A - E

Abhayagiri-vasinah 阿跋耶祇釐部

A subdivision of early Sthavirah school. Abhayagiri, the Mountain of Fearlessness in Ceylon, where the disciples dwelled in a monastery.

Agama Sutra 阿含经

It is one of the oldest Buddhist scriptures. These sutras contain the sermons of Shakyamuni Buddha during the first two to three years after he attained Enlightenment and during the year proceeding his Nirvana. The sutras consists of four collections:

 
 in Pali (P)
 in Sanskrit (S)
 
1.   
 Digha-nikaya   
 Dirghagama (Long Sayings)   长阿含
 
2.   
 Mojjhima-nikaya   
 Madhyamagama (Middle-length Sayings)   中阿含
 
3.   
 Samyutta-nikaya   
 Samyuktagama (Kindred Sayings)   杂阿含
 
4.   
 Anguttara-nikaya   
 Ekottaragama (Gradual Sayings)   增一阿含
 
5.   
 Khuddaka-nikaya   
 Ksudrakagama (Minor Saying)   小阿含
 

Khuddaka-nikaya is only included in Pali canon. The five collections is called Sutta-pitaka.

Akushala 恶业

Sanskrit word. It means bad Karma.

Alara-Kalama 阿罗蓝

Alara-Kalama in Pali, Arada-Kalama in Sanskrit. A sage under whom Shakyamuni studied meditation. The state reached by Alara-Kalama was that of a higher formless world where matter no longer exists.

Alaya 阿赖耶

An abbreviation of Alaya-vijanana. Alaya is a sort of eternal substance or matter, creative and containing all forms; when considered as a whole, it is non-existent, or contains nothing; when considered phenomenal, it fills the universe. It seems to be of the nature of materialism. It is the store or totality of consciousness both absolute and relative. It is described as the fundamental mind-consciousness of conscious beings, which lays hold of all the experience of the individual life, and which stores and holds the germs of all affairs.

It is the last of Eighth Consciousness from which the Wisdom of Great Round Mirror is derived.

Almsgiving 布施

See charity.

Amitabha 阿弥陀佛

Sanskrit word, literally means boundless light and boundless life. He is the Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss (Pure Land), in which all beings enjoy unbounded happiness. Amitabha has forty-eight great vows to establish and adorn his Pure Land. People also recite or call upon his name by the time of dying will be born in the Land of Ultimate Bliss with the reception by Amitabha. Amitabha is one of the most popular and well-known Buddha in China.

Amitabha Sutra 阿弥陀经

One of the main sutra in Pure Land Sect. It is said to be the only sutra that Shakyamuni preached without being asked. For the sake of facilitating the living beings to practice and cultivate the Buddha way. Shakyamuni revealed and taught us the simplest way for liberation and enlightenment -- reciting Amitabha Buddha's name. By reciting the name, one can opt to be born in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss. It is one of the most popular sutra recited by the Buddhists in China.

Anagamin 阿那含

A Sanskrit word means one who does not return. It is the certification of the third fruit of Arhatship. After a Sakrdagamin cuts off the last three categories of his delusions in thought in the Desire Realm, he certifies to the third fruit, and never returns. See Four Fruition.

Ananda 阿难

One of the Shakyamuni Buddha's Ten Great Disciples. He was first in hearing the Buddha's words. As he had excellent memory, he memorized the Buddha's sermons, which were later recorded as sutras. He was also the cousin of Shakyamuni Buddha.

Anathapindika 孤独长者

A name given to Sudatta, meant one who gives to the needy. He was a wealthy merchant of Savatthi in ancient India who bought the land from Prince Jeta with as much gold as would cover the ground for the construction of Jetavanna Grove - one of the great monastery Bodhimandala of Shakyamuni Buddha.

Annutara-samyak-sambodhi 阿耨多罗三藐三菩提

Sanskrit word meaning unexcelled complete enlightenment, which is an attribute of every Buddha. It is the highest, correct and complete or universal knowledge or awareness, the perfect wisdom of a Buddha.

Arana 阿兰那

It means a place of stillness, which is to practice pure conduct and to cultivate without the attachment of self and the Four Marks.

Arangaka 森林书

One of the four types of Vedic literature in ancient India, known as the "Forest Treatise", compiled around 600 B.C.

Arhan 阿罗汉

See Arhat and Four Fruition.

Arhat 阿罗汉

Arhat in Sanskrit, Arahat in Pali.   Literally, man of worth, honourable one. There are two kinds of arhats, namely, the Sound-hearing arhat (Sravaka) and the Enlightened-to-condition arhat (Praetyka-Buddha). The former attains the wisdom to understand the Four Noble Truth, while the latter attains the wisdom to understand the Law of Dependent Origination or the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination. They represent two vehicles, who "comprehend for their own sake". As they pay attention to themselves and not to others, they are incapable of genuine and equal enlightenment. There are four noble stages of fruition in the Arhat Path.

Aryasthavirah 上座部

See Sthavirah.

Asamkhyeya 劫

A Sanskrit words interpreted as innumerable, and countless. See also kalpas.

Asanga 阿僧祇

Brother of Vasubandhu. Originally trained as a Hinayanist, but converted his brother Vasubandha to become Mahayanist. They both established the Yogacara School of Buddhism.

Ashoka 阿育王

A Buddhist monarch of 300 B.C., the third emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty, who unified most of India under his rule and fostered the dissemination of Buddhism. It is said that the Third Council was held during his reign. Ashoka set the model for many other rulers who sought to govern in accordance with Buddhist philosophy.

Asura 阿修罗

Ashura in Sanskrit, Asura in Pali.   It is a peculiar path in the Six Paths. They are the enemies of the devas, and are the mightest of all demons. In terms of material enjoyment and psychic power, it is similar to Deva. However, in some aspects, it is even worse than the Human Path. The male Asura is extremely ugly and furious, and always fight with each other. The female Asura is as beautiful as an angel. They are proud of themselves, thus reluctant to learn and practice Buddhism.

Atman 我

The individual self or the soul in Brahmanic thought.

Avalokitesvara 观世音菩萨

Sanskrit word for the Bodhisattva who Hears the Sounds of the World. He rescues all beings by hearing their voices of suffering and cries for help. In Chinese, he is called Guan Shr Yin or Guan Yin Bodhisattva. As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the greatest compassion and mercy, therefore known as God/Goddess of Mercy.

Guan Yin is one of the triad of Amitabha Buddha, represented on his left, and being the future Buddha in the Land of Ultimate Bliss (Pure Land) after Amitabha Buddha.

Guan Yin can transform into many different forms in order to cross over to the beings. Originally represented as a male, the images are now generally those of a female figure. Guan Yin is one of the most popular Bodhisattva in China.

Avarasailah 北山住部

One of the Hinayana School, a sub division of MahasanghikaSchool. The disciples dwelled in the western mountains in Dhanakataka.

Avatamsaka Sutra 华严经

Sanskrit words, also known as Flower Adornment Sutra, or Flower Garland Sutra. One of the great sutras in Buddhism. It was sermoned in heaven by Buddha Shakyamuni soon after his attainment of Buddhahood. The sutra reveals different causes and ways of cultivation of many great Bodhisattvas, such as Ten Grades of Faith, Ten Stages of Wisdom, Ten Activities, Ten Transference of Merits, Ten Stages of Bodhisattva, Absolute Universal Enlightenment, Wonderful Enlightenment, etc. It also reveals how to enter Avatamsaka World (Buddha's world) from Saha World (our world).

Bahusrutiyah 多闻部

One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Mahasanghikah. One of their chief doctrines held Buddha's teaching to be twofold: transcedent on one hand and mundane on the other.

Bamboo Grove 竹林精舍

Veluvana in Pali, Venuvana in Sanskrit. The first monastery (Bodhi-mandala) in Buddhism located in Rajagaha. It was donated by the elder Kalanda and built by King Bimblisara of Magadha.

Bhadrayaniyah 贤胄部

One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah.

Bhagavat 婆伽帝

There are many different meanings:

1. one who possesses auspicious signs,

2. one who destroys illusions evil,

3. one who is provided with such auspicious virtues of freedom as the law, fame, good signs, desire and diligence,

4. one who has completely understood the Four Noble Truths,

5. one who receives and keeps various excellent practices,

6. one who has abandoned the wandering of transmigration.

Bhaisajyaguru 药师佛

Sanskrit word, i.e., the Buddha of Medicine Master, who quells all diseases and lengthens life. He is the Buddha in the Pure Land of the Paradise of the East, i.e., Pure Land of Lapus Lazuli Light.

Bhiksu 比丘

Bhiksu in Sanskrit, Bhikkhu in Pali.   A monk, who has left home, is fully ordained to follow the way of the Buddha, and depends on alms for a living.

Bhiksuni 比丘尼

Bhiksuni in Sanskrit, Bhikkhuni in Pali.   A nun observing more strict rules than a Bhiksu. See also Bhiksu.

Bodhi 菩提

A term used in both Sanskrit and Pali, meaning perfect wisdom or enlightenment.

Bodhicitta 菩提心

The mind of enlightenment. It is with this initiative that a Buddhist begins his path to complete, perfect enlightenment.

Bodhidharma 菩提达摩

An Indian missionary monk who came to China in 600 A.D., regarded as the founder of the Chan (Zen) School of Buddhism in China, i.e. the First Patriarch.

Bodhimandala 道场

A monastery where Bhiksus (monks) and Bhiksunis (nuns) practise and teach the Buddhist Dharma.

It also generally refers to a holy place of enlightenment; a place for teaching and learning the Dharma; a place where a Bodhisattva appears and where devotees have glimpses of him.

Bodhisattva 菩萨

Bodhisattva in Sanskrit, Bodhisatta in Pali. A Future Buddha who is a being destined to Buddhahood. Bodhi means Enlightenment and Sattva means Sentient and Conscious. Therefore Bodhisattva refers to the sentient being of or for the great wisdom and enlightenment. Bodhisattva's vow/aim is the pursuit of Buddhahood and the salvation of others and of all. He seeks enlightenment to enlighten others. He will sacrifice himself to save the others. He is devoid of egoism and devoted to help the others. The way and discipline of Bodhisattva is to benefit the self and the others, leading to Buddhahood.

Brahma 梵

One of the three major deities of Hinduism, along with Visnu (Vishnu) and Siva (Shiva). Adopted as one of the protective deities of Buddhism.

Brahman 婆罗门

The highest of the Four Castes in ancient India at the time of Shakyamuni. They served Brahma, with offerings; the keepers of the Vedas, i.e. priestly caste.

Brahmana 梵书

One of the four types of Vedic literature in ancient India. The portion of the Veda that deals with ceremony and rituals.

Brahmin 婆罗门

Name used in the present text for the priestly caste of Hindus. See Brahman.

Buddha 佛

Means "the Enlightened One" or "the Awakened One".

Buddha-ksetra 佛刹

That is, Buddhaland. The term is absent from the Hinayana schools. In Mahayana, it is the spiritual realm acquired by one who reaches perfect enlightenment, where he instructs all beings born there, preparing them for enlightenment, e.g. Amitabha in Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss (Western Paradise), Bhaisajya guru (Medicine Master Buddha) in Pure Land of Lapus Lazuli Light (Eastern Paradise).

