 35, he attained the supreme Enlightenment and became the Buddha and was the called Shakyamuni. The word means "capability and kindness".

Shatika Shastra 百论

One of the Three Shastra of Madhyamika School, so called because of its 100 verses, each of 32 words. It was written in Sanskrit by Vasubandhu and translated by Kumarajiva, but the versions differ.

Siddhartha 悉达多

Siddhartha in Sanskrit, Siddhattha in Pali.   The given name of Shakyamuni when he was born to the Prince Suddhodana. The name means "wish fulfilled".

Singalovada Sutra 善生经

A short sutra about ethics and morality.

Six Consciousness 六识

They are the perceptions and the discriminative ability of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind.

Six Directions of Reincarnation 六道轮回

(1) Naraka, i.e. Hell
(2) Presta, i.e. Hungry Ghost
(3) Tiryagyoni, i.e. Animal
(4) Asura, i.e. Malevolent nature spirits
(5) Manusya, i.e. Human Existence
(6) Deva, i.e. Heavenly Existence

Six Dusts 六尘

See Six Gunas.

Six Entrances 六入

see Six Places and Six Indriyas.

Six External Bases 六外处

See Six Gunas.

Six Fields of Senses 六尘

See Six Gunas.

Six Fulfilment 六成就

The six requirements indicating that the Sutra is a true record of teachings given directly by the Buddha. They are the fulfilment of meeting the requirement

1. on belief

2. on hearing

3. on time

4. on of the host

5. on place

6. on audiences

Six Gunas 六尘

Or Six External Bases, or Six Dusts. They are sight, sound, scent/smell, taste, tangibles/touch and dharma/idea. They are the qualities produced by the objects and organs of sense.

Six Heavens of Desire 六欲天

See Three Realms.

Six Indriyas 六根

Or Six Internal Bases, or Six Sense-organs, or Six Places. They are eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind.

Six Internal Bases 六内处

See Six Indriyas.

Six Paramita 六波罗密多  六度

See Paramita.

Six Paths 六道

See Six Directions of Reincarnation.

Six Periods of Day and Night 六时

Six periods in a day, three for day and three for night, i.e. morning, noon, evening, night, midnight, dawn.

Six Places 六根

Sanskrit word is Sadayatana. See Six Indriyas.

Six Psychic Power 六神通

(1) the phychic power of the heavenly eye
(2) the psychic power of the heavenly ear
(3) phychic power with regard to post lives
(4) phychic power with regard to the minds
(5) the spiritually based psychic powers
(6) the psychic power of the extinction of outflows

Six Roots 六根

Or Six Sense-organs, see Six Indriyas.

Six Sense-organs 六根

See Six Indriyas.

Six States of Existence 六道

See Six Directions of Reincarnation.

Sixteen Contemplations 十六观经

See Vipasyana Sukhavativyha Sutra.

Sixteen Hearts 十六心

There are eight hearts within the Desire Realm:

1. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Suffering

2. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Suffering

3. Patience regarding the Dharma involving in Acculumation

4. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Acculumation

5. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Extinction

6. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Extinction

7. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Way

8. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Way

Note that the Truths of Suffering, Acculumation, Extinction and Way are the Four Noble Truths, which is the fundamental doctrine in Buddhism, particularly Hinayana.

There are the other eight hearts within the Form Realm and the Formless Realm:

1. Subsequent Patience regarding Suffering

2. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Suffering

3. Subsequent Patience regarding Acculumation

4. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Acculumation

5. Subsequent Patience regarding Extinction

6. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Extinction

7. Subsequent Patience regarding Way

8. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Way

Sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception 非想非非想天

The highest of the four heavens in the Realm of Formlessness, or called the sphere of no-thing.

Sphere of no-thing 无色天

The heavens without form, immaterial, consisting only of the mind in contemplation, being four in number of which the "sphere of neither-perception-nor-nonperception" is the highest.

Spiritual Ghost 鬼神

Living in the Ghost Path. They are kind dwelling in the nature, e.g. trees, mountain and sea protecting the creatures.

