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国际技术转让合同英译浅谈 |
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更新日期:2006-2-8 22:15:34 出处: 作者: |
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.6998697转载请声明出处3正3方3翻3译3网1.566744E-02
除仔细推敲词义外,还应认真地分析原文的结构以及各种成分之间的制约关系,英译时,译者必须吃透原句含义,对句子本身的内部结构、句间的逻辑关系要反复加以分析,如有必要,可打散原文结构,按英文习惯,重新调整,使译文具有可读性。请看下列条款:“本合同自签字之日起六个月仍不能生效,双方有权取消合同”。原译:“If the contract can not come int0o effect within six months after the date of signing the contract, both parties shall have the right to cancel the contract”,这句译文不大象“行话”,力量也不足,确切的行文应该是把主句和从句的主语调整成一个,从句的谓语动词使用“come into force”,将连词if改为in case表示“双方希望合同按期履行”。主句谓语动词改用“to be binding neither to A, nor to B”说明一旦合同在规定时间内不能生效的话,合同对双方就不具有约束力,并不是取消不取消的问题,所以本句应译为:“In case the contract can not come into force within six months after the date of signing the contract, the contract shall be binding neither to party A, nor to party B”。合同中的个条款间一般都有着普遍的制约关系,当某一条款受到其他条款制约时,英译时一定要注意突出主要内容,保持主要内容的独立性与完整性。再看下面两个条款:(1)“在合同有效期内,双方对合同产品涉及的技术如有改进和发展,应相互免费将改进和发展的技术资料提供给对方使用”;(2)“改进和开发的技术,其所有权属于改进和开发一方”。第一条主要规定了相互许可使用的问题,英译时一定要突出,“双方相互提供使用”这个关键结构,(both parties shall provide each other with...)其他成分都是围绕这一结构进行的,故译成:“within the validity period of the contract, both parties shall provide each other with the improvement and development of the technology related to the contract products free of charge”,这句中的谓语动词“提供”一词,有人译成“supply”,就不如“provide”确切,尽管这两个词都表示“供给”但牵涉到金钱时,“provide”则表示“免费供给”,“supply”则不太明确,一般来说需给钱。 第二条的重点在于规定改进后的技术专有权归属问题。所以这句中的“属于”一词是很关键的,有人译成: "belong to",也有人选择 "possess",还有人用 "own"。我们首先分析一下这几个词, "belong to" 的含义是指“属于...的财产”;"possess"和 "own"虽然都着重于“所属关系”但 possess只是指目前属于某人,并没有讲清是如何得到的,而 own含有“对...合法占有”与原文意思一致,故把这一条译成 "The improved and developed technology shall be owned by the party who has improved and developed the technology".如果将“属于”改用 "belong to",其主语就应该用 "ownership"表示“所有权属于....”因为“知识产权”是与物质财产直接相联系的,译成:"The ownership of any improved and developed technology shall belong to the party who...".
3.理清层次,逐条翻译。
技术转让合同的条款主要有四大类。即:定义条款、基本条款、一般条款和结尾条款,英译时一定要理清层次,突出重点,对合同条款本身的内部结构、各条款间的制约关系应仔细琢磨,吃透其含义,然后按英文合同问题的语气逐条翻译。请看下列三个仲裁条款:(1)“在执行本合同中所发生的与本合同有关的一切争议,双方应通过友好协商解决。如通过协商不能达成协议时,则提交仲裁解决”;(2)仲裁裁决是终局裁决,对双方均有约束力”;(3)除了在仲裁过程中进行仲裁的部分外,合同应继续执行”。以上三个条款是互相联系,不可分割的。现就以上三条进行逐段英译:(1)这一条款重点讲明了,只要双方当事人订立仲裁协议,发生争议首先通过友好方式解决,一旦解决不成也只能提交仲裁,英译时应分成两句,第一句译成: "All the dispute arising from the execution of, or in the connection with the contract shall be settled between both parties through friendly consultations". 本句中的“在执行本合同中所有发身的与本合同有关的“两个定语之间的连词应选择"or"决不能用 "and",第一个定语”在执行本合同中所发生的”译成: "arising from the execution of..." 显得更明确、具体,第二句译成:"In case no settlement to the disputes can be reached between both parties through such consultations, the disputes shall be submitted for arbitration"这句中的“不能达成协议”,汉语原文否定动词,译文否定名词;在 "settlement"之后应加译 "between both parties through such consulations",使全句完整、明晰。(2)这一条中的“仲裁裁决”不能译成 "the arbitration ruling"或 "the arbitration adjudication",因为这里的“裁决”是指“由仲裁员作出的决定”应译成 "the arbitration award";“对 ...有约束力”使用 "be binding on/upon"结构,全句译成 "The arbitration award shall be final and binding on both parties"。(3)这一条款主要说明了“合同双方当事人应当履行那些没有提交仲裁的条款”,所以译成主动态显得关系更明确,“在仲裁过程中”用 "to be under arbitration"全句译成: "In the course of arbitration, both parties shall continue to execute the contract except the part of the contract which is under arbitration".