Buddhata 佛性

Buddha Nature i.e. the potential for attaining Buddhahood, or enlightenment. In the absolute sense, it is unproduced and immortal. Every sentient being possesses the Buddha Nature, but it requires to be cultivated in order to be revealed.

Burning Lamp Buddha 燃灯佛

He was the Buddha that bestowed a prediction of Buddhahood on Shakyamuni Buddha. He was the one who gave Shakyamuni a name, saying "In the future, you will become a Buddha named Shakyamuni."

Caityasailah 西山住部

See Jetavaniyah.

Caityavandana 西山住部

See Jetavaniyah.

Catur-Maharaja-Kayika 四天王天

The four heavens of the four Deva-Kings. It is the lowest of the six heavens of the Realm of Desire.

Causal Ground 因地

Fundamental cause; the state of practising the Buddhism which leads to the resulting Buddhahood.

Cave of the Seven Leaves 七叶窟

Saptaparna-guha in Sanskrit, Sattapanna-guba in Pali.   The site of the First Buddhist Council, near Rajagaha.

Chakra 轮

A wheel in Yoga, one of the psychic centres of the body.

Chan 禅

Also called Zen; see Contemplation and Meditation.

Chan School

The Chan School was established in China by Bodhidharma, the 28th Patriarch who brought the tradition of the Buddha-mind from India. This school, disregarding ritual and sutras, as they believe in sudden enlightenment which is beyond any mark, including speech and writing. They practice meditation with Hua Tou. This school is said to be for those of superior roots.

Charity 布施

Or almsgiving, the first Paramita. There are three kinds of charity in terms of goods, doctrines (Dharma) and courage (fearlessness). Out of the three, the merits and virtues of doctrines charity is the most surpassing. Charity done for no reward here and hereafter is called pure or unsullied, while the sullied charity is done for the purpose of personal benefits. In Buddhism, the merits and virtues of pure charity is the best.

Chih Che

Chih Che (A.D. 538-597) was the Third Patriarch of the Tien Tai School. He had a deep understanding and insight on the Lotus Sutra. He wrote many books to explain the doctrines in Lotus Sutra, which established the fundamental structure in the teaching of the Tien Tai School.

Chih-Kuan 止观

A method of cultivation, commonly practised in Tien Tai Sect in China. It is similar to meditation, looking into the mind. There are two processes:

1. Chih - a Chinese word which means fixing the mind to meditate on the ten Dharma realms

2. Kuan - a Chinese word which means contemplating and looking into underlying reality of all things.

No priority of cultivation is given to the one or the other, but should be cultivated simultaneously. Its principle and the airm of practice is to realize the Three Dogmas and to attain Sudden Enlightenment.

Chu Shih-hsing (~3rd Century) 朱士行

He went to Khotan requesting the King for the original texts of Buddhist sutras. He was also the translator.

Condition 缘

There is no existing phenomena that is not the effect of dependent origination. All phenomena arise dependent upon a number of casual factors called conditions.

Conditioned Dharma 有为法

It refers to all phenomena and law in the world. The worldly dharma is governed by the Law of Cause and Effect and Law of Dependent Origination or conditions. In general, there are three kinds of conditioned dharma, namely

1. form   -   all material which has form.

2. mental   -   related to all mental activities.

3. neither form nor the mental.

Contemplation 观想

Abstract contemplation. There are four levels through which the mind frees itself from all subjects and objective hindrances and reaches a state of absolute indifference and annihilation of thought, perception, and will. See also Meditation.

Deer Park 鹿野苑

Migadaya in Pali, Mrgadava in Sanskrit.   Deer Park in Benares, the capital of the ancient kingdom of Kasi. It was a place of Shakyamuni's first sermon to the Five Bhikhus after his Enlightenment.

Devadatta 提婆达多

A cousin of Shakyamuni. At first, he was a follower of Shakyamuni, but later left him and even attempted to kill him.

Devine Eye 天眼

One of the Six Psychic Power and one of the Five Eyes. Unlimited vision, large and small, distant and near, the destiny of all beings in future rebirth. It may be obtained by human eyes through the practice of meditation/Samadhi.

Devotion 精进

See Vigor.

Dhammapada 法句经

Dhammapada in Pali, Dharmapada in Sanskrit. A sutra consisting of two sections and 39 chapters, with 423 short verses of the Buddha, teachings given at various times and places. It is regarded as the "original" teaching of the Buddha, which can be used for reference, moral instruction and inspiration. It was composed by Dharmatrata in 400-300 B.C.

Dharani 陀罗尼

A mystic form of praying, mantra or spells of Tantric order, ofter in Sanskrit, usually transliterated and not translated. It is believed that Dharani is able to lay hold of the good so that it cannot be lost, and those of evil so that it cannot arise.

Dharma 法

Dharma in Sanskrit, Dhamma in Pali.   The universal norms or laws that govern human existence and is usually regarded as law, truth, anything Buddhist. It is used in the sense of all things, visible or invisible. In Buddhist tradition, it is generally referred to as the teaching of the Buddha.

Dharmagupta

He translated the Lotus Sutra in A.D. 601 jointly with Jnanagupta.

Dharmaguptah 法藏部

One of the Hinayana sect, a subdivision of Sarvastivadah, developed from Mahisasakah and located in northwest India and Central Asia.

Literally means those who protect (or preserve) the Law. They were instrumental informing the cult of the stupa, and were expert in incantation.

Dharmalaksana School 法相宗（唯识宗）

Also known as Yogacara.   It aims at discovery of the ultimate entity of cosmic existence in contemplation through investigation into the specific characteristics of all existence, and through the realization of the fundamental nature of "self" in mystic illumination.

Dharmaraksa

Dharmaraksa (A.D. 223-300) was the Chinese born descendant of Iranian who had settled in West China generations before. He had translated the Lotus Sutra in A.D. 286.

Dharmaraksha 竺法兰

Moved from India to China about 25 A.D. Together with Kashyapamatanga, they were regarded as the first translator for Buddhist sutras in China. They translated five sutras but only "Sutra of Forty-two Chapters" was extant.

Dharmottariyah 法上部

One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Sthavirandin developed from Vatsiputriyah. Dharmottara is the Buddhist logician writing, an important commentary called the Nyayabindu-tika on Dharmakirtis Nyayabindu.

Dukkha 苦

Buddhist word meaning suffering. Broadly speaking, it means not complete and not perfect.

Dvadashamukha Shastra 十二门论

One of the Three Shastra of Madhyamika School, composed by Nagarjuna, translated by Kumarajiva A.D. 408. There are several works on it.

Effort 精进

See Vigor.

Eight Divisions of Gods and Dragons 天龙八部

Devas (gods), Nagas (Dragons) and others of eight divisions (classes): deva, nagas, yakas, ganharvas, asuras, gaudas, kinaras, mahoragas.

Eight Negations 八不

The eight negations of Nagarjuna, founder of Madhyamika, are actually four pairs of neither birth nor death, neither end nor permanence, neither identity nor difference, neither coming nor going. This is one of the important concepts of the Middle Way, the ultimate truth of Buddhism and the reality character of all Dharma.

The Eight Precepts 八关斋戒

They are:

1. no killing

2. no stealing

3. no sexual misconduct

4. no false speech

5. no alcoholic drink

6. no cosmetic, personal adnornments, dancing or music

7. no sleeping on fine beds

8. no eating after noon

Eight Sufferings 八苦

(1) Suffering of Birth
(2) Suffering of Old Age
(3) Suffering of Sickness
(4) Suffering of Death
(5) Suffering of being apart from the loved ones
(6) Suffering being together with the despised ones
(7) Suffering of not getting what one wants
(8) Suffering of the flourishing of the Five Skandhas

Eight Winds 八风

Or the Winds of Eight Directions. Most people are usually moved by the winds of the eight directions:
(1) Praise
(2) Ridicule
(3) Suffering
(4) Happiness
(5) Benefit
(6) Destruction
(7) Gain
(8) Loss

Eighteen Different Characters 十八不共法

There are eighteen different characters of a Buddha as compared with all other beings in the Nine Realms.

1. His perfection of body (or person)

2. His perfection of mouth (or speech)

3. His perfection of memory

4. His perfection of impartiality to all

5. Serenity

6. Self-sacrifice

7. Unceasing desire to save

8. Unflagging zeal therein to save

9. Unfailing thought thereto to save

10.   Unceasing wisdom to save

11.   Powers of deliverance

12.   The principle of the powers of deliverance

13.   Revealing perfect wisdom in deed

14.   Revealing perfect wisdom in word

15.   Revealing perfect wisdom in thought

16.   Perfect knowledge of the past

17.   Perfect knowledge of the future

18.   Perfect knowledge of the present

Eighteen Fields 十八界

The Six Consciousness and the Twelve Bases are together called the Eighteen Fields.

Eighteen Sects of Hinayana 小乘十八部

                                I.      Mahasanghikah is divided into eight schools:

                                                       1.          Ekavyavaharikah

                                                       2.          Lokottaravadinah

                                                       3.          Kaukkutikah (Gokulika)

                                                       4.          Bahusrutiyah

                                                       5.          Prajnativadinah

                                                       6.          Jetavaniyah (Caityasailah)

                                                       7.          Avarasailah

                                                       8.          Uttarasailah

                             II.      Sthavirah or Aryasthavirah is divided into ten schools:

                                                       1.          Haimavatah

                                                       2.          Vatsiputriyah (developed from Sarvastivadah)

                                                       3.          Dharmottariyah (developed from Vatsiputriyah)

                                                       4.          Bhadrayaniyah (developed from Vatsiputriyah)

                                                       5.          Sammatiyah (developed from Vatsiputriyah)

                                                       6.          Sannagarikah (developed from Vatsiputriyah)

                                                       7.          Mahisasakah

                                                       8.          Dharmaguptah (developed from Mahisasakah)

                                                       9.          Kasyapiyah (developed from Sarvastivadah)

                                                   10.          Sautrantika (developed from Sarvastivadah)

Under (I), the first five are stated as arising two centuries after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni, and the remaining three a century later, dates which are unreliable.

Under (II), the Haimavatah and the Sarvastivadah are dated some 200 years after Nirvana; from the Sarvastivadah soon arose the Vatsiputriyah, from whom soon arose the third, fourth, fifth and sixth; then from the Sarvastivadah there arose the seventh which gave rise to the eighth, and again, near the 400th year, the Sarvastivadah gave rise to the ninth and soon after the tenth.

In the list of eighteen, the Sarvastivadah was not taken into account, as it split into all the rest.

Eightfold Path 八正道

The eight right ways for the Arhat leading to Nirvana. The eight are:
(1) Right View
(2) Right Thought
(3) Right Speech
(4) Right Action
(5) Right Livelihood
(6) Right Effort
(7) Right Remembrance
(8) Right Concentration

Ekavyavaharika 一说部

Ekavyavaharika in Sanskrit, Ekabyohara in Pali.   One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Mahasanghikah, which considered things as nominal, i.e. just names without any underlying reality. They held that the mind is by its nature pure and radiant, inaccessible to defilement.

Emptiness 空

The Sanskrit word is Sunya. One of the key concepts in Buddhism. Emptiness is an abstract idea representing impermanence, unreality, instability, transience and relativity in the nature of all existence. The doctrine states that all phenomena and the ego have no reality, but are composed of a certain number of Skandhas or elements, which disintegrate. The doctrine also states that everything is unstable, possessing no self-essence or self-nature, i.e., its own existence dependent or caused by the conditions of others' existence.
Emptiness is not nothing, but it is the condition of existence of everything. It permeates all phenomena making possible their evolution.