Sramanera 沙弥

Literally, it means the one who ceases from evil and does works of mercy or lives altruistically. He is a devoted and zealous man who has taken a vow to obey the ten commandments in Buddhist orders:

1. not to kill.

2. not to steal.

3. not to lie or speak evil.

4. not to have sexual misconduct.

5. not to use perfumes or decorate oneself with flowers.

6. not to occupy high beds.

7. not to sing or dance.

8. not to possess wealth.

9. not to eat out of regulation hours.

10.   not to drink wine.

Sramaneraka 沙弥尼

Sramenera in female gender obeying the ten commandments of Sramanera too.

Sravaka 声闻

The first or initial stage in Hinayana, the second being that of Praetyka-Buddha. Sravaka, a Sanskrit word, means a hearer. It generally relates to Hinayana disciple who understands the Four Noble Truth in entering Nirvana.

Srotaapanna 须陀洹

A Sanskrit word means one who has entered the flow, Sota-panna in Pali. He opposes the flow of common people's six dusts and enters the flow of the Sage's Dharma-nature.

It is the certification of the first fruit of Arhatship, which is within the Hinayana (small vehicle). It comes when the eighty-eight categories of delusions of view are smashed and cut off by means of sixteen hearts. It is called a Way of Liberation, for at that point, delusion is completely severed and liberation is obtained. One who has certified to Srotaapanna has seven more births and deaths to undergo. He will be born seven times in the heavens and seven times among men.

Sruti 天启书

The bibles of Brahmans, which are absolute truths originated from holy gods. They dictated the philosophical and religious thoughts in ancient India.

Sthavirah 上座部

Also known as Sthaviranikaya or Aryasthavirah.   Sthavirah and Mahasanghikah are the two earliest sects in Buddhism. At first, they were not considered to be different. Sthavirah merely represented the intimate and older disciples of Shakyamuni, while Mahasanghika being the rest. It is said that a century later, a difference of opinion arose on certain doctrines. Three divisions were named as a result (all in Ceylon):

1. Mahaviharavasinah

2. Jetavaniyah

3. Abhayagiri-vasinah

In the course, the eighteen Hinayana sects were developed.

From the time of Ashoka, four principal school are regarded as prevailing:

1. Mahasanghika

2. Sthavira

3. Mulasarvastivada

4. Sammatiyah

As far as Sthavira is concerned, there are eleven sects reckoned.

The Sthaviravadins were reputed as nearest to early Buddhism in its tenets, though it is said to have changed the basis of Buddhism from an agonostic system to a realist philosophy.

Sthaviranikaya 上座部

See Sthavirah.

Stupa 塔

Sanskrit word means burial mound, which contains the ashes or relics of an enlightened being. In China, it appears as pagoda, representing the place where Buddha "lives".

Subhadra 须跋陀罗

Subhadra in Sanskrit, Subhadda in Pali.   A Brahman of age 120, who became Shakyamuni's disciple shortly before Shakyamuni's death and is therefore known as the last disciple.

Sudatta 须达多

See Anathapindika.

Sudden Enlightenment 顿悟

Enlightened all of a sudden by hearing or studying Dharma, usually for those who practices Ch'an.

Suddhodana 净饭王

Pure Rice Prince, the father of Shakyamuni, ruled over the Sakyans at Kapilaratthu on the Nepalese border.

Sudra 首陀罗

Sudra in Sanskrit, Sudda in Pali. The lowest of the four Indian Castes at the time of Shakyamuni. They were peasants, slaves and serfs.

Sukhavativyuha Sutra 无量寿经

It is one of the main Sutras for Pure Land Sect. It stipulates the Forty-eight Vows of Amitabha Buddha, which give rise to the characteristic of the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss in the West.

Sumeru 须弥山

Sanskrit words. It means wonderful high mountain. It is composed of gold. silver, lapis lazuli and crystal, therefore it is so wonderful. It is eighty four thousand Yugamdhara high and eighty found thousand Yugamdhara wide, which is the greatest mountain amongst all.

Sutra 经

Sutra in Sanskrit, Sutta in Pali.   It is a "path" necessarily passed through in the cultivation of the Way.