第八章 调 解

Chapter VIII Conciliation

第八十五条 人民法院审理民事案件，根据当事人自愿的原则，在事实清楚的基础上，分清是非，进行调解。

"Article 85 In the trial of civil cases, the people's court shall distinguish between right and wrong on the basis of the facts being clear and conduct conciliation between the parties on a voluntary basis."

第八十六条 人民法院进行调解，可以由审判员一人主持，也可以由合议庭主持，并尽可能就地进行。

"Article 86 When a people's court conducts conciliation, a single judge or a collegial panel may preside over it. Conciliation shall be conducted on the spot as much as possible."

人民法院进行调解，可以用简便方式通知当事人、证人到庭。

"When a people's court conducts conciliation, it may employ simplified methods to notify the parties concerned and the witnesses to appear in court."

第八十七条 人民法院进行调解，可以邀请有关单位和个人协助。

"Article 87 When a people's court conducts conciliation, it may invite the units or individuals concerned to come to its assistance."

被邀请的单位和个人，应当协助人民法院进行调解。

 The units or individuals invited shall assist the people's court in conciliation.

第八十八条 调解达成协议，必须双方自愿，不得强迫。

Article 88 A settlement agreement reached between the two parties through conciliation must be of their own free will and without compulsion.

调解协议的内容不得违反法律规定。

The content of the settlement agreement shall not contravene the law.

第八十九条 调解达成协议，人民法院应当制作调解书。

"Article 89 When a settlement agreement through conciliation is reached, the people's court shall draw up a conciliation statement. "

调解书应当写明诉讼请求、案件的事实和调解结果。

"The conciliation statement shall clearly set forth the claims, the facts of the case, and the result of the conciliation."

调解书由审判人员、书记员署名，加盖人民法院印章，送达双方当事人。

"The conciliation statement shall be signed by the judge and the court clerk, sealed by the people's court, and served on both parties."

调解书经双方当事人签收后，即具有法律效力。

"Once it is receipted by the two parties concerned, the conciliation statement shall become legally effective."

第九十条 下列案件调解达成协议，人民法院可以不制作调解书：

Article 90 The people's court need not draw up a conciliation statement for the following cases when a settlement agreement is reached through conciliation:

（一）调解和好的离婚案件；

(1) divorce cases in which both parties have become reconciled after conciliation;

（二）调解维持收养关系的案件；

(2) cases in which adoptive relationship has been maintained through conciliation;

（三）能够即时履行的案件；

(3) cases in which the claims can be immediately satisfied;

（四）其他不需要制作调解书的案件。

 and (4) other cases that do not require a conciliation statement.

对不需要制作调解书的协议，应当记入笔录，由双方当事人、审判人员、书记员签名或者盖章后，即具有法律效力。

"Any settlement agreement that needs no conciliation statement shall be entered into the written record and shall become legally effective after being signed or sealed by both parties concerned, by the judge and by the court clerk."

第九十一条 调解未达成协议或者调解书送达前一方反悔的，人民法院应当及时判决。

"Article 91 If no agreement is reached through conciliation or if either party backs out of the settlement agreement before the conciliation statement is served, the people's court shall render a judgment without delay."

第九章 财产保全和先予执行

Chapter IX Property Preservation and Advance Execution

第九十二条 人民法院对于可能因当事人一方的行为或者其他原因，使判决不能执行或者难以执行的案件，可以根据对方当事人的申请，作出财产保全的裁定；

"Article 92 In the cases where the execution of a judgment may become impossible or difficult because of the acts of either party or for other reasons, the people's court may, at the application of the other party, order the adoption of measures for property preservation. "

当事人没有提出申请的，人民法院在必要时也可以裁定采取财产保全措施。

"In the absence of such application, the people's court may of itself, when necessary, order the adoption of measures for property preservation."

人民法院采取财产保全措施，可以责令申请人提供担保；申请人不提供担保的，驳回申请。

"In adopting property preservation measures, the people's court may enjoin the applicant to provide security; if the applicant fails to do so, his application shall be rejected."

人民法院接受申请后，对情况紧急的，必须在四十八小时内作出裁定；

"After receiving an application, the people's court must, if the case is urgent, make an order within 48 hours; "

裁定采取财产保全措施的，应当立即开始执行。

"if the order for the adoption of property preservation measures is made, the execution thereof shall begin immediately."

第九十三条 利害关系人因情况紧急，不立即申请财产保全将会使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，可以在起诉前向人民法院申请采取财产保全措施。

"Article 93 Any interested party whose lawful rights and interests would, due to urgent circumstances, suffer irretrievable damage without immediately applying for property preservation, may, before filing a lawsuit, apply to the people's court for the adoption of property preservation measures. "

申请人应当提供担保，不提供担保的，驳回申请。

"The applicant must provide security; if he fails to do so, his application shall be rejected."

人民法院接受申请后，必须在四十八小时内作出裁定；裁定采取财产保全措施的，应当立即开始执行。

"After receiving an application, the people's court must make an order within 48 hours; if the court orders the adoption of property preservation measures, the execution thereof shall begin immediately."

申请人在人民法院采取保全措施后十五日内不起诉的，人民法院应当解除财产保全。

"If the applicant fails to bring an action within 15 days after the people's court has adopted the preservation measures, the people's court shall cancel the property preservation."

第九十四条 财产保全限于请求的范围，或者与本案有关的财物。

Article 94 Property preservation shall be limited to the scope of the claims or to the property relevant to the case.

财产保全采取查封、扣押、冻结或者法律规定的其他方法。

"Property preservation shall be effected by sealing up, distraining, freezing or other methods as prescribed by the law."

人民法院冻结财产后，应当立即通知被冻结财产的人。

"After the people's court has frozen the property, it shall promptly notify the person whose property has been frozen."

财产已被查封、冻结的，不得重复查封、冻结。

The property that has already been sealed up or frozen shall not be sealed up or frozen for a second time.

第九十五条 被申请人提供担保的，人民法院应当解除财产保全。

"Article 95 If the person against whom the application for property reservation is made provides security, the people's court shall cancel the property reservation."

第九十六条 申请有错误的，申请人应当赔偿被申请人因财产保全所遭受的损失。

"Article 96 If an application for property preservation is wrongfully made, the applicant shall compensate the person against whom the application is made for any loss incurred from property preservation."

第九十七条 人民法院对下列案件，根据当事人的申请，可以裁定先予执行：

"Article 97 The people's court may, upon application of the party concerned, order advance execution in respect of the following cases: "

（一）追索赡养费、扶养费、抚育费、抚恤金、医疗费用的；

"(1) those involving claims for alimony, support for children or elders, pension for the disabled or the family of a decedent, or expenses for medical care; "

（二）追索劳动报酬的；

(2) those involving claims for remuneration for labour;

（三）因情况紧急需要先予执行的。

and (3) those involving urgent circumstances that require advance execution.