Endurance 忍辱

See Patience.

Energy 精进

See Vigor.

Enlightenment 觉悟

"Enlightenment" sometimes refers to the attainment of Buddhahood, as the "Enlightened One" means Buddha. If one is enlightened, one has a complete and perfect understanding of the reality character of everything.

Evil World of Five Turbidities 五浊恶世

It refers to the world on Earth. The Five Turbidities are

1. the Kalpa Turbidity   劫浊
the age of people decreases and all kinds of diseases afflict people;

2. the View Turbidity   见浊
people's views start to degenerate;

3. the Affliction Turbidity   烦恼浊
passions, delusions, desire, anger, stupidity, pride and doubt prevail;

4. the Living Beings Turbidity   众生浊
human miseries increase and happiness decreases;

5. the Life Turbidity   命浊
the human lifespan gradually diminishes to ten years.

Extinction 灭度

It means having put the Two Obstacles, i.e. the obstacle of afflictions and the obstacle of what is known, to an end. It also means that the beings have transcended the Two Deaths, i.e. glare-sectioned birth and death and changed birth and death.
 

miaohui
 2005-09-22 06:43
 
F - K

Fa Yun

Fa Yun (A.D. 467-529) was a great Dharma master of the Satyasiddhi School, also a scholar of the Nirvana School. He wrote a commentary on Lotus Sutra, which is generally accepted by Japanese Buddhism later.

First Council 第一次结集

Also known as 500 Council, Theravada Council", The First Compilation, etc. The assembly of 500 leading Bhikhus gathered for 3 months after the Buddha's death to compile the Buddhist sutras. It was held at Cave of the Seven Leaves near Rajagaha.

In the assembly, Ananda recited the Sutta-pitaka, Upali recited the Rules of Disciplines of the Order, i.e., Vinaya-pitaka, and Kassapa recited the Abhidhamma. Thus, the Tripitaka was adopted as a unity of doctrines and opinions within the religious order, and also an orthodox teaching for the Buddhists to follow.

Five Basic Afflications 五根本烦恼

The five fundamental conditions of the passions and delusions:

1. wrong view, which are common to the Trailokya

2. clinging or attachment in the Desire Realm

3. clinging or attachment in the Form Realm

4. clinging or attachment in the Formless Realm

5. the state of unenlightenment or ignorance in Trailokya, which is the root-cause of all distressful delusion.

Five Bhikshus 五比丘

The first five of Buddha's converts:

in Pali (P)
 in Sanskrit (S)
 
 
Ajnata-Kaundinya   
 Ajnata-Kondanna  
 憍陈如
 
Bhadrika   
 Bhaddiya   
 跋提
 
Asvajit   
 Assagi   
 阿说示
 
Vaspa   
 Vappa   
 婆波
 
Mahanaman   
 Mahanama   
 摩诃男
 

They followed Shakyamuni to practice asceticism, but left him when he abandoned such practices. Later, when Shakyamuni attained Buddhahood, his first sermon was preached in Deer Park to these men, who became his first disciples.

Five Categories of Untranslated Terms 五不翻

Chinese T"ang Dynasty Master of the Tripitaka Hsuan-Tsang established five categories of words which should be left untranslated

1. the esoteric

2. words having multiple meanings

3. words for things not existing in China

4. words not translated in accord with already established precedent

5. words left untranslated in order to give rise to wholesomeness and respect

Five Commandments 五戒

See Five Precepts.

Five Eyes 五眼

There are five kinds of eyes or vision

1. human eye   -   it is our flesh eye, an organ to see an object with limitation, for instance, in darkness, with obstruction.

2. devine eye   -   it can see in darkness and in distance, attainable by men in dhyana (concentration/meditation).

3. wisdom eye   -   the eye of Arhat and Two Vehicles i.e. the sound-hearers (Sravaka) and the Enlightened to Conditions (Praetyka-Buddha). It can see the false and empty nature of all phenomena.

4. dharma eye   -   the eye of Bodhisattva. It can see all the dharmas in the world and beyond the world.

5. buddha eye   -   the eye of Buddha or omniscience. It can see all that four previous eyes can see.

Five Forms of Decaying 五衰

When the devas are dying, there are five symptoms:
1. the flowers around the crown
2. the clothes being dirty
3. having unpleasant smell in the body
4. sweating in armpit
5. Being unhappy in seat

Five Messengers 五使者

They are five messengers of Manjusri:
1. Kesini
2. Upakesini
3. Citra
4. Vasumati
5. Akarsani

Five Offences 五逆罪

The five rebellious acts or deadly sins:
(1) parricide, i.e., killing father
(2) matricide, i.e., killing mother
(3) killing an arhat
(4) shedding the blood of a Buddha
(5) destroying the harmony of the sangha, or fraternity.

Five Precepts 五戒

Or Five Commandments for layman
(1) No killing
(2) No stealing
(3) No sexual misconduct/adultery
(4) No lying
(5) No intoxicant

It is essential for the rebirth in human realms.

Five Skandhas 五蕴

Or Five Aggregates, that is, the five components of an intelligent beings, or psychological analysis of the mind:

1. Matter or Form (rupa) - the physical form responded to the five organs of senses, i.e., eye, ear, nose, tongue and body

2. Sensation or Feeling (vedana) - the feeling in reception of physical things by the senses through the mind

3. Recognition or Conception (sanjna) - the functioning of mind in distinguishing and formulating the concept

4. Volition or Mental Formation (samskara) - habitual action, i.e., a conditioned response to the object of experience, whether it is good or evil, you like or dislike

5. Consciousness (vijnana) - the mental faculty in regard to perception, cognition and experience

Five Vehicles 五乘

Pancayana in Sanskrit.   The Five Vehicles conveying the karma-reward which differs according to the vehicle:

1. Human Vehicle - rebirth among human conveyed by observing the Five Commandments (Five Precepts)

2. Deva Vehicle - among the devas by the Ten Forms of Good Actions (Ten Wholesomeness)

3. "Sound-Hearing" Arhat - among the sravakas by the Four Noble Truths

4. "Enlightened by Conditions" Arhat - among the pratyeka-buddhas by the Twelve Nidanas

5. Bodhisattva - among the Bodhisattvas by the Six Paramita

Five Wisdoms 五智

1. Wisdom of the Embodied Nature of Dharma Realm 法界体性智
- derived from amala-vijanana, i.e. pure consciousness (or mind).

2. Wisdom of the Great Round Mirror 大圆镜智
- derived from alaya-vijanana, (8th consciousness) reflecting all things.

3. Wisdom in regard to all things equally and universally 平等性智
- derived from manovijanana (7th consciousness).

4. Wisdom of profound insight, or discrimination, for exposition and doubt - destruction 妙观察智
- derived from the mind consciousness (6th consciousness).

5. Wisdom of perfecting the double work of self welfare and the welfare of others 成所作智
- derived from the five senses (1st to 5th consciousness).

Flower Adornment Sutra 华严经

One of the most important sutra in Buddhism, particularly Mahayana Buddhism. There are many volumes in the Sutra. It describes the entire Buddha Realm which is, of course, not easy to visualize. See also Avatamsaka Sutra.

Foremost Paramita 第一波罗蜜

It refers to the perfect principle of Middle Way. It is neither birth nor death, without dwelling in Nirvana. It is the substance of everything beyond words and conceptual thinking.

Four Aspects (of Buddhist Dharma) 四法

(1) the teaching
(2) the principle
(3) the practice
(4) the fruit/reward/result

Four Castes 四姓

The class system in ancient India:

1. Brahman - the highest caste,

2. Kshatriyas (royal families) - the warrior,

3. Vaishyas (ordinary citizen),

4. Sudras (slaves).

Four Fearlessness 四无畏

There are four kinds of fearlessness, of which there are two groups:

A.      Buddha's fearlessness arises from

1.     his omniscience

2.     perfection of character

3.     overcoming opposition

4.     ending of suffering

B.      Bodhisattva's fearlessness arises from

1.     powers of memory

2.     power of moral diagnosis and application of the remedy

3.     power of ratiocination

4.     power of solving doubts

Four Fruition 四果

Also called the "Four Fruits", the "Four Rewards", or the "Four Phala". These are four grades of arhatship, namely:

1. Srota-apanna (Srota-apanna in Sanskrit, Sota-panna in Pali) : has entered the stream of holy living; the first stage of the arhat, that of a Sravaka

2. Sakrdagamin (Sakrdagamin in Sanskrit, Sakadagamin in Pali) : comes to be born once more; the second grade of arhatship involving only one birth

3. Anagamin: will not be reborn in this world (i.e. Six Paths), but in the Form Realm or Formless Realm, where he will attain to Nirvana

4. Arhat: enters Nirvana. All Karma of reincarnation is destroyed. He also reaches a state of no longer learning. He is the highest Saint in Hinayana in contrast with the Bodhisattva as the Saint in Mahayana

Four Great Bodhisattva 四大菩萨

They represent the four major characters of Bodhisattva:

1. Manjusri - Universal Great Wisdom Bodhisattva

2. Samantabhadra - Universal Worthy Great Conduct Bodhisattva

3. Ksitigarbha - Earth Treasury King Great Vow Bodhisattva

4. Avalokitesvara - Guan Shr Yin Great Compassion Bodhisattva

Four Great Elements 四大

All matters are formed and are composed by four conditioned causes :
(1) earth, which is characterized by solidity and durability
(2) water, which is characterized by liquid/fluid and moisture
(3) fire, which is characterized by energy and warmth
(4) wind, which is characterized by gas/air movement

Four Great Vows 四弘誓愿

1. Vow to take across the numberless living beings.

2. Vow to cut off the endless afflictions.

3. Vow to study the countless Dharma doors.

4. Vow to realize the supreme Buddha Way.

Four Holy Realms 四圣道

They are Sravaka, Praetyka-Buddha, Bodhisattva, and Buddha.

Four Immeasurable Minds 四无量心

See Four Unlimited Minds.

Four Marks 四相

A mark is a notion of form. In Diamond Sutra, it states that people attach to the Four Marks which hinder them from Buddhahood. Conversely, those who see all marks as no mark are Buddhas. The Four Marks are

1. a mark of self

2. a mark of others

3. a mark of sentient being

4. a mark of life

Four Noble Truths 四圣谛

It is the primary and fundamental doctrines of Shakyamuni

1. Doctrine of Suffering - suffering is a necessary attribute of sentient existence (Effect of Suffering)

2. Doctrine of Accumulation - accumulation of suffering is caused by passions (Cause of Suffering)

3. Doctrine of Extinction - extinction of passion (Effect of Happiness)

4. Doctrine of Path - Path leading to the extinction of passion (Cause of Happiness); i.e. Eightfold Path.

The first two are considered to be related to this life, and the last two to the life outside and beyond this world.
The Four Noble Truths were first preached to Shakyamuni's five former ascetic companions.

Four Phala 四果

See Four Fruition.