4.校改译文、润色词语
校改译文是从事汉译外所必不可少的一步。在校改合同英译文时,要对译文的词语、行文作更进一步的推敲。要着眼于译文的严谨性和准确性。所以译者在搁笔之前一定要逐段、逐句、逐词仔细修改、润色译文,做到:词义精确、结构严谨。请看下列各例的译文:
(1)按照本合同第二条规定的合同内容和范围,甲方向乙方支付的合同总价为ⅩⅩ美元(大写ⅩⅩⅩⅩ)。其分项价格如下:
The total contract price to be paid by party A to party B according to the content and scope stipulated in Article 2 of the contract isⅩⅩ US dollars (say:ⅩⅩⅩⅩ),Their classified prices are as follow:... 在该英译文中有几处值得商讨。第一,“按照...规定”,译为"according to..."欠妥, "according to"的主要意思是 "on the authority of",而本句所表达的是“按双方同意在平等基础上签订的合同条款为根据”,应选用 "in accordance with" 或"pursuant to" 较为贴切,第二“本合同第二条”。在这个短语中,“合同”和“第二条”的关系是一种“归属”关系,介词应用 to不能用 of,译成: "Article 2 to the contract".第三,“合同总价为 ...”译成:"The total contract price is..." ,不象合同语气,正确的译文应是"The total contract price shall be..." 。第四,“其分项价格如下:”应译成:"Their breakdown prices are as follow:",这里 "breakdown"是指‘把成本价格、总数分成细目”,而"classifies"主要表示“把货物分类或分等级”。另外‘甲方向乙方支付的”应改用定语从句“...price which shall be paid by party A to party B"才能体现出“甲方所负有的义务”,全句应改为: The total contract price which shall be paid by party A to party B in accordance with (or pursuant to) the content and scope stipulated in Article 2 to the contract shall be ⅩⅩ US dollars (say:ⅩⅩⅩⅩ). Their breakdown prices are as follow:
(2)本合同有效期从合同生效之日算起 ⅩⅩ年,有效期满后,本合同将自动失效。
The contract shall be valid forⅩⅩ years from the date of signature, after the expiry of the validity period of the contract, the contract shall become null and void automatically.
本句的原文似乎没有什么难懂的地方,但请注意:这里的“从合同生效之日起”,不能译成:"from the date of signature",因为合同双方授权的代表在技术转让合同上的签字日期,并不是合同生效日期,合同的生效日期往往是最后一方政府当局的批准日期,所以应该译为: "from the effective date of the contract";“有效期满后”中的介词译文用 "after"显得范围有些大,用 "on"来代替可以弥补这一不足;“有效期”在法律英文中的“行话”,应是 "the term of validity" 经过校改,全句译为"The contract shall be valid for ⅩⅩ years from the effective date of the contract, the contract shall become null and void automatically on the expiry of the contract's term of validity.
(3)乙方保证本合同规定提供的一切专有技术和技术资料的合法所有者并有权向甲方转让,如果发生第三方指控侵权,由乙方负责与第三方交涉并承担法律上和经济上的全部责任。
“Party B guarantees that he is the legitimate owner of the know-how and Technical Documentation supplied to Party A in accordance with the contract, and that he has the right to transfer them to party A, If the third party accuses Party B of infringement, Party B shall take up the matter with the third party and bear all the legal and economic responsibility arising therefrom.
这是一个较长的条款,而且句子中的关系也比较复杂,要处理好这句的译文并不容易,在校改时,译者应首先理清该句中的各种关系,尽力使译文在用词上准确,在结构上严谨,让我们逐句分析以下以上的英译文;第一, "Party B guarantees that he...", 这句的宾语从句中的主语用he显得有些含混,应重复 "Party B"。第二, "supplied to Party A",应在分词 supplied 后加译"by party B" ,使全句完整明晰。第三,"in accordance with the contract" 这句原文的含义是指‘按合同中规定的条款“,所以应改成"in accordance with the stipulation of the contract",才能体现出与原文的一致性。第四, "he has the right to transfer them to party A" 这句译文不大象“行话”,况且句中的两个代词也应换成名词,在英文合同文件中,出现过的名词尽量不用代词代替。“乙方有权向甲方转让”改译为"party B is lawfully in a position to transfer...",更强调乙方对以上技术和资料占有的绝对合法性。此句应译成: "party B is lawfully in a position to transfer the know-how and Technical Documentation to party A"。第五, "If the third party accuses party B of infringement". 这个句子明显有两处错译;(1)"the third party"仿佛给人一种甲乙双方都已知道的“第三方”,应改为 "any/a third party",(2) "to accuse sb of sth",一般是指控诉某人触犯刑律,而这句中的“指控”仅指一般的民事侵权,故应改译为 "to bring a charge of infringement". 第六,"party B shall take up the matter with the third party" 。此译文中的"take up sth with sb" ,是指“口头或书面向某人提出某事”,没能确切地传译出原文的“由乙方负责与第三方交涉”。应改译成:"party B shall be responsible for dealing with the third party". 第七,"bear all the legal and economic responsibility arising therefrom". 这句译文看上去是没有问题的,但译者在校改时,不能只停留在语言的表层上,一定要进入语言的深层,其实该译文至少有两处不妥;(1)“全部责任”,指得是“由于上述原因而发生的乙方应承担的责任”,所以“全部”应选用"full"不用"all";(2)合同中的“经济责任”主要指“合同当事人在违约时应承担的财产责任”,因此这句中的 "economic responsibility" 应改译为:"financial responsibility"最后的"... responsibility arising therefrom"中的分词短语最好改用含有情态意义的从句,因为改用从句才能传译出发生承担上述责任是一种“或然性”而不是“必然性”,故译成: "...responsibility which may arise" .6998697转载请声明出处3正3方3翻3译3网1.566744E-02 |
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