第九十八条 人民法院裁定先予执行的，应当符合下列条件：

Article 98 Cases in which advance execution is ordered by the people's court shall meet the following conditions:

（一）当事人之间权利义务关系明确，不先予执行将严重影响申请人的生活或者生产经营的；

" (1) the relationship of rights and obligations between the parties concerned is clear and definite, and denial of advance execution would seriously affect the livelihood or production operations of the applicant; "

（二）被申请人有履行能力。

and (2) the person against whom the application for advance execution is made is capable of fulfilling his obligations.

人民法院可以责令申请人提供担保，申请人不提供担保的，驳回申请。

"The people's court may enjoin the applicant to provide security; if the applicant fails to do so, his application shall be rejected. "

申请人败诉的，应当赔偿被申请人因先予执行遭受的财产损失。

"If the applicant loses the lawsuit, he shall compensate the person against whom the application is made for any loss of property incurred from the advance execution."

第九十九条 当事人对财产保全或者先予执行的裁定不服的，可以申请复议一次。

"Article 99 If the party concerned is not satisfied with the order made on property preservation or execution, he may apply for reconsideration which could be granted only once. "

复议期间不停止裁定的执行。

Execution of the order shall not be suspended during the time of reconsideration.

第十章 对妨害民事诉讼的强制措施

Chapter X Compulsory Measures Against Obstruction of CivilProc eedings

第一百条 人民法院对必须到庭的被告，经两次传票传唤，无正当理由拒不到庭的，可以拘传。

"Article 100 If a defendant is required to appear in court, but, having been served twice with summons, still refuses to do so without justified reason, the people's court may constrain him to appear in court by a peremptory writ."

第一百零一条 诉讼参与人和其他人应当遵守法庭规则。

Article 101 Participants and other persons in the court proceedings shall abide by the court rules.

人民法院对违反法庭规则的人，可以予以训诫，责令退出法庭或者予以罚款、拘留。

"If a person violates the court rules, the people's court may reprimand him, or order him to leave the courtroom, or impose a fine on or detain him."

人民法院对哄闹、冲击法庭，侮辱、诽谤、威胁、殴打审判人员，严重扰乱法庭秩序的人，依法追究刑事责任；情节较轻的，予以罚款、拘留。

"A person who seriously disrupts court order by making an uproar in the court or rushing at it, or insulting, slandering, threatening, or assaulting the judicial officers, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility by the people's court according to the law; if the offence is a minor one, the offender may be detained or a fine imposed on him."

第一百零二条 诉讼参与人或者其他人有下列行为之一的，人民法院可以根据情节轻重予以罚款、拘留；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任：

"Article 102 If a participant or any other person in the proceedings commits any one of the following acts, the people's court shall, according to the seriousness of the act, impose a fine on him or detain him; if the act constitutes a crime, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law."

（一）伪造、毁灭重要证据，妨碍人民法院审理案件的；

"(1) forging or destroying important evidence, which would obstruct the trial of a case by the people's court; "

（二）以暴力、威胁、贿买方法阻止证人作证或者指使、贿买、胁迫他人作伪证的；

"(2) using violence, threats or subordination to prevent a witness from giving testimony, or instigating, suborning, or coercing others to commit perjury; "

（三）隐藏、转移、变卖、毁损已被查封、扣押的财产，或者已被清点并责令其保管的财产，转移已被冻结的财产的；

"(3) concealing, transferring, selling or destroying property that has been sealed up or distrained, or property of which an inventory has been made and which has been put under his care according to court instruction, or transferring the property that has been frozen; "

（四）对司法工作人员、诉讼参加人、证人、翻译人员、鉴定人、勘验人、协助执行的人，进行侮辱、诽谤、诬陷、殴打或者打击报复的；

"(4) insulting, slandering, incriminating with false charges, assaulting or maliciously retaliating against judicial officers or personnel, participants in the proceedings, witnesses, interpreters, evaluation experts, inspectors, or personnel assisting in execution; "

（五）以暴力、威胁或者其他方法阻碍司法工作人员执行职务的；

"(5) using violence, threats or other means to hinder judicial officers or personnel from performing their duties; "

（六）拒不履行人民法院已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定的。

or (6) refusing to carry out legally effective judgments or orders of the people's court.

人民法院对有前款规定的行为之一的单位，可以对其主要负责人或者直接责任人员予以罚款、拘留；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

"With respect to a unit that commits any one of the acts specified above, the people's court may impose a fine on or detain its principal heads or the persons who are held actually responsible for the act; if the act constitutes a crime, investigations for criminal responsibility shall be made according to the law."

第一百零三条 有义务协助调查、执行的单位有下列行为之一的，人民法院除责令其履行协助义务外，并可以予以罚款：

"Article 103 Where a unit which is under an obligation to assist in investigation and execution commits any one of the following acts, the people's court may, apart from enjoining it to perform its obligation, also impose a fine:"

（一）有关单位拒绝或者妨碍人民法院调查取证的；

 (1) refusing or obstructing the investigation and collection of evidence by the people's court;

（二）银行、信用合作社和其他有储蓄业务的单位接到人民法院协助执行通知书后，拒不协助查询、冻结或者划拨存款的；

" (2) refusing by banks, credit cooperatives or other units dealing with savings deposit, after receiving a notice for assistance in execution from the people's court, to assist in inquiring into, freezing or transferring the relevant deposit."

（三）有关单位接到人民法院协助执行通知书后，拒不协助扣留被执行人的收入、办理有关财产权证照转移手续、转交有关票证、证照或者其他财产的；

"(3) refusing by the unit concerned, after receiving a notice for assistance in execution from the people's court, to assist in withholding the income of the party subject to execution, in going through the formalities of transferring the relevant certificates of property rights or in transferring the relevant negotiable instruments, certificates, or other property; "

（四）其他拒绝协助执行的。

or (4) refusing to provide other obligatory assistance in the execution.

人民法院对有前款规定的行为之一的单位，可以对其主要负责人或者直接责任人员予以罚款；

"With respect to a unit that commits any one of the acts specified above, the people's court may impose a fine on its principal heads or the persons who are held actually responsible for the act. "

还可以向监察机关或者有关机关提出予以纪律处分的司法建议。

The people's court may also put forward a judicial proposal to the supervisory organ or any relevant organ for the imposition of disciplinary sanctions.

第一百零四条 对个人的罚款金额，为人民币一千元以下。

"Article 104 A fine on an individual shall not exceed Renminbi 1,000 yuan. "

对单位的罚款金额，为人民币一千元以上三万元以下。

"A fine on a unit shall not be less than Renminbi 1,000 yuan and shall not exceed Renminbi 30,000 yuan."

拘留的期限，为十五日以下。

The period of detention shall not be longer than 15 days.

被拘留的人，由人民法院交公安机关看管。在拘留期间，被拘留人承认并改正错误的，人民法院可以决定提前解除拘留。

"The people's court shall deliver detained persons to a public security organ for custody. The people's court may decide to advance the time of release, if the detainee admits and mends his wrongdoings."

第一百零五条 拘传、罚款、拘留必须经院长批准。

"Article 105 Constrained appearance in court, imposition of a fine or detention shall be subject to the approval of the president of the people's court."

拘传应当发拘传票。

A peremptory writ shall be issued for constraining appearance in court.

罚款、拘留应当用决定书。

 A decision in writing shall be made for the imposition of a fine or detention.

对决定不服的，可以向上一级人民法院申请复议一次。

"The offender, if dissatisfied with the decision, may apply to a people's court at a higher level for reconsideration which could be granted only once. "

复议期间不停止执行。

The execution of the decision shall not be suspended during the time of reconsideration.

第一百零六条 采取对妨害民事诉讼的强制措施必须由人民法院决定。

Article 106 Decision on the adoption of compulsory measures against obstruction of proceedings shall be made only by the people's court.

任何单位和个人采取非法拘禁他人或者非法私自扣押他人财产追索债务的，应当依法追究刑事责任，或者予以拘留、罚款。

"Any unit or individual that extorts repayment of a debt by illegal detention of a person or illegal distrainment of property shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to the law, or shall be punished with detention or a fine."

第十一章 诉讼费用

Chapter XI Litigation Costs

第一百零七条 当事人进行民事诉讼，应当按照规定交纳案件受理费。

Article 107 Any party filing a civil lawsuit shall pay court costs according to the rules. 

财产案件除交纳案件受理费外，并按照规定交纳其他诉讼费用。

"For property cases, the party shall pay other fees in addition to the court costs."

当事人交纳诉讼费用确有困难的，可以按照规定向人民法院申请缓交、减交或者免交。

"Any party that has genuine difficulty in paying litigation costs may, according to the relevant rules, apply to the people's court for deferment or reduction of the payment or for its exemption."

收取诉讼费用的办法另行制定。

Particulars for payment of litigation costs shall be laid down separately.

第二编 审判程序 第十二章 第一审普通程序 第一节 起诉和受理

PART TWO TRIAL PROCEDURE　Chapter XII Ordinary Procedure of First Instance　Section 1 Bringing a Lawsuit and Entertaining a Case

第一百零八条 起诉必须符合下列条件：

Article 108 The following conditions must be met when a lawsuit is brought:

（一）原告是与本案有直接利害关系的公民、法人和其他组织；

"(1) the plaintiff must be a citizen, legal person or any other organization that has a direct interest in the case; "

（二）有明确的被告；

(2) there must be a definite defendant;

（三）有具体的诉讼请求和事实、理由；

"(3) there must be specific claim or claims, facts, and cause or causes for the suit;"

（四）属于人民法院受理民事诉讼的范围和受诉人民法院管辖。

 and (4) the suit must be within the scope of acceptance for civil actions by the people's court and under the jurisdiction of the people's court where the suit is entertained.

第一百零九条 起诉应当向人民法院递交起诉状，并按照被告人数提出副本。

"Article 109 When a lawsuit is brought, a statement of complaint shall be submitted to the people's court, and copies of the statement shall be provided according to the number of defendants."

书写起诉状确有困难的，可以口头起诉，由人民法院记入笔录，并告知对方当事人。

"If the plaintiff has genuine difficulty in presenting the statement of complaint in writing, he may state his complaint orally; the people's court shall transcribe the complaint and inform the other party of it accordingly."

第一百一十条 起诉状应当记明下列事项：

Article 110 A statement of complaint shall clearly set forth the following:

（一）当事人的姓名、性别、年龄、民族、职业、工作单位和住所，法人或者其他组织的名称、住所和法定代表人或者主要负责人的姓名、职务；

"(1) the name, sex, age, ethnic status, occupation, work unit and home address of the parties to the case; if the parties are legal persons or any other organizations, their names, addresses and the names and posts of the legal representatives or the principal heads."

（二）诉讼请求和所根据的事实与理由；

"(2) the claim or claims of the suit, the facts and grounds on which the suit is based; "

（三）证据和证据来源，证人姓名和住所。

"and (3) the evidence and its source, as well as the names and home addresses of the witnesses."

第一百一十一条 人民法院对符合本法第一百零八条的起诉，必须受理；对下列起诉，分别情形，予以处理：

"Article 111 The people's court must entertain the lawsuits filed in conformity with the provisions of Article 108 of this Law. With respect to lawsuits described below, the people's court shall deal with them in the light of their specific circumstances: "

（一）依照行政诉讼法的规定，属于行政诉讼受案范围的，告知原告提起行政诉讼；

"(1) for a lawsuit within the scope of administrative actions in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Procedure Law, the people's court shall advise the plaintiff to institute administrative proceedings; "

（二）依照法律规定，双方当事人对合同纠纷自愿达成书面仲裁协议向仲裁机构申请仲裁、不得向人民法院起诉的，告知原告向仲裁机构申请仲裁；

"(2) if, according to the law, both parties have on a voluntary basis reached a written agreement to submit their contract dispute to an arbitral organ for arbitration, they may not institute legal proceedings in a people's court. The people's court shall advise the plaintiff to apply to the arbitral organ for arbitration; "

（三）依照法律规定，应当由其他机关处理的争议，告知原告向有关机关申请解决；

"(3) in case of disputes which, according to the law, shall be dealt with by other organs, the people's court shall advise the plaintiff to apply to the relevant organ for settlement;"

（四）对不属于本院管辖的案件，告知原告向有管辖权的人民法院起诉；

" (4) with respect to cases that are not under its jurisdiction, the people's court shall advise the plaintiff to bring a lawsuit in the competent people's court; "

（五）对判决、裁定已经发生法律效力的案件，当事人又起诉的，告知原告按照申诉处理，但人民法院准许撤诉的裁定除外；

"(5) with respect to cases in which a judgment or order has already taken legal effect, but either party brings a suit again, the people's court shall advise that party to file an appeal instead, except when the order of the people's court is one that permits the withdrawal of a suit; "

（六）依照法律规定，在一定期限内不得起诉的案件，在不得起诉的期限内起诉的，不予受理；

"(6) with respect to an action that may not be filed within a specified period according to the law, it shall not be entertained, if it is filed during that period."

（七）判决不准离婚和调解和好的离婚案件，判决、调解维持收养关系的案件，没有新情况、新理由，原告在六个月内又起诉的，不予受理。

"(7) in a divorce case in which a judgment has been made disallowing the divorce, or in which both parties have become reconciled after conciliation, or in a case concerning adoptive relationship in which a judgment has been made or conciliation has been successfully conducted to maintain the adoptive relation-ship, if the plaintiff files a suit again within six months in the absence of any new developments or new reasons, it shall not be entertained."

第一百一十二条 人民法院收到起诉状或者口头起诉，经审查，认为符合起诉条件的，应当在七日内立案，并通知当事人；

"Article 112 When a people's court receives a statement of complaint or an oral complaint and finds after examination that it meets the requirements for acceptance, the court shall place the case on the docket within seven days and notify the parties concerned; "

认为不符合起诉条件的，应当在七日内裁定不予受理；

if it does not meet the requirements for acceptance the court shall make an order within seven days to reject it.

原告对裁定不服的，可以提起上诉。

"The plaintiff, if not satisfied with the order, may file an appeal."

第二节 审理前的准备

Section 2 Preparations for Trial

第一百一十三条 人民法院应当在立案之日起五日内将起诉状副本发送被告，被告在收到之日起十五日内提出答辩状。

"Article 113 The people's court shall send a copy of the statement of complaint to the defendant within five days after docketing the case, and the defendant shall file a defence within 15 days from receipt of the copy of the statement of complaint. "

被告提出答辩状的，人民法院应当在收到之日起五日内将答辩状副本发送原告。

"When the defendant files a defence, the people's court shall send a copy of it to the plaintiff within five days from its receipt. "

被告不提出答辩状的，不影响人民法院审理。

Failure by the defendant to file a defence shall not prevent the case from being tried by the people's court.

第一百一十四条 人民法院对决定受理的案件，应当在受理案件通知书和应诉通知书中向当事人告知有关的诉讼权利义务，或者口头告知。

"Article 114 The people's court shall, with respect to cases whose acceptance has been decided, inform the parties in the notification of acceptance and in the notification calling for responses to the action of their relevant litigation rights and obligations of which the parties may likewise be informed orally."

第一百一十五条 合议庭组成人员确定后，应当在三内日告知当事人。

Article 115 The parties shall be notified within three days after the members of the collegial panel are determined.

第一百一十六条 审判人员必须认真审核诉讼材料，调查收集必要的证据。

Article 116 The judicial officers must carefully examine and verify the case materials and carry out investigations and collection of necessary evidence.

第一百一十七条 人民法院派出人员进行调查时，应当向被调查人出示证件。

Article 117 The personnel sent by a people's court to conduct investigations shall produce their credentials before the person to be investigated.

调查笔录经被调查人校阅后，由被调查人、调查人签名或者盖章。

The written record of an investigation shall be checked by the person investigated and then signed or sealed by both the investigator and the investigated.

第一百一十八条 人民法院在必要时可以委托外地人民法院调查。

"Article 118 A people's court may, when necessary, entrust a people's court in another locality with the investigations."

委托调查，必须提出明确的项目和要求。

The entrusting people's court shall clearly set out the matters for and requirements of the entrusted investigations.

受委托人民法院可以主动补充调查。

The entrusted people's court may on its own initiative conduct supplementary investigations.

受委托人民法院收到委托书后，应当在三十日内完成调查。

The entrusted people's court shall complete the investigations within 30 days after receiving the commission in writing.

因故不能完成的，应当在上述期限内函告委托人民法院。

"If for some reason it cannot complete the investigations, the said people's court shall notify the entrusting people's court in writing within the above-mentioned time limit."

第一百一十九条 必须共同进行诉讼的当事人没有参加诉讼的，人民法院应当通知其参加诉讼。

"Article 119 If a party who must participate in a joint action fails to participate in the proceedings, the people's court shall notify him to participate."

第三节 开庭审理

Section 3 Trial in Court

第一百二十条 人民法院审理民事案件，除涉及国家秘密、个人隐私或者法律另有规定的以外，应当公开进行。

"Article 120 Civil cases shall be tried in public, except for those that involve State secrets or personal privacy or are to be tried otherwise as provided by the law."

离婚案件，涉及商业秘密的案件，当事人申请不公开审理的，可以不公开审理。

A divorce case or a case involving trade secrets may not be heard in public if a party so requests.

第一百二十一条 人民法院审理民事案件，根据需要进行巡回审理，就地办案。

"Article 121 For civil cases, the people's court shall, whenever necessary, go on circuit to hold trials on the spot."

第一百二十二条 人民法院审理民事案件，应当在开庭三日前通知当事人和其他诉讼参与人。公开审理的，应当公告当事人姓名、案由和开庭的时间、地点。

"Article 122 For civil cases, the people's court shall notify the parties and other participants in the proceedings three days before the opening of a court session. If a case is to be tried in public, the names of the parties, the cause of action and the time and location of the court session shall be announced publicly."

第一百二十三条 开庭审理前，书记员应当查明当事人和其他诉讼参与人是否到庭，宣布法庭纪律。

"Article 123 Before a court session is called to order, the court clerk shall ascertain whether or not the parties and other participants in the proceedings are present and announce the rules of order of the court."

开庭审理时，由审判长核对当事人，宣布案由，宣布审判人员、书记员名单，告知当事人有关的诉讼权利义务，询问当事人是否提出回避申请。

"At the beginning of a court session, the presiding judge shall check the parties present, announce the cause of action and the names of the judicial officers and court clerks, inform the parties of their relevant litigation rights and obligations and ask the parties whether or not they wish to apply for the withdrawal of any court personnel."

第一百二十四条 法庭调查按照下列顺序进行：

Article 124 Court investigation shall be conducted in the following order:

（一）当事人陈述；

(1) statements by the parties;

（二）告知证人的权利义务，证人作证，宣读未到庭的证人证言；

"(2) informing the witnesses of their rights and obligations, giving testimony by the witnesses and reading of the written statements of absentee witnesses; "

（三）出示书证、物证和视听资料；

"(3) presentation of documentary evidence, material evidence and audio-visual material; "

（四）宣读鉴定结论；

(4) reading of expert conclusions;

（五）宣读勘验笔录。

and (5) reading of records of inspection.

第一百二十五条 当事人在法庭上可以提出新的证据。

Article 125 The parties may present new evidence during a court session.

当事人经法庭许可，可以向证人、鉴定人、勘验人发问。

"With the permission of the court, the parties may put questions to witnesses, expert witnesses and inspectors."

当事人要求重新进行调查、鉴定或者勘验的，是否准许，由人民法院决定。

"Any request by the parties concerned for a new investigation, expert evaluation or inspection shall be subject to the approval of the people's court."

第一百二十六条 原告增加诉讼请求，被告提出反诉，第三人提出与本案有关的诉讼请求，可以合并审理。

"Article 126 Additional claims by the plaintiff, counterclaims by the defendant and third-party claims related to the case may be tried in combination."

第一百二十七条 法庭辩论按照下列顺序进行：

Article 127 Court debate shall be conducted in the following order:

（一）原告及其诉讼代理人发言；

(1) oral statements by the plaintiff and his agents ad litem;

（二）被告及其诉讼代理人答辩；

(2) defence by the defendant and his agents ad litem;

（三）第三人及其诉讼代理人发言或者答辩；

(3) oral statement or defence by the third party and his agents ad litem;

（四）互相辩论。

(4) debate between the two sides.

法庭辩论终结，由审判长按照原告、被告、第三人的先后顺序征询各方最后意见。

"At the end of the court debate, the presiding judge shall ask each side, first the plaintiff, then the defendant, and then the third party, for their final opinion respectively."

第一百二十八条 法庭辩论终结，应当依法作出判决。

"Article 128 At the end of the court debate, a judgment shall be made according to the law. "

判决前能够调解的，还可以进行调解，调解不成的，应当及时判决。

"Where conciliation is possible prior to the rendering of a judgment, conciliation efforts may be made; if conciliation proves to be unsuccessful, a judgment shall be made without delay."

第一百二十九条 原告经传票传唤，无正当理由拒不到庭的，或者未经法庭许可中途退庭的，可以按撤诉处理；被告反诉的，可以缺席判决。

"Article 129 If a plaintiff, having been served with a summons, refuses to appear in court without justified reasons, or if he withdraws during a court session without the permission of the court, the case may be considered as withdrawn by him; if the defendant files a counterclaim in the mean time, the court may make a judgment by default."

第一百三十条 被告经传票传唤，无正当理由拒不到庭的，或者未经法庭许可中途退庭的，可以缺席判决。

"Article 130 If a defendant, having been served with a summons, refuses to appear in court without justified reasons, or if he withdraws during a court session without the permission of the court, the court may make a judgment by default."

第一百三十一条 宣判前，原告申请撤诉的，是否准许，由人民法院裁定。

"Article 131 If a plaintiff applies for withdrawal of the case before the judgment is pronounced, the people's court shall decide whether to approve or disapprove it. "

人民法院裁定不准许撤诉的，原告经传票传唤，无正当理由拒不到庭的，可以缺席判决。

"If withdrawal of the case is not allowed by an order of the people's court, and the plaintiff, having been served with a summons, refuses to appear in court without justified reasons, the people's court may make a judgment by default."

第一百三十二条 有下列情形之一的，可以延期开庭审理：

"Article 132 Under any of the following circumstances, the trial may be adjourned: "

（一）必须到庭的当事人和其他诉讼参与人有正当理由没有到庭的；

(1) the parties concerned and other participants in the proceedings required to appear in court fail to do so for justified reasons;

（二）当事人临时提出回避申请的；

(2) any party concerned makes an extempore application for the withdrawal of a judicial officer;

（三）需要通知新的证人到庭，调取新的证据，重新鉴定、勘验，或者需要补充调查的；

"or (3) it is necessary to summon new witnesses to court, collect new evidence, make a new expert evaluation, new inspection, or to make a supplementary investigation; "

（四）其他应当延期的情形。

or (4) other circumstances that warrant the adjournment.

第一百三十三条 书记员应当将法庭审理的全部活动记入笔录，由审判人员和书记员签名。

"Article 133 The court clerk shall make a written record of the entire court proceedings, which shall be signed by him and the judicial officers."

法庭笔录应当当庭宣读，也可以告知当事人和其他诉讼参与人当庭或者在五日内阅读。

"The court record shall be read out in court, or else the parties and other participants in the proceedings may be notified to read the record while in court or within five days. "

当事人和其他诉讼参与人认为对自己的陈述记录有遗漏或者差错的，有权申请补正。

"If they consider that there are omissions or errors in the record of their own statements, the parties or other participants in the proceedings shall have the right to apply for rectifications."

如果不予补正，应当将申请记录在案。

" If such rectifications are not made, the application shall be placed on record in the case file."

法庭笔录由当事人和其他诉讼参与人签名或者盖章。拒绝签名盖章的，记明情况附卷。

The court record shall be signed or sealed by the parties and other participants in the proceedings. Refusal to do so shall be put on record in the case file.

第一百三十四条 人民法院对公开审理或者不公开审理的案件，一律公开宣告判决。

"Article 134 The people's court shall publicly pronounce its judgment in all cases, whether publicly tried or not."

当庭宣判的，应当在十日内发送判决书；定期宣判的，宣判后立即发给判决书。

"If a judgment is pronounced in court, the written judgment shall be issued and delivered within ten days; if a judgment is pronounced later on a fixed date, the written judgment shall be issued and given immediately after the pronouncement."

宣告判决时，必须告知当事人上诉权利、上诉期限和上诉的法院。

"Upon pronouncement of a judgment, the parties concerned must be informed of their right to file an appeal, the time limit for appeal and the court to which they may appeal."

宣告离婚判决，必须告知当事人在判决发生法律效力前不得另行结婚。

"Upon pronouncement of a divorce judgment, the parties concerned must be informed not to remarry before the judgment takes legal effect."

第一百三十五条 人民法院适用普通程序审理的案件，应当在立案之日起六个月内审结。

"Article 135 A people's court trying a case in which the ordinary procedure is followed, shall conclude the case within six months after docketing the case. "

有特殊情况需要延长的，由本院院长批准，可以延长六个月；还需要延长的，报请上级人民法院批准。

"Where an extension of the period is necessary under special circumstances, a six-month extension may be allowed subject to the approval of the president of the court. Further extension, if needed, shall be reported to the people's court at a higher level for approval."

第四节 诉讼中止和终结

Section 4 Suspension and Termination of Legal Proceedings

第一百三十六条 有下列情形之一的，中止诉讼：

Article 136 Legal proceedings shall be suspended in any of the following circumstances:

（一）一方当事人死亡，需要等待继承人表明是否参加诉讼的；

(1) one of the parties dies and it is necessary to wait for the heir or heiress to make clear whether to participate or not in the proceedings;

（二）一方当事人丧失诉讼行为能力，尚未确定法定代理人的；

 (2) one of the parties has lost the capacity to engage in litigation and his agent ad item has not been designated yet;

（三）作为一方当事人的法人或者其他组织终止，尚未确定权利义务承受人的；

"(3) the legal person or any other organization as one of the parties has dissolved, and the successor to its rights and obligations has not been determined yet;"

（四）一方当事人因不可抗拒的事由，不能参加诉讼的；

 (4) one of the parties is unable to participate in the proceedings for reasons of force majeure;

（五）本案必须以另一案的审理结果为依据，而另一案尚未审结的；

(5) the adjudication of the case pending is dependent on the results of the trial of another case that has not yet been concluded;

（六）其他应当中止诉讼的情形。

or (6) other circumstances that warrant the suspension of the litigation.

中止诉讼的原因消除后，恢复诉讼。

The proceedings shall resume after the causes of the suspension have been eliminated.

第一百三十七条 有下列情形之一的，终结诉讼：

Article 137 Legal proceedings shall be terminated in any of the following circumstances:

（一）原告死亡，没有继承人，或者继承人放弃诉讼权利的；

"(1) the plaintiff dies without a successor, or the successor waives the right to litigate;"

（二）被告死亡，没有遗产，也没有应当承担义务的人的；

" (2) the decedent leaves no estate, nor anyone to succeed to his obligations; "

（三）离婚案件一方当事人死亡的；

(3) one of the parties in a divorce case dies;

（四）追索赡养费、扶养费、抚育费以及解除收养关系案件的一方当事人死亡的。

" or (4) one of the parties dies who is a claimant to alimony, support for elders or children or to the termination of adoptive relationship."

第五节 判决和裁定

Section 5 Judgment and Order

第一百三十八条 判决书应当写明：

Article 138 A judgment shall clearly set forth the following:

（一）案由、诉讼请求、争议的事实和理由；

"(1) cause of action, the claims, facts and cause or causes of the dispute; "

（二）判决认定的事实、理由和适用的法律依据；

(2) the facts and causes as found in the judgment and the basis of application of the law;

（三）判决结果和诉讼费用的负担；

(3) the outcome of adjudication and the costs to be borne;

（四）上诉期间和上诉的法院。

and (4) the time limit for filing an appeal and the appellate court with which the appeal may be filed.

判决书由审判人员、书记员署名，加盖人民法院印章。

"The judgment shall be signed by the judicial officers and the court clerk, with the seal of the people's court affixed to it."

第一百三十九条 人民法院审理案件，其中一部分事实已经清楚，可以就该部分先行判决。

"Article 139 If some of the facts in a case being tried by the people's court are already evident, the court may pass judgment on that part of the case first."

第一百四十条 裁定适用于下列范围：

Article 140 An order in writing is to be made in any of the following conditions:

（一）不予受理；

(1) refusal to entertain a case;

（二）对管辖权有异议的；

 (2) objection to the jurisdiction of a court;

（三）驳回起诉；

 (3) rejection of a complaint;

（四）财产保全和先予执行；

 (4) property preservation and advance execution;

（五）准许或者不准许撤诉；

 (5) approval or disapproval of withdrawal of a suit;

（六）中止或者终结诉讼；

 (6) suspension or termination of legal proceedings;

（七）补正判决书中的笔误；

(7) correction of errata in the judgment;

（八）中止或者终结执行；

(8) suspension or termination of execution;

（九）不予执行仲裁裁决；

(9) refusal to enforce an arbitration award;

（十）不予执行公证机关赋予强制执行效力的债权文书；

(10) refusal to enforce a document of a notary office evidencing the rights of a creditor and entitling him to its compulsory execution;

（十一）其他需要裁定解决的事项。

 (11) other matters to be decided in the form of an order in writing.

对前款第（一）、（二）、（三）项裁定，可以上诉。

"An appeal may be lodged against an order in writing in Items (1), (2) and (3) mentioned above."

裁定书由审判人员、书记员署名，加盖人民法院印章。口头裁定的，记入笔录。

"An order in writing shall be signed by the judicial officers and the court clerk, with the seal of the people's court affixed to it. If it is issued orally, the order shall be entered in the record."

第一百四十一条 最高人民法院的判决、裁定，以及依法不准上诉或者超过上诉期没有上诉的判决、裁定，是发生法律效力的判决、裁定。

"Article 141 All judgments and written orders of the Supreme People's Court, as well as judgments and written orders that may not be appealed against according to the law or that have not been appealed against within the prescribed time limit, shall be legally effective."

 第十三章 简易程序

Chapter XIII Summary Procedure

第一百四十二条 基层人民法院和它派出的法庭审理事实清楚、权利义务关系明确、争议不大的简单的民事案件，适用本章规定。

"Article 142 When trying simple civil cases in which the facts are evident, the rights and obligations clear and the disputes trivial in character, the basic people's courts and the tribunals dispatched by them shall apply the provisions of this Chapter."

第一百四十三条 对简单的民事案件，原告可以口头起诉。

"Article 143 In simple civil cases, the plaintiff may lodge his complaint orally."

当事人双方可以同时到基层人民法院或者它派出的法庭，请求解决纠纷。基层人民法院或者它派出的法庭可以当即审理，也可以另定日期审理。

The two parties concerned may at the same time come before a basic people's court or a tribunal dispatched by it for a solution of their dispute. The basic people's court or the tribunal it dispatched may try the case immediately or set a date for the trial.

第一百四十四条 基层人民法院和它派出的法庭审理简单的民事案件，可以用简便方式随时传唤当事人、证人。

"Article 144 In trying a simple civil case, the basic people's court or the tribunal dispatched by it may use simplified methods to summon at any time the parties and witnesses."

第一百四十五条 简单的民事案件由审判员一人独任审理，并不受本法第一百二十二条、第一百二十四条、第一百二十七条规定的限制。

"Article 145 Simple civil cases shall be tried by a single judge alone and the trial of such cases shall not be bound by the provisions of Articles 122, 124, and 127 of this Law."

第一百四十六条 人民法院适用简易程序审理案件，应当在立案之日起三个月内审结。

Article 146 The people's court trying a case in which summary procedure is followed shall conclude the case within three months after placing the case on the docket.

第十四章 第二审程序

Chapter XIV Procedure of Second Instance

第一百四十七条 当事人不服地方人民法院第一审判决的，有权在判决书送达之日起十五日内向上一级人民法院提起上诉。

"Article 147 If a party refuses to accept a judgment of first instance of a local people's court, he shall have the right to file an appeal with the people's court at the next higher level within 15 days after the date on which the written judgment was served."

当事人不服地方人民法院第一审裁定的，有权在裁定书送达之日起十日内向上一级人民法院提起上诉。

"If a party refuses to accept a written order of first instance of a local people's court, he shall have the right to file an appeal with a people's court at the next higher level within 10 days after the date on which the written order was served."

第一百四十八条 上诉应当递交上诉状。上诉状的内容，应当包括当事人的姓名，法人的名称及其法定代表人的姓名或者其他组织的名称及其主要负责人的姓名；原审人民法院名称、案件的编号和案由；上诉的请求和理由。

"Article 148 For filing an appeal, a petition for the purpose shall be submitted. The content of the appeal petition shall include the names of the parties, the names of the legal persons and their legal representatives or names of other organizations and their principal heads; the name of the people's court where the case was originally tried; file number of the case and the cause of action; and the claims of the appeal and the reasons."

第一百四十九条 上诉状应当通过原审人民法院提出，并按照对方当事人或者代表人的人数提出副本。

"Article 149 The appeal petition shall be submitted through the people's court which originally tried the case, and copies of it shall be provided according to the number of persons in the other party or of the representatives thereof."

当事人直接向第二审人民法院上诉的，第二审人民法院应当在五日内将上诉状移交原审人民法院。

"If a party appeals directly to a people's court of second instance, the said court shall within five days transmit the appeal petition to the people's court which originally tried the case."

第一百五十条 原审人民法院收到上诉状，应当在五日内将上诉状副本送达对方当事人，对方当事人在收到之日起十五日内提出答辩状。

"Article 150 The people's court which originally tried the case shall, within five days after receiving the appeal petition, serve a copy of it on the other party, who shall submit his defence within 15 days from the receipt of such copy."

人民法院应当在收到答辩状之日起五日内将副本送达上诉人。对方当事人不提出答辩状的，不影响人民法院审理。

" The people's court shall, within five days after receiving the defence, serve a copy of it on the appellant. Failure by the other party to submit a defence shall not prevent the case from being tried by the people's court."

原审人民法院收到上诉状、答辩状，应当在五日内连同全部案卷和证据，报送第二审人民法院。

"After receiving the appeal petition and the defence, the people's court which originally tried the case shall, within five days, deliver them together with the entire case file and evidence to the people's court of second instance."

第一百五十一条 第二审人民法院应当对上诉请求的有关事实和适用法律进行审查。

"Article 151 With respect to an appealed case, the people's court of second instance shall review the relevant facts and the application of the law."

第一百五十二条 第二审人民法院对上诉案件，应当组成合议庭，开庭审理。

"Article 152 With respect to a case on appeal, the people's court of second instance shall form a collegial panel to conduct the trial. "

经过阅卷和调查，询问当事人，在事实核对清楚后，合议庭认为不需要开庭审理的，也可以径行判决、裁定。

"After verification of the facts of the case through consulting the files, making investigations and questioning the parties, if the collegial panel considers that it is not necessary to conduct a trial, it may make a judgment or a written order directly."

第二审人民法院审理上诉案件，可以在本院进行，也可以到案件发生地或者原审人民法院所在地进行。

The people's court of second instance may try a case on appeal at its own site or in the place where the case originated or where the people's court which originally tried the case is located.

第一百五十三条 第二审人民法院对上诉案件，经过审理，按照下列情形，分别处理：

"Article 153 After trying a case on appeal, the people's court of second instance shall, in the light of the following situations, dispose of it accordingly: "

（一）原判决认定事实清楚，适用法律正确的，判决驳回上诉，维持原判决；

"(1) if the facts were clearly ascertained and the law was correctly applied in the original judgment, the appeal shall be rejected in the form of a judgment and the original judgment shall be affirmed; "

（二）原判决适用法律错误的，依法改判；

"(2) if the application of the law was incorrect in the original judgment, the said judgment shall be amended according to the law; "

（三）原判决认定事实错误，或者原判决认定事实不清，证据不足，裁定撤销原判决，发回原审人民法院重审，或者查清事实后改判；

"(3) if in the original judgment the facts were incorrectly or not clearly ascertained and the evidence was insufficient, the people's court of second instance shall make a written order to set aside the judgment and remand to case to the original people's court for retrial, or the people's court of second instance may amend the judgment after investigating and clarifying the facts; "

（四）原判决违反法定程序，可能影响案件正确判决的，裁定撤销原判决，发回原审人民法院重审。

"or (4) if there was violation of legal procedure in making the original judgment, which may have affected correct adjudication, the judgment shall be set aside by a written order and the case remanded to the original people's court for retrial. "

当事人对重审案件的判决、裁定，可以上诉。

The parties concerned may appeal against the judgment or written order rendered in a retrial of their case.

第一百五十四条 第二审人民法院对不服第一审人民法院裁定的上诉案件的处理，一律使用裁定。

Article 154 The people's court of second instance shall decide in the form of orders in writing all cases of appeal against the written orders made by the people's court of first instance.

第一百五十五条 第二审人民法院审理上诉案件，可以进行调解

"Article 155 In dealing with a case on appeal, a people's court of second instance may conduct conciliation. "

。调解达成协议，应当制作调解书，由审判人员、书记员署名，加盖人民法院印章。

"If an agreement is reached through conciliation, a conciliation statement shall be made and signed by the judicial officers and the court clerk, with the seal of the people's court affixed to it."

调解书送达后，原审人民法院的判决即视为撤销。

"After the conciliation statement has been served, the original judgment of the lower court shall be deemed as set aside."

第一百五十六条 第二审人民法院判决宣告前，上诉人申请撤回上诉的，是否准许，由第二审人民法院裁定。

"Article 156 If an appellant applies for withdrawal of his appeal before a people's court of second instance pronounces its judgment, the court shall decide whether to approve the application or not."

第一百五十七条 第二审人民法院审理上诉案件，除依照本章规定外，适用第一审普通程序。

"Article 157 In the trial of a case on appeal, the people's court of second instance shall, apart from observing the provisions of this Chapter, follow the ordinary procedure for trials of first instance."

第一百五十八条 第二审人民法院的判决、裁定，是终审的判决、裁定。

Article 158 he judgment and the written order of a people's court of second instance shall be final.

第一百五十九条 人民法院审理对判决的上诉案件，应当在第二审立案之日起三个月内审结。

Article 159 The people's court trying a case on appeal shall conclude the case within three months after docketing the case.

有特殊情况需要延长的，由本院院长批准。

Any extension of the period necessitated by special circumstances shall be subject to the approval of the president of the court.

人民法院审理对裁定的上诉案件，应当在第二审立案之日起三十日内作出终审裁定。

"The people's court trying a case on appeal against a written order shall, within 30 days after docketing the case for second instance trial, make a written order which is final."

第十五章 特别程序 第一节 一般规定

Chapter XV Special Procedure　Section 1 General Provisions

第一百六十条 人民法院审理选民资格案件、宣告失踪或者宣告死亡案件、认定公民无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力案件和认定财产无主案件，适用本章规定。

"Article 160 When the people's courts try cases concerning the qualification of voters, the declaration of a person as missing or dead, the adjudgment of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity of a citizen and the adjudgment of a property as ownerless, the provisions of this Chapter shall apply. "

本章没有规定的，适用本法和其他法律的有关规定。

"For matters not covered in this Chapter, the relevant provisions of this Law and other laws shall apply ."

第一百六十一条 依照本章程序审理的案件，实行一审终审。

"Article 161 In cases tried in accordance with the procedure provided in this Chapter, the judgment of first instance shall be final . "

选民资格案件或者重大、疑难的案件，由审判员组成合议庭审理；其他案件由审判员一人独任审理。

"A collegial panel of judges shall be formed for the trial of any case in involving the qualification of voters or of any major, difficult or complicated case; other cases shall be tried by a single judge alone."

第一百六十二条 人民法院在依照本章程序审理案件的过程中，发现本案属于民事权益争议的，应当裁定终结特别程序，并告知利害关系人可以另行起诉。

"Article 162 If a people's court, while trying a case in accordance with the procedure provided in this Chapter, finds that the case involves a civil dispute over rights and interests, it shall make a written order to terminate the special procedure and inform the interested parties to otherwise institute and action."

第一百六十三条 人民法院适用特别程序审理的案件，应当在立案之日起三十日内或者公告期满后三十日内审结。

Article 163 A people's court trying a case in which special procedure is followed shall conclude the case within 30 days after placing the case on the docket or within 30 days after expiration of the period stated in the public notice.

有特殊情况需要延长的，由本院院长批准。但审理选民资格的案件除外。

" Any extension of the time limit necessitated by special circumstances shall be subject to the approval of the president of the court, excepting, however, a case concerning the qualification of voters."

第二节 选民资格案件

Section 2 Cases Concerning the Qualification of Voters

第一百六十四条 公民不服选举委员会对选民资格的申诉所作的处理决定，可以在选举日的五日以前向选区所在地基层人民法院起诉。

"Article 164 If a citizen refuses to accept an election committee's decision on an appeal concerning his voting qualification, he may, five days before the election day, bring a suit in the basic people's court located in the electoral district."

第一百六十五条 人民法院受理选民资格案件后，必须在选举日前审结。

"Article 165 After entertaining a case concerning voting qualification, a people's court must conclude the trial before the election day."

审理时，起诉人、选举委员会的代表和有关公民必须参加。

"The party who brings the suit, the representative of the election committee and other citizens concerned must participate in the proceedings."

人民法院的判决书，应当在选举日前送达选举委员会和起诉人，并通知有关公民。

The written judgment of the people's court shall be served on the election committee and the party who brings the suit before the election day; other citizens concerned shall be notified of the judgment.

第三节 宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件

Section 3 Cases Concerning the Declaration of a Person as Missing or Dead

第一百六十六条 公民下落不明满二年，利害关系人申请宣告其失踪的，向下落不明人住所地基层人民法院提出。

"Article 166 With respect to a citizen whose whereabouts are unknown for two years in full, if the interested party applies for declaring the person as missing, the application shall be filed with the basic people's court in the locality where the missing person has his domicile."

申请书应当写明失踪的事实、时间和请求，并附有公安机关或者其他有关机关关于该公民下落不明的书面证明。

The application shall clearly state the facts and time of the disappearance of the person missing as well as the motion; documentary evidence from a public security organ or other relevant organs concerning the disappearance of the citizen shall be appended to the application.

第一百六十七条 公民下落不明满四年，或者因意外事故下落不明满二年，或者因意外事故下落不明，经有关机关证明该公民不可能生存，利害关系人申请宣告其死亡的，向下落不明人住所地基层人民法院提出。

"Article 167 With respect to a citizen whose whereabouts are unknown for four years in full or whose whereabouts are unknown for two years in full after an accident in which he was involved, or with respect to a citizen whose whereabouts are unknown after such an accident, and, upon proof furnished by the relevant authorities that it is impossible for him to survive, if the interested party applies for declaring such person as dead, the application shall be filed with the basic people's court in the locality where the missing person has his domicile."

申请书应当写明下落不明的事实、时间和请求，并附有公安机关或者其他有关机关关于该公民下落不明的书面证明。

The application shall clearly state the facts and time of the disappearance as well as the motion; documentary evidence from a public security organ or other relevant organs concerning the disappearance of the citizen shall be appended to the application.

第一百六十八条 人民法院受理宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件后，应当发出寻找下落不明人的公告。

"Article 168 After entertaining a case concerning the declaration of a person as missing or dead, the people's court shall issue a public notice in search of the person missing. "

宣告失踪的公告期间为三个月，宣告死亡的公告期间为一年。

"The period of the public notice for declaring a person as missing shall be three months, and that for declaring a person as dead shall be one year. "

因意外事故下落不明，经有关机关证明该公民不可能生存的，宣告死亡的公告期间为三个月。

"Where a citizen's whereabouts are unknown after an accident in which he was involved and, upon proof furnished by the relevant authorities that it is impossible for him to survive, the period of the public notice for proclaiming such person as dead shall be three months."

公告期间届满，人民法院应当根据被宣告失踪、宣告死亡的事实是否得到确认，作出宣告失踪、宣告死亡的判决或者驳回申请的判决。

"On the expiration of the period of the public notice, the people's court shall, depending on whether the fact of the missing or death of the person has been confirmed, make a judgment declaring the person missing or dead or make a judgment rejecting the application."

第一百六十九条 被宣告失踪、宣告死亡的公民重新出现，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当作出新判决，撤销原判决。

"Article 169 If a person who has been declared missing or dead by a people's court reappears, the people's court shall, upon the application of that person or of an interested party, make a new judgment and annul the previous one."

第四节 认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件

Section 4 Cases Concerning the Adjudgment of Legal Incapacity or Restricted Legal Capacity of Citizens

第一百七十条 申请认定公民无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力，由其近亲属或者其他利害关系人向该公民住所地基层人民法院提出。

Article 170 An application for adjudgment of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity of a citizen shall be filed by the citizen's near relatives or any other interested party with the basic people's