Four Reliance (to learning Buddhist Dharma) 四依

The four standards of Right Dharma which buddhist should rely on or abide by:

1. to abide by the Dharma, not the person

2. to abide by the sutras of ultimate truth, not the sutras of incomplete truth

3. to abide by the meaning, not the word

4. to abide by the wisdom, not the consciousness

Four Seals 四法印

They are:

1. All phenomena are impermanent.

2. All Dharma are not-self.

3. The eternity is Nirvana.

4. All sensations are suffering.

Four Sects of Hinayana 小乘四部

From the time of Ashoka, there were four principal schools out of the Eighteen sects of Hinayana, namely Mahasanghika, Sthavirah, Mulasarvastivadah and Sammatiyah.

Four Unlimited Mind 四无量心

The mind of Bodhisattva:
1. Kindness
2. Compassion
3. Delight
4. Renunciation

Four Virtues 四德

The four Nirvana virtues:
(1) Eternity or permanence
(2) Joy
(3) Personality
(4) Purity

These four important virtues are affirmed by the sutra in the transcendental or nirvana-realm.

Four Ways (of learning Buddhist Dharma) 四法

(1) Belief/faith
(2) Interpretation/discernment
(3) Practice/performance
(4) Verification/assurance

These are the cyclic process in learning a truth.

Fourfold Assembly 四众

Or the Four Varga (groups) are bhiksu, bhiksuni, upasaka and upasika, i.e. monks, nuns, male and female devotees.

Fundamental Face 本来面目

Also known as Fundamentally Unborn. A common term used in Chan practice.

It is actually the fundamental mind, considered to be the Buddha's Dharma Body. It is the form of the fundamental truth, so called True Suchness or Bhutaththata.

Gatha 偈

Ancient Indian verse.

Giving 布施

See charity.

Gokulika 鸡胤部

See Kaukkutikah.

Good Roots 善根

There are eleven kinds of good roots:

1. faith

2. shame

3. remorse

4. absence of greed

5. absence of hatred

6. absence of stupidity

7. vigor

8. transquility

9. non-laxity

10.   non-harming

11.   renunciation

These are eleven good Dharmas of the fifty one Dharmas belonging to the heart.

Gotama 乔答摩

Gotama in Pali, Gautama in Sanskrit. The surname of the Shakya clan into which Shakyamuni was born. Another name for Shakyamuni.

Gui Ji

Gui Ji (A.D. 632-682) was a great Dharma master of the Dharmalaksana School. His writing on the Lotus Sutra was so remarkable that was generally accepted and interpreted by other great Dharma masters.

Haimavatah 犊子部

One of the Hinayana School, a subdivision of Sthaviradin. It was a school of the snow mountains, a schismatic philosophical school.

Hau Tou 话头

Intense concentration on a question-word which defies any answer and allows no answer at all. Literally, it refers to the source of word before it is uttered. It is a method used in Ch'an Sect to arouse the doubt. The practitioner meditates on questions as who is reciting the Buddha's name?. He does not rely on experience or reasoning. Sometimes, it is also known as Kung-an.

Heavenly Eye 天眼

See Devine Eye.

Hetavadinah 说因部

Another name of Sarvastivadah.

Hinayana 小乘

Also called Small Vehicle or Liberated Vehicle, which refers to Sravaka and Praetyka-Buddha. It is a school of Buddhism, popular in Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand, hence also known as Southern Buddhism, in contrast with Northern Buddhism or Mahayana, the form mainly prevalent from Nepal to Japan.

Hinayana is sometimes described as self-benefiting, and Mahayana

 as self-benefiting for the benefit of others. Another difference is that Pali is the general literary language in Hinayana while Sanskrit of Mahayana. See also Theravada.
Hinayana is nearer to the original teaching of the Buddha. For further details, please refer to Section 3-A A Glimpse in the Scope of Buddhism in Vol. 1 No. 4 of Buddhist Door.

Hsu Yun 虚云

A great Ch'an master in China. He died in 1959 at the age of 120.

Hsuan-tsang (600-664 A.D.) 玄奘

A famous translator in Chinese Buddhism, next to Kumarajiva. He translated more scriptures than any other translators, such as:

·   Mahaprajnaparamita Sutra, i.e. Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra (大般若波罗蜜多经), 600 fasicles translated in 660-663 A.D.

·   Vijnaptimatratasiddhi-shastra (Treatise on the Establishment of the Doctrine of Mere Consciousness) (成唯识论), 10 fasciles translated in 659 A.D.

·   Mahayanabhidharma-samucchaya (collection of the Mahaya Abhidharma) (大乘阿毗达摩集论), 7 fasciles in 652 A.D.

·   Mahayanabhidharma-samucchaya-vyakhya (Exeglsis on the collection of the Mahayana Abhidhin), 16 fasciles in 646 A.D.

·   Mahayanasamgraha (comprehensive Treatise on Mahayana Buddhism) (摄大乘论), 3 fasciles in 648-649 A.D.

Hsuan-tsang was born into a family of scholars near Loyang (洛阳), but his father did not want to serve the new king, then became poor. In order to make a living, Tsuan-tsang followed the step of his elder brother to become ordained monk when he was a child.

However, when he was eleven, he was able to read the Vinalakirti Sutra, the Lotus Sutra, etc. He was brought up at Hui-jih Temple in Loyang. Later, he went to Chuang-yen Temple in Chang-an in search of better teachers, but in vain. Because of famine, Tsuan-tsang settled in Szechuan Province and continued his study in Buddhism. He kept on seeking for better teachers, but found no more outstanding scholars.

In 629, when Hsuan-tsang was around thirty, he set out to the west for travel and study. In his travels, he had recorded all his experience in India and Central Asia in details, which had important information on geography, history, politics, economics, culture of that time.

Hua-yen School 华严宗

It is based on the Avatamsaka Sutra and was founded by Tu Shun in China.

Hui Neng 惠能

The Sixth Patriarch of Zen (Ch'an) Sect in China.

Ignorance 无明

Sanskrit word is Avidya. Literally, it means darkness without illumination. Actually it refers to illusion without englightenment, i.e., the illusory phenomena for realities. Avidya is the first or the last of the Twelve Nidanas. Ignorance, karma and desire are the three forces that cause reincarnation.

Jainism 耆那教

A religion founded by Nataputta, who was a royal clan of the Nata tribe in ancient India at the time of Shakyamuni. Similar to Buddhism, its basic doctrine is non-materialistic atheism.

Jataka 本生经

The sutra to narrate the birth stories of Shakyamuni in present life, past lives, and effects related to the past lives and the present lives.

Jetavaniyah 制多山部

Or Jetiyasailah, school of the dwellers on Mount Jeta, which is a sub division of the Sthavirah, one of the Hinayana sect.

Also known as Caitya-vandana, who paid reverence to or worship a stupa. Caitya is a religious monument or stupa in which the relics of the Buddha or other reverend sages are placed. This sect held that the Buddha's discourse was transcendent, his enlightenment was already determined when he was born, that he could violate the natural laws, and could be reborn wherever he wished (in his previous lives as a Bodhisattva).

Jetavanna Grove 祇树给孤独园

A famous monastery Bodhimandala of Shakyamuni Buddha, where he spoke of many sutras. It was located in Savatthi, the capital of savatthi. The land was bought by a wealthy merchant Anathapindika with as much gold as would cover the ground, and the houses were built by Prince Jeta for the Buddha and his followers.

Ji Zang

Ji Zang (A.D. 549-623) was a great Dharma master of Madhyamika, who wrote five books regarding the Lotus Sutra.

Jie Huan

He was a great Dharma master in Sung Dynasty. Practicing in Chan School, he used the concept of Chan to interpret the Lotus Sutra.

Jnanagupta

He translated the Lotus Sutra in A.D. 601, jointly with Dharmagupta.

Kalpa 劫

Kalpa in Sanskrit, Kappa in Pali.   It is a fabulous period of four hundred and thirty two million years of mortals, measuring the duration of world. It is the period of time between other creation and recreation of a world or universe.

The four kalpas of formation, existence, destruction and emptiness as a complete period, is called maha kalpa or great kalpas. Each great kalpa is subdivided into four asamkhyeya-kalpas or kalpas. Each of the four kalpas is subdivided into twenty antara-kalpas, or small kalpas. There are different distinctions and illustrations of kalpas. In general, a small kalpa is represented as 16,800,000 years, a kalpa as 336,000,000 years and a mahakalpa is 1,334,000,000 years.

Kapilavatsu 迦毗罗卫城

The capital of Shakya kingdom. The king of Kapilavatsu was Suddhodana, who was the father of Shakyamuni. The present-day Kapilavatsu is in Nepal.

Karma 业

Karman in Sanskrit, Kamma in Pali. It means action, deed, moral duty, effect. Karma is moral action which causes future retribution, and either good or evil transmigration. It is also moral kernal in each being which survive death for further rebirth.

Kashyapamatanga 摄摩腾

Moved from India to China at about 25 A.D. Together with Dharmaraksha, they were regarded as the first translator for Buddhist sutras in China. They translated five sutras but only "Sutra of Forty-two Chapters" was extant.

Kasyapiya 饮光部

One of the Hinayana sect, a subdivision of Sarvastivadah.

Kaukkutikah (Gokulika) 鸡胤部

One of the Hinayana sect. A branch of Mahasanghikah. They held that there is no hapiness whatsoever in the world, just suffering.

King Bimblisara 频婆娑罗王

The king of Magadha, one of the four great kingdoms in ancient India. He was devoted in Buddhism, and was converted to the follower of Shakyamuni Buddha. He was the one who built Bamboo Grove Park in Rajagaha, the first Bodhi mandala in Buddhism.

Koan 公案

A Japanese term taken from the Chinese Kung-an.

Koliya 拘利族

The royal clan to which the mother of Shakyamuni, Maya belonged. The kings of the Koliya and Shakya were brothers, and the families were inter-married. Indeed, Yasodhara, the wife of Shakyamuni, was also a princess of Koliya royal house.

Kosala 憍萨罗国

Kosala in Pali, Kausala in Sanskrit. One of the four great states (i.e., Kosala, Magadha, Vansa & Avanti) in ancient India. The Shakya tribe to which Shakyamuni belonged was under the power and influence of Kosala. The capital of Kosala was Savatthi where the famous monastery (Bodhi-mandala) Jetavanna Grove was located.

Ksatriya 刹帝利

Ksatriya in Sanskrit, Khattiya in Pali.   The second of the four Indian Castes at the time of Shakyamuni, they were the royal caste, the noble landlord, the warriors and the ruling castes.

Ksitigarbha 地藏菩萨

Earth Store Bodhisattva. He is now the guardian of the earth. Depicted with the alarum staff with its six rings, he is accredited with power over the hells and is devoted to the saving of all creatures between the Nirvana of Shakyamuni and the advent of Maitreya. He vows that while the hell is not empty, he will not attain Buddhahood. As his vow is the greatest, he is also known as The Great Vow Bodhisattva.

Kumarajiva (344-413 A.D.) 鸠摩罗什

One of the most eminent translators in Chinese Buddhism. He was born in a noble family, but he went with his mother to learn Agama Sutras and other Hinayana taught him Mahayana Buddhism.

Kumarajiva was ordained as a monk at the age of twenty. He was so famous in his countries that Tao-an would like to invite him to China. His mother also encouraged Kumarajiva to preach the genuine teachings of Buddhism in China.

Eventually, Kumarajiva arrived at Chang-an (长安) and welcomed by the Emperor Yao Hsing (姚兴). Kumarajiva was honoured to be the National Preceptor, who was in charge of translating sutras.

Kumarajiva translated 74 scriptures in 384 fasicles in total, such as Perfection of Wisdom Sutras, the Lotus Sutra, the Amitabha Sutra, the Treatise on the Great Perfection of Wisdom Sutra, the Treatise on the Middle, the Treatise in One Hundred Verses, the Treatises on the Twelve Gates and the Ten Vinaya. His translation work contributed both to the development of Buddhism in China, and to the establishment of various sects in Chinese Buddhism.

Before he died, he preclaimed that if his translation accorded with the genuine principles of Buddhism, his tongue would be intact and not turn to ash. After incineration of his body, the tongue was not damaged.

Kung-an 公案

In Zen, it is a word, or a phrase, or a story couched in irrational language which cannot be solved by intellectual processes, but whose meaning must burst on the mind directly. Kung-an is used as an exercise in breaking the false thoughts, developing the deep intuition, and achieving a state of awareness.

Kushala 善业

Sanskrit word. It means good Karma.

Kusinara

Kusinara in Pali, Kusinagara in Sanskrit.   The village where Shakyamuni died, and the capital of the ancient kingdom of Malla.
 

miaohui
 2005-09-22 06:44
 
L - R

Law 理

Ruling principle, universal basis, essential element, i.e. fundamental law.

Law of Causal Condition 因缘法

The fundamental doctrine of Buddhism that all phenomena in the universe are produced by causation. Since all phenomena result from the complicated causes and effects, all existing things in the universe are inter-dependent, i.e., no self nature or existence on its own. Moreover, all phenomena and things are impermanent (i.e. changing constantly). It was to this law that Shakyamuni was awakened when he attained enlightenment.

Law of Cause and Effect 因果律

The Law of Cause and Effect treats of the Law of Causal condition as it relates to an individual.

Law of Dependent Origination 缘起法

It states that all phenomenon arise depending upon a number of casual factors. In other word, it exists in condition that the other exist; it has in condition that others have; it extinguishes in condition that others extinguish; it has not in condition that others have not. For existence, there are twelve links in the chain:

·   Ignorance is the condition for karmic activity;

·   Karmic activity is the condition for consciousness;

·   Consciousness is the condition for the name and form;

·   Name and form is the condition for the six sense organs;

·   Six sense organs are the condition for contact;

·   Contact is the condition for feeling;

·   Feeling is the condition for emotional love/craving;

·   Emotional love/craving is the condition for grasping;

·   Grasping is the condition for existing;

·   Existing is the condition for birth;

·   Birth is the condition for old age and death;

·   Old age and death is the condition for ignorance; and so on.

Law of Karma 业

The results of actions, which produce effect that may be either good or bad. It is derived from the Law of Causal Condition (Law of Cause and Effect).

Lokottaravadinah 说出世部

One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Mahasanghikah, which held the view that all in the world is merely phenomenal and that reality exists outside it. They held that the body of the Buddha was transcendental from the time of his birth to the time of his death. Consequently, his behaviour as a human was merely a convention.

Lotus Sutra 妙法莲华经

Short name of the Sutra of the Lotus Flower of the Wonderful Law, or Saddharma-pundarik-sutra in Sanskrit. It consists of a series of sermons delivered by Shakyamuni towards the end of his preaching ministry. It is one of the most important sutras of Manayana Buddhism. Basically, it states that all sentient beings can attain Buddhahood, and nothing less than this is the appropriate final goal of all Buddhists. It also states that the Buddha is eternal, and the supreme form of Buddhist practice is the way of the Bodhisattva. Lotus flower is used to describe the brightness and pureness of the One Buddha Vehicle.

Lumbini Park 蓝毗尼园

The birthplace of Shakyamuni Buddha, which lay between the state of the Shakyas and the Koliyas.

Magadha 摩羯陀国

One of the four great kingdoms (i.e. Magadha, Kosala, Vansa, and Avanti) in ancient India. The capital of Magadha was Rajagaha. The king of Magadha, Bimblisara, became the follower of Shakyamuni.

Mahakasyapa

Mahakassapa in Pali, Mahakasyapa in Sanskrit.   He was a Brahman in Magadha, who became one of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni Buddha. He was the foremost in ascetism. He is regarded as the First Patriarch because he responded with a smile when Shakyamuni Buddha held up a golden flower in a sermon. This is known to be the transmission of heart-seal. After the death of Shakyamuni, he was the leader of the disciples. He convened the First Council to compile the Buddhist canon, i.e. Tripitika. Mahakassapa is supposed to be living in Kukkutapada (Cock Foot Mountain) in Magadha, on which he enters into Nirvana.

Mahamaya 摩耶夫人

The mother of Shakyamuni. She was the Koliyan Princess and married to Suddhodana. She died seven days after giving birth to Shakyamuni.

Mahapajapati 摩诃波阇波提

She was the sister of Mahamaya, the mother of Shakyamuni. They both married King Suddhodana. Maya died seven days after the birth of Shakyamuni. Mahapajapati then became the step/foster mother of Shakyamuni, and treated Shakyamuni so kind as her son, Nanda. Nanda was one of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni. After the death of King Suddhodana, Mahapajapati was ordained to be the first woman admitted in Buddhist order.

Maha-Parinibbana-Sutta 大涅槃经

Maha-Parinibbana-Sutta in Pali and Maha-Parinirvana-Sutra in Sanskrit.   Also known as the Sutra of the Great Nirvana/Decease, recording the final sermon, the death and the funeral of Shakyamuni.

Maha-prajna-paramita-sutra 大般若经

The Sutra was delivered by Shakyamuni in four places at sixteen assemblies. It consists of 600 volumes as translated by Hsuan-tsang. It is the fundamental philosophical work of the Mahayana Buddhism, the formulation of wisdom, which is the sixth paramita.

Mahasanghika 大众部

Literally means the Member of the Great Order, majority, community.

During the First Council, when the Sthavira or elder disciples assembled in the cave after the Buddha's death, and the other disciples (called to be Mahasanghika) assembled outside the cave. Both compiled the Tripitaka. However, the former emphasized on the rules of disciplines in the monastic community, while the latter concerned the spread of the spirit of Buddhism in lay community. As sects, the principal division took place in the Second Council.

Mahasanghika and Sthavira are known as two earliest sects in Hinayana. Mahasanghika is said to be the basis of the development of the Mahayana Buddhism, while Sthavira of the Theravada Buddhism.

For the sub division of Mahasanghika, please refer to the Eighteen Sects of Hinayana.

Mahasattva 摩诃萨

There are seven meanings of Mahasattva:

1. He has perfected great roots.

2. He has great wisdom.

3. He believes the great Dharma.

4. He understands the great principle.

5. He cultivates the great conduct.

6. He passes through great kalpas.

7. He seeks the great fruit.

Mahaviharavasinah 摩诃毗卢遮住部

A subdivision of the Sthavirah school, which opposed to the Mahayana system.

Mahayana 大乘

Also called Great Vehicle or Bodhisattva Vehicle. It is a school of Buddhism prevalent in China, Korea, Japan, Mongolia, Tibet and other places in the Far East. It is also called Northern Buddhism.

Mahayana is described as seeking Buddhahood and transforming beings, thus self-benefiting for the benefits of the others.

See also Hinayana. For further details, please refer to Section 3 A Glimpse in the Scope of Buddhism in Vol. 1 No. 4 of Budddhist Door.

Mahisasakah 化地部

One of the Hinayana school, a branch of Sarvastivadah founded 300 years after the Nirvana, but the doctrines of the school are said to be similar to those of the Mahasanghika. Literally means a ruler who converted or rectified his land or people. The school denied reality to past and future, but maintained the reality of the present. Similarly, the school rejected the doctrine of the void and the non-ego, the production of taint by the Five consciousness, the theory of nine kinds of non-activity, and so on. They held that enlightenment came suddenly rathern than gradually.

Maitreya 弥勒菩萨

Sanskrit word, literally means friendly and benevolent. He will be the next Buddha in our world. He is now preaching in Tusita Heaven. He is usually represented as the fat laughing Buddha.

Mandala 曼陀罗

A diagrammatic circular picture used as an aid in meditation or ritual, sometimes a symbol of the universe, or a representation of a deed of merit. Sometimes, it represents a place of enlightenment, where Buddhas and Bodhisattvas are existent. Mandalas also reveal the direct retribution of each of the ten worlds of beings (see Ten Realms). Each world has its mandala which represents the originating principle that brings it to completion. It is one of the three mystics in Tantric Buddhism.

Manjusri Bodhisattva 文殊菩萨

As one of the Four Great Bodhisattva, he is the one with the greatest wisdom. Manjusri is said to have: wonderful head, universal head, glossy head, revered head, wonderful virtue and wonderfully auspicious. Manjusri, the guardian of wisdom, is often placed on the left of Shakyamuni, while Visvabhadra, the guardian of law, is on the right. Manjusri always rides on a lion. He is described as the ninth predecessor or Buddha-ancestor of Shakyamuni. In the past lives, he is also described as being the parent of many Buddhas and have assisted the Buddha into existence. He is the Chief of the Bodhisattva, and the chief disciple of the Buddha. He is the object for the pilgrimages visiting the Wu Tai Shan of Shansi Province in China.

Mantra 咒

Sanskrit words signifying a sacred word, verse or syllable which embodies in sound of some specific deity or supernatural power. It is one of the three mystics in Tantric Buddhism.

Mara 波旬天魔

Literally, "murderer". The Evil One who "takes" away the wisdom-life of all living beings.

Mark 相

Lakana in Sanskrit word. It is a notion of form. In Diamond Sutra, it says "All with marks is empty and false. If you can see all marks as no marks then you see the Tathagata." See also Four Marks.

Matter 色

Or Form or Thing. The Sanskrit word is Rupa. It is defined as that which has resistence, or which changes and disappear, i.e., the phenomenal. There are inner and outer forms representing the organs and objects of sense respectively.
Rupa is one of the Six Bahya-ayatanna or Six Gunas and also one of the Five Skandhas.

Maudgalyayana 目犍连

See Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni.

Meditation 静虑

The fifth Paramita. There are numerous methods and subjects of meditation. See also Contemplation.

Middle Path 中道

See Middle Way.

Middle Way 中道

It denotes the mean between two extremes, particularly between realism and nihilism, eternal substantial existence and annihilation. This doctrine opposes the rigid categories of existence and non-existence in the interest of a middle way. This is the utlimate truth of Buddhism, and the reality character of all Buddha. See also Eight Negations.

Migadaya 鹿野苑

See Deer Park.

Morality 持戒

The second Paramita, to take precepts and to keep the moral laws.

Mrgadava 鹿野苑

See Deer Park.

Mudra 手印

One of the three mystics in Tantric Buddhism, which is the symbolic gesture of hand fingers.

Mulasarvastivada 一切有根本部

It was a branch of the Sarvastivadin sect, which asserted the doctrine of the reality of things. It held that all is produced by causative action, and everything is dynamic, not static. Mulasavastivada is a school of reality of all phenomena, one of the early Hinayana sects, said to have been formed, about 300 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. Later it subdivided into five:

·   Mulasarvastivadah

·   Dharmaguptah

·   Kasyapiyah

·   Mahisasakah

·   Vatsiputriyah (most influential)

Nagarjuna 龙树

A Bodhisattva in South India, born into a Brahman family about 800 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni, i.e., 200 AD. He was the founder of Madhyamika (Middle Way) and Sunya (emptiness). He had plenty of writings in Buddhism. He was one of the chief philosophers of Mahayana Buddhism.

Nataputta

The founder of Jain religion, i.e. Jainism.

Nayutas 那由他

A Sanskrit word interpreted as a numeral, 100,000 or one million or ten million.

Nine Realms 九界

The nine realms of error, or subjection to passions, i.e. all the realms of the living except the tenth and highest, the Buddha-realm. The nine realms are

·   the hell,

·   the hungry ghost,

·   the animal,

·   the man,

·   the Asura,

·   the gods,

·   the Arhat (sound hearer),

·   the Arhat (enlightened to condition), and

·   the Bodhisattra.

Nine Stages of Lotus Flowers 九品莲花

Or Nine Grades, Classes of Lotus Flowers, i.e. upper superior, middle superior, lower superior, upper medium, middle medium, lower medium, upper inferior, middle inferior and lower inferior, which represent ninefold future life into Pure Land. The nine grades, or rewards, of the Pure Land, corresponding to the nine grades of development in the previous life, upon which depends, in the next life, one's distance from Amitabha, the consequent aeons that are required to approach Amitabha, and whether one's lotus will open early or late.

Nirvana 涅槃

Nirvana is a Sanskrit word which is originally translated as "perfect stillness". It has many other meanings, such as liberation, eternal bliss, tranquil extinction, extinction of individual existence, unconditioned, no rebirth, calm joy, etc. It is usually described as transmigration to "extinction", but the meaning given to "extinction" varies.

There are four kinds of Nirvana:

1. Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature

2. Nirvana with residue

3. Nirvana without residue

4. Nirvana of no dwelling

Nirvana of pure, clear self-nature 自性涅槃

It is commonly possessed by all individual sentient beings. It is not subject to birth and death, nor increase and decrease.

Nirvana with residue 有余涅槃

The cause, but not all the effect (Karma) of reincarnation is cut off and removal of the obstacle of affliction, but not that of what is known (Dharma), thus the body which remains is subject to birth and death. Those beings are Arhats.

Nirvana without residue 无余涅槃

Both the cause and effect of reincarnation are extinguished, both afflictions and what is known (Dharma) are extinguished. All kinds of suffering are externally in stillness. There is no further residue. Those beings are Bodhisattva.

Nirvana of no dwelling 无住涅槃

With the aid of interactive wisdom and compassion, those who do not dwell in birth and death, nor in Nirvana, but continue to cross living beings over forever.

No Strife Samadhi 无诤三昧

Strife means debating and fighting. It is a kind of Samadhi, i.e. right concentration/meditation. To cultivate and attain this Samadhi, one will not argue or angry with others as one has no differentiation between self and others.

Om 唵

The most simple, yet sacred mantra in Buddhism, also used in other Indian religions.

One Buddha Vehicle 一佛乘

Also known as Supreme Vehicle. In Buddhism, the Five Vehicles are established to facilitate us to understand the reality of Buddhahood. The teachings of One Buddha Vehicle is the ultimate, perfect and complete truth of Buddha, which is unconceivable and beyond words, as stated in the Lotus Sutra.

Pali 巴利文

The language of the Theravada (Hinayana) Buddhist Canon, alleged to be the language used by the Buddha.

Paramita 波罗密多

It means to cross over from this shore of births and deaths to the other shore which is the Nirvana.

The Six Paramita or means of so doings are
(1) dana - charity/giving
(2) sila - moral/conduct/taking precepts
(3) ksanti - patience
(4) virya - vigor/devotion/energy
(5) dhyana - contemplation/meditation
(6) prajna - wisdom.

The Ten Paramita are the above plus
(7) upaya - use of expedient or proper means
(8) pranidhana - vow of bodhi and helpfulness
(9) bala - strength
(10) intelligence

Childers gives the list of ten as the perfect exercise of

·   charity/almsgiving,

·   morality,

·   renunciation,

·   wisdom,

·   energy/effort,

·   patience,

·   truth,

·   resolution/determination,

·   kindness/universal love and

·   resignation/equanimity.

Each of the ten is divided into ordinary, superior and unlimited perfection, making up to thirty in total.

Parinirvana 圆寂

Not death, but perfect rest, i.e. the perfection of all virtues and the elimination of all evils.. Also a release from the suffering of transmigration and an entry to a state of fullest joy.

Patience 忍辱

Endurance, the third Paramita. There are groups of two, three, four, five, six, ten and fourteen, indicating various forms of patience, equanimity, repression, forbearance, both in mundane and spiritual things. Patience refers to bearing insult and distress without resentment.

Pratyeka-Buddha 辟支佛

The second stage in Hinayana, the first or initial being that of Sravaka. He is enlightened to the conditions, i.e. the Law of Dependent Origination. He seeks enlightenment for himself and understands deeply Nidanas. He attains his enlightenment alone, independently, or a teacher, and with the object of attaining Nirvana and his own salvation rather than that of others.

Prajna 般若

There are three kinds of Prajna:
(1) Prajna of languages
(2) Prajna of contemplative illumination
(3) prajna of the characteristics of actuality

The last one is the ultimate wisdom, which is the wisdom of Buddha. Also see wisdom.

Prajnativadinah 说假部

One of the Hinayana School, a branch of the Mahasanghikah, which held the view that there was a distinction between mere concepts and real entities (referred to in Buddha's teaching) i.e. phenomenality and reality, based on Prajatisastra.

Pure Land 净土

Generally refers to the Paradise of the West, presided over by Amitabha. Also known as the Land of Ultimate Bliss. Other Buddhas have their own Pure Lands, all of which are the adornment of merits and virtues in moral or spiritual cultivation. The Pure-Land Sect whose chief tenet is salvation by faith in Amitabha; it is the popular cult in China and Japan.

Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss 极乐世界/净土

This is the Buddha Land of Amitabha Buddha. In Amitabha Sutra, there is full description about this Pure Land. This is the world of utmost joy without suffering. With the spiritual power of Amitabha Buddha, all beings in this world will understand Buddhism easily and practise diligently, and attain enlightenment eventually. Therefore by reciting Amitabha Buddha's name, Buddhist followers hope that they will be born in this Pure Land after their lives on earth. See also Nine Stages of Lotus Flowers.

Pure Land of Vairocana 华藏世界

The Lotus world, also the Pure Land of all Buddhas in their Sambhogakaya or Reward Body/Enjoyment Body. Above the wind or air circle is a sea of fragrant water, in which is the thousand-pedal lotus with its infinite variety of worlds. Hence, the meaning is the Lotus which contains a store of myriads of worlds.

Rahula 罗睺罗

He was one of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni. He was the first in esoteric practices and in desire for instruction in the Law. He was also the son of Shakyamuni.

Rajagaha 王舍城

Rajagaha in Pali, Rajagrha in Sanskrit. The capital of the ancient kingdom of Magadha in India, which was the centres of culture at the time of Shakyamuni. The first Bodhi mandala of Buddhism called Bamboo Grove Park was built by the elder Kalanda and King Bimblisara of Magadha in Rajagaha.

Raksa 罗刹

Living in the Ghost Path. Like Yaksa, they are evil and violent, but inferior to Yaksa.

Realm of Form 色界

See Three Realms.

Realm of Formlessness 无色界

See Three Realms.

Realm of Sensuous Desire 欲界

See Three Realms.

Recognition 想

Or Conception or Thinking. The Sanskirt word is Sanjna. It is the function of mind. It may lead to desire. One of the Five Skandhas.

Renunciation 舍

One of the Four Unlimited Mind. As one of the chief Buddhist virtues, renunciation leads to a state of "undifferent without pleasure or pain". It is also an equality in mind with no distinction of self and others.

Right Action 正行

The fourth of the Eightfold Path; respect for life (do not kill), property (do not steal) and personal relationship (no sexual misconduct) so as to purify one's mind and body.

Right Concentration 正定

Right abstraction, the eighth of the Eightfold Path; meditation, focusing the mind without distraction, preparing the mind to attain wisdom.

Right Effort 正精进

Right zeal or progress, unintermitting perseverance, suppressing the rising of evil states and stimulating good states, and to perfect those which have come to beings.

Right Livelihood 正命

The fifth of the Eightfold Path; right life, abstaining from any of the forbidden modes of living. Five kinds of livelihood are discouraged : trading in animals for slaughter, dealing in weapons, dealing in slaves, dealing in poison and dealing in intoxicants.

Right Remembrance 正念

Right memory, right mindfulness; the seventh of the Eightfold Path, avoiding distracted and clouded state of mind, awareness and self-possessed.

Right Speech 正语

The third of Eightfold Path, abstaining from lying, slander/back biting, abuse/harsh words and idle talk.

Right Thought 正思惟

Right thought and intent; avoiding desire and ill-will; the second of the Eightfold Path.

Right Understanding 正见

See Right View.

Right View 正见

Understanding the Four Noble Truths; the first of the Eightfold Path.

Rupa 色

See Matter or Five Skandhas.

miaohui
 2005-09-22 06:45
 
S

Saddharmapundarika Sutra

The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra in Sanskrit. "Sad" means wonderful, and "Pundarika" means white lotus flower.

Sagely Wheel-turning King 转轮圣王

He is referred to a Buddha as universal spiritual king with all kinds of good marks and appearance, or a god over a universe, or a preacher of the supreme doctrine. The wheel is probably a symbol of the sun with its myraid rays.

Saha Land 娑婆世界

Also called the Saha World. It refers to the land on Earth. Saha interprets as bearing and enduring. Saha Land is contrary to Pure Land. It is a place of good and evil. A universe where all are subjected to transmigration and in which a Buddha transforms.

Sakrdagamin 斯陀含

A Sanskrit word means one who returns once. It is the certification of the second fruit of Arhatship. Being a Sakrdagamin, he returns once - once to heaven and once among men before he cuts off the last three categories of his delusions in thought in the Desire Realm.

Samadhi 三摩地

Sanskrit word for meditation. See Meditation and Contemplation.

Samana 苦行者

A Pali word, Sramana in Sanskrit. One who practices austerities; an ascetic.

Samantabhadra Bodhisattva 普贤菩萨

Also called Visvabhadra Bodhisattva, Universally Worthy Bodhisattva. Being one of the Four Great Bodhisattvas, he is the Bodhisattva of Great Conduct, representing the Law. He has Ten Great King Vows, which are the guidelines in practising Buddhism, and cultivating the Buddhist Way.

Samhita 本集

One of four types of Vedic literature in ancient India. It consists of four sections, including poems, songs, rituals, mandra, etc.

1. Rg-veda 梨俱吠陀  -   life & health;

2. Sama-veda 傞马吠陀  -   ritual & worship;

3. Yajur-veda 夜柔吠陀  -   war study;

4. Atharva-veda 阿闥吠陀  -   mandra & poems.

The four is know as Four Vedas.

Sammatiyah 正量部

One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah. It is a school of correct measures, or correct evaluation, formed about 300 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. It was classified in the Pudgalavadin category, thus often linked with Vatsiputriyah.

Samsara 轮回转世

Sanskrit word meaning turning of the wheel or revolving. It refers to the transmigration in the Six Directions of Reincarnation, the realm of birth and death.

Samskara 行

See Volition or Five Skandhas.

Sangha 僧伽

The Buddhist monastic order. The corporate assembly of at least 3 monks under a chairman, empowered to hear confession, grant absolution and ordain. In general terms, it refers to any community practising the Buddhist Way.

Sanjna 想

See Recognition or Five Skandhas.

Sankrantivada 经量部  说转部

See Sautrantika.

Sannagarikah 密林山部  六城部

One of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Sthavirandin, developed from Vatsiputriyah.

Sanskrit

Brahma letters. The classical Aryan language of ancient India, systematized by scholars. With the exception of a few ancient translations probably from Pali versions, most of the original texts in Buddhism used in China were Sanskrit.

Sariputra 舍利弗

Sariputra in Sanskrit, Sariputta in Pali.   He was born in a Brahman family near Rajagaha. At the age of 17, he mastered all Vedic doctrines. In seeking a good teacher, he studied under one of the six great non-Buddhist teachers called Sanjaya. He met Shakyamuni with the aid of Assaji, one of the Five Bhiksus. He then became one of the Ten Great Disciples of Shakyamuni, noted for his wisdom and learning. He was also the right-hand attendant on Shakyamuni. He died before Shakyamuni entered Nirvana. He figures prominently in certain sutras. He is represented as standing with Maudgalyayana by the Buddha when entering Nirvana. He is to reappear as Padmaprabha Buddha.

Sarvastivadah 有部  一切有部  说一切有部

One of the early Hinayana sects, said to be formed about 200-300 years after the Nirvana of Shakyamuni. A branch of the Vaibhasika claiming Rahula as founder. A school of reality of all phenomena asserting the doctrine that all things are real.

The subdivision of Sarvastivadah was complicated and doubtful. In the list of the Eighteen Sects of Hinayana, the Sarvastivadah was not taken into account to be one sect, as it split into all the remaining sects.

Also known as Hetavadinah.

Satyasiddhi School

One of the Ten Schools of Chinese Buddhism. Founded on the Satyasiddhi Shastra by Harivarman.

Satyasiddhi Shastra 成实论

Written by Harivarman and translated by Kumarajiva, on which the Satyasiddhi Sect bases its doctrine. It was a Hinayana variation of the Sunya (emptiness) doctrine. The term is defined as perfectly establishing the real meaning of the Sutras.

Sautrantika 经量部  说转部

Sutravada in Sanskrit, Suttavada in Pali.   Libereally means reliance upon sutras, the original Buddhist texts, therefore emphasized the efficacy and authority of the sutras. Also called Sankrantivada as it held the view that the Skandhas transmigrate from the former world to the later world. It is one of the Hinayana sect, a branch of Sthaviradin developed from Sarvastivadah. Vasubandhu's arguments in the Abhidharmakosa criticize the Vaibhasikas from a Sautrantika viewpoint. The ideas influenced Mahayana doctrines to form Yogacara school.

Savatthi 舍卫城

Savatthi in Pali, Sravasti in Sanskrit.   The capital of the ancient Kingdom of Kosala, where the famous monastery (Bodhimandala) Jetavanna Grove was located.

Seng-yu (445-518 A.D.) 僧佑

He edited "the collection of Records concerning the Taipitaka", which is the earliest extant collection of its kind. He was the follower of Mahayana Buddhism.

Sensation 受

Or Feeling. The Sanskrit word is Vedana. One of the Five Skandhas. See Five Skandhas.

Seven Gems 七宝

They are gold, silver, lapis lazuli, crystal, mother-of-pearl, red pearls and carnelian.

Seven Title Classification

Sutra titles fall into seven classes accordingly to their reference to person, Dharma and analogy.

A.      Three Single

1.     Solely by reference to people
e.g. the Amitabha Sutra

2.     Solely by reference to Dharma
e.g. the Mahaparinirvana Sutra

3.     Solely by analogy
e.g. The Brahma Net Sutra

B.      Three Paired

4.     By reference to a person and a Dharma
e.g. The Sutra of the Questions of Manjushri

5.     By reference to a person and an analogy
e.g. The Sutra of the Lion's Roar of the Thus Come One

6.     By reference to a Dharma and an analogy.
e.g. The Wonderful Dharma Lotus Flower Sutra.

C.      Three-in-one

7.     By reference to person, Dharma and analogy together
e.g. The Great Universal Buddha Flower Adornment Sutra

Shakya 释迦族

Sakiya in Pali and Sakya in Sanskrit. The tribe to which Shakyamuni belonged.

Shakyamuni 释迦牟尼

Sakayamuni in Sanskrit, Shakyamuni in Pali.   The founder of Buddhism. He was born as the Prince of Sakyans, and was called Siddhartha Goutama. At the age of 35, he attained the supreme Enlightenment and became the Buddha and was the called Shakyamuni. The word means "capability and kindness".

Shatika Shastra 百论

One of the Three Shastra of Madhyamika School, so called because of its 100 verses, each of 32 words. It was written in Sanskrit by Vasubandhu and translated by Kumarajiva, but the versions differ.

Siddhartha 悉达多

Siddhartha in Sanskrit, Siddhattha in Pali.   The given name of Shakyamuni when he was born to the Prince Suddhodana. The name means "wish fulfilled".

Singalovada Sutra 善生经

A short sutra about ethics and morality.

Six Consciousness 六识

They are the perceptions and the discriminative ability of eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind.

Six Directions of Reincarnation 六道轮回

(1) Naraka, i.e. Hell
(2) Presta, i.e. Hungry Ghost
(3) Tiryagyoni, i.e. Animal
(4) Asura, i.e. Malevolent nature spirits
(5) Manusya, i.e. Human Existence
(6) Deva, i.e. Heavenly Existence

Six Dusts 六尘

See Six Gunas.

Six Entrances 六入

see Six Places and Six Indriyas.

Six External Bases 六外处

See Six Gunas.

Six Fields of Senses 六尘

See Six Gunas.

Six Fulfilment 六成就

The six requirements indicating that the Sutra is a true record of teachings given directly by the Buddha. They are the fulfilment of meeting the requirement

1. on belief

2. on hearing

3. on time

4. on of the host

5. on place

6. on audiences

Six Gunas 六尘

Or Six External Bases, or Six Dusts. They are sight, sound, scent/smell, taste, tangibles/touch and dharma/idea. They are the qualities produced by the objects and organs of sense.

Six Heavens of Desire 六欲天

See Three Realms.

Six Indriyas 六根

Or Six Internal Bases, or Six Sense-organs, or Six Places. They are eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind.

Six Internal Bases 六内处

See Six Indriyas.

Six Paramita 六波罗密多  六度

See Paramita.

Six Paths 六道

See Six Directions of Reincarnation.

Six Periods of Day and Night 六时

Six periods in a day, three for day and three for night, i.e. morning, noon, evening, night, midnight, dawn.

Six Places 六根

Sanskrit word is Sadayatana. See Six Indriyas.

Six Psychic Power 六神通

(1) the phychic power of the heavenly eye
(2) the psychic power of the heavenly ear
(3) phychic power with regard to post lives
(4) phychic power with regard to the minds
(5) the spiritually based psychic powers
(6) the psychic power of the extinction of outflows

Six Roots 六根

Or Six Sense-organs, see Six Indriyas.

Six Sense-organs 六根

See Six Indriyas.

Six States of Existence 六道

See Six Directions of Reincarnation.

Sixteen Contemplations 十六观经

See Vipasyana Sukhavativyha Sutra.

Sixteen Hearts 十六心

There are eight hearts within the Desire Realm:

1. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Suffering

2. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Suffering

3. Patience regarding the Dharma involving in Acculumation

4. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Acculumation

5. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Extinction

6. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Extinction

7. Patience regarding the Dharma involved in Way

8. Wisdom regarding the Dharma involved in Way

Note that the Truths of Suffering, Acculumation, Extinction and Way are the Four Noble Truths, which is the fundamental doctrine in Buddhism, particularly Hinayana.

There are the other eight hearts within the Form Realm and the Formless Realm:

1. Subsequent Patience regarding Suffering

2. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Suffering

3. Subsequent Patience regarding Acculumation

4. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Acculumation

5. Subsequent Patience regarding Extinction

6. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Extinction

7. Subsequent Patience regarding Way

8. Subsequent Wisdom regarding Way

Sphere of neither-perception-nor-non-perception 非想非非想天

The highest of the four heavens in the Realm of Formlessness, or called the sphere of no-thing.

Sphere of no-thing 无色天

The heavens without form, immaterial, consisting only of the mind in contemplation, being four in number of which the "sphere of neither-perception-nor-nonperception" is the highest.

Spiritual Ghost 鬼神

Living in the Ghost Path. They are kind dwelling in the nature, e.g. trees, mountain and sea protecting the creatures.

Sramanera 沙弥

Literally, it means the one who ceases from evil and does works of mercy or lives altruistically. He is a devoted and zealous man who has taken a vow to obey the ten commandments in Buddhist orders:

1. not to kill.

2. not to steal.

3. not to lie or speak evil.

4. not to have sexual misconduct.

5. not to use perfumes or decorate oneself with flowers.

6. not to occupy high beds.

7. not to sing or dance.

8. not to possess wealth.

9. not to eat out of regulation hours.

10.   not to drink wine.

Sramaneraka 沙弥尼

Sramenera in female gender obeying the ten commandments of Sramanera too.

Sravaka 声闻

The first or initial stage in Hinayana, the second being that of Praetyka-Buddha. Sravaka, a Sanskrit word, means a hearer. It generally relates to Hinayana disciple who understands the Four Noble Truth in entering Nirvana.

Srotaapanna 须陀洹

A Sanskrit word means one who has entered the flow, Sota-panna in Pali. He opposes the flow of common people's six dusts and enters the flow of the Sage's Dharma-nature.

It is the certification of the first fruit of Arhatship, which is within the Hinayana (small vehicle). It comes when the eighty-eight categories of delusions of view are smashed and cut off by means of sixteen hearts. It is called a Way of Liberation, for at that point, delusion is completely severed and liberation is obtained. One who has certified to Srotaapanna has seven more births and deaths to undergo. He will be born seven times in the heavens and seven times among men.

Sruti 天启书

The bibles of Brahmans, which are absolute truths originated from holy gods. They dictated the philosophical and religious thoughts in ancient India.

Sthavirah 上座部

Also known as Sthaviranikaya or Aryasthavirah.   Sthavirah and Mahasanghikah are the two earliest sects in Buddhism. At first, they were not considered to be different. Sthavirah merely represented the intimate and older disciples of Shakyamuni, while Mahasanghika being the rest. It is said that a century later, a difference of opinion arose on certain doctrines. Three divisions were named as a result (all in Ceylon):

1. Mahaviharavasinah

2. Jetavaniyah

3. Abhayagiri-vasinah

In the course, the eighteen Hinayana sects were developed.

From the time of Ashoka, four principal school are regarded as prevailing:

1. Mahasanghika

2. Sthavira

3. Mulasarvastivada

4. Sammatiyah

As far as Sthavira is concerned, there are eleven sects reckoned.

The Sthaviravadins were reputed as nearest to early Buddhism in its tenets, though it is said to have changed the basis of Buddhism from an agonostic system to a realist philosophy.

Sthaviranikaya 上座部

See Sthavirah.

Stupa 塔

Sanskrit word means burial mound, which contains the ashes or relics of an enlightened being. In China, it appears as pagoda, representing the place where Buddha "lives".

Subhadra 须跋陀罗

Subhadra in Sanskrit, Subhadda in Pali.   A Brahman of age 120, who became Shakyamuni's disciple shortly before Shakyamuni's death and is therefore known as the last disciple.

Sudatta 须达多

See Anathapindika.

Sudden Enlightenment 顿悟

Enlightened all of a sudden by hearing or studying Dharma, usually for those who practices Ch'an.

Suddhodana 净饭王

Pure Rice Prince, the father of Shakyamuni, ruled over the Sakyans at Kapilaratthu on the Nepalese border.

Sudra 首陀罗

Sudra in Sanskrit, Sudda in Pali. The lowest of the four Indian Castes at the time of Shakyamuni. They were peasants, slaves and serfs.

Sukhavativyuha Sutra 无量寿经

It is one of the main Sutras for Pure Land Sect. It stipulates the Forty-eight Vows of Amitabha Buddha, which give rise to the characteristic of the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss in the West.

Sumeru 须弥山

Sanskrit words. It means wonderful high mountain. It is composed of gold. silver, lapis lazuli and crystal, therefore it is so wonderful. It is eighty four thousand Yugamdhara high and eighty found thousand Yugamdhara wide, which is the greatest mountain amongst all.

Sutra 经

Sutra in Sanskrit, Sutta in Pali.   It is a "path" necessarily passed through in the cultivation of the Way.
 

miaohui
 2005-09-22 06:46
 
中华人民共和国国家安全法

State Security Law of the People's Republic of China

第一条 为了维护国家安全，保卫中华人民共和国人民民主专政的政权和社会主义制度，保障改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的顺利进行，根据宪法，制定本法。

Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution of the People's Republic of China for the purpose of safeguarding State security, protecting the State power of the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist system, and ensuring the smooth progress of reform, opening-up, and the socialist modernization drive.

第二条 国家安全机关是本法规定的国家安全工作的主管机关。

Article 2 The State security organs, as stipulated by this Law, are the competent authorities in charge of State security.

国家安全机关和公安机关按照国家规定的职权划分，各司其职，密切配合，维护国家安全。

The State security organs and the public security organs shall, in accordance with the division of functions and powers as prescribed by the State, attend to their respective duties, and closely cooperate with each other so as to safeguard State security.

第三条 中华人民共和国公民有维护国家的安全、荣誉和利益的义务，不得有危害国家的安全、荣誉和利益的行为。

Article 3 Citizens of the People's Republic of China shall have the duty to safeguard the security, honour and interests of the State, and must not commit any act endangering the security, honour or interests of the State.

一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体及各企业事业组织，都有维护国家安全的义务。

All State organs, armed forces, political parties, public organizations, enterprises and institutions shall have the duty to safeguard the security of the State.

国家安全机关在国家安全工作中必须依靠人民的支持，动员、组织人民防范、制止危害国家安全的行为。

The State security organs, in the work of State security, must rely on the people's support, and shall mobilize and organize the people to prevent and checked any act endangering the security of the State.

第四条 任何组织和个人进行危害中华人民共和国国家安全的行为都必须受到法律追究。

Article 4 Any organization or individual that has committed any act endangering the State security of the People's Republic of China shall be prosecuted according to law.

本法所称危害国家安全的行为，是指境外机构、组织、个人实施或者指使、资助他人实施的，或者境内组织、个人与境外机构、组织、个人相勾结实施的下列危害中华人民共和国国家安全的行为：

"Act endangering State security" as referred to in this Law means any of the following acts endangering the State security of the People's Republic of China committed by institutions, organizations or individuals outside the territory of the People's Republic of China, or, by other persons under the instigation or financial support of the afore-mentioned institutions, organizations or individuals, or, by organizations or individuals within the territory in collusion with institutions, organizations or individuals outside the territory:

（一）阴谋颠覆政府，分裂国家，推翻社会主义制度的；

(1) plotting to subvert the government, dismember the State or overthrow the socialist system;

（二）参加间谍组织或者接受间谍组织及其代理人的任务的；

(2) joining an espionage organization or accepting a mission assigned by an espionage organization or by its agent;

（三）窃取、刺探、收买、非法提供国家秘密的；

(3) stealing, secretly gathering, buying, or unlawfully providing State secrets;

（四）策动、勾引、收买国家工作人员叛变的；

(4) instigating, luring or bribing a State functionary to turn traitor; or

（五）进行危害国家安全的其他破坏活动的。

(5) committing any other act of sabotage endangering State security.

第五条 国家对支持、协助国家安全工作的组织和个人给予保护，对维护国家安全有重大贡献的给予奖励。

Article 5 The State shall protect organizations and individuals that have rendered support or assistance in safeguarding State security, and reward those who have made significant contributions to the maintenance of State security.

第二章 国家安全机关在国家安全工作中的职权

CHAPTER II FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE STATE SECURITY ORGANS IN THE WORK OF STATE SECURITY

第六条 国家安全机关在国家安全工作中依法行使侦查、拘留、预审和执行逮捕以及法律规定的其他职权。

Article 6 The State security organs shall exercise, in the work of State security, the functions and powers of investigation, detention, preliminary examination and execution of arrest according to law and other functions and powers as stipulated by the law.

第七条 国家安全机关的工作人员依法执行国家安全工作任务时，经出示相应证件，有权查验中国公民或者境外人员的身份证明；向有关组织和人员调查、询问有关情况。

Article 7 Any functionary of a State security organ, when carrying out according to law a task for State security and upon producing an appropriate certificate, shall have the right to examine the identification certificate of any Chinese citizen or any person from outside the territory of the People's Republic of China; and shall have the right to investigate or inquire about relevant matters from any organization or individual concerned.

第八条 国家安全机关的工作人员依法执行国家安全工作任务时，经出示相应证件，可以进入有关场所；根据国家有关规定，经过批准，出示相应证件，可以进入限制进入的有关地区、场所、单位；查看或者调阅有关的档案、资料、物品。

Article 8 Any functionary of a State security organ may, when carrying out a task for State security, enter any interested site upon producing an appropriate certificate, and may, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State, with approval and upon producing an appropriate certificate, enter interested restricted areas, sites or units; and may have access to related files, materials and articles for examination.

第九条 国家安全机关的工作人员在依法执行紧急任务的情况下，经出示相应证件，可以优先乘坐公共交通工具，遇交通阻碍时，优先通行。

Article 9 Any functionary of a State security organ may, when carrying out an urgent task according to law, have the priority in taking means of public transport upon producing an appropriate certificate, and have the right of way in cases of a traffic block.

国家安全机关为维护国家安全的需要，必要时，按照国家有关规定，可以优先使用机关、团体、企业事业组织和个人的交通工具、通信工具、场地和建筑物，用后应当及时归还，并支付适当费用；造成损失的，应当赔偿。

As necessitated by the maintenance of State security, a State security organ may, when necessary and in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State, have priority in use of any means of transport or communication, site or building belonging to any organ, organization, enterprise, institution or individual, and shall make a timely return after the use and pay an appropriate fee, and, in case of any damage or loss, shall make compensation therefor.

第十条 国家安全机关因侦察危害国家安全行为的需要，根据国家有关规定，经过严格的批准手续，可以采取技术侦察措施。

Article 10 Where the reconnaissance of an act endangering State security requires, a State security organ may, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State and after going through strict approval procedures, employ technological means of reconnaissance.

第十一条 国家安全机关为维护国家安全的需要，可以查验组织和个人的电子通信工具、器材等设备、设施。

Article 11 Where State security requires, a State security organ may inspect the electronic communication instruments and appliances and other similar equipment and installations belonging to any organization or individual.

第十二条 国家安全机关因国家安全工作的需要，根据国家有关规定，可以提请海关、边防等检查机关对有关人员和资料、器材免检。有关检查机关应当予以协助。

Article 12 Where State security requires, a State security organ may, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State, request such inspecting organs as the Customs and the frontier inspection stations to exempt the personnel, materials and equipment concerned from inspection. The relevant inspecting organs shall give assistance thereto.

第十三条 国家安全机关及其工作人员在国家安全工作中，应当严格依法办事，不得超越职权、滥用职权，不得侵犯组织和个人的合法权益。

Article 13 State security organs and their functionaries, in their work of State security, shall act strictly according to law, and refrain from overstepping or abusing their powers and infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of any organization or individual.

第十四条 国家安全机关工作人员依法执行职务受法律保护。

Article 14 The performance of duty according to law by functionaries of the State security organs shall be protected by law.

第三章 公民和组织维护国家安全的义务和权利

CHAPTER III DUTIES AND RIGHTS OF CITIZENS AND ORGANIZATIONS IN SAFEGUARDING STATE SECURITY

第十五条 机关、团体和其他组织应当对本单位的人员进行维护国家安全的教育，动员、组织本单位的人员防范、制止危害国家安全的行为。

Article 15 State organs, organizations and other institutions shall educate their personnel with regard to the maintenance of State security, mobilize and organize them to prevent and check acts endangering State security.

第十六条 公民和组织应当为国家安全工作提供便利条件或者其他协助。

Article 16 Citizens and organizations shall provide convenience or other assistance for the work of State security.

第十七条 公民发现危害国家安全的行为，应当直接或者通过所在组织及时向国家安全机关或者公安机关报告。

Article 17 Any citizen who finds any act endangering State security shall without delay report it directly or through his work unit to a State security organ or a public security organ.

第十八条 在国家安全机关调查了解有关危害国家安全的情况、收集有关证据时，公民和有关组织应当如实提供，不得拒绝。

Article 18 When a State security organ investigates and finds out any circumstances endangering State security and gathers related evidence, citizens and organizations concerned shall faithfully furnish it with relevant information and may not refuse to do so.

第十九条 任何公民和组织都应当保守所知悉的国家安全工作的国家秘密。

Article 19 Any citizen or organization shall keep confidential the State secrets that have come to his knowledge or its possession regarding State security.

第二十条 任何个人和组织都不得非法持有属于国家秘密的文件、资料和其他物品。

Article 20 No individual or organization may unlawfully hold any document, material or other articles classified as State secrets.

第二十一条 任何个人和组织都不得非法持有、使用窃听、窃照等专用间谍器材。

Article 21 No individual or organization may unlawfully hold or use any specialized espionage equipment or devices such as those for eavesdropping or secret photographing.

第二十二条 任何公民和组织对国家安全机关及其工作人员超越职权、滥用职权和其他违法行为，都有权向上级国家安全机关或者有关部门检举、控告。

Article 22 Any citizen or organization shall have the right to make to the State security organ at a higher level or to a relevant department exposure of or charge against the excess or abuse of power or other unlawful acts committed by a State security organ or its functionaries.

上级国家安全机关或者有关部门应当及时查清事实，负责处理。

The State security organ at the higher level or the relevant department shall ascertain the facts without delay and be responsible for the handling thereof.

对协助国家安全机关工作或者依法检举、控告的公民和组织，任何人不得压制和打击报复。

No one may suppress or retaliate against any citizen or organization that has assisted a State security organ in its work or made reports or charges according to law.

第二十三条 境外机构、组织、个人实施或者指使、资助他人实施，或者境内组织、个人与境外机构、组织、个人相勾结实施危害中华人民共和国国家安全的行为，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

Article 23 Where the acts endangering State security committed by institutions, organizations or individuals outside the territory of the People's Republic of China or committed by other persons under the instigation or financial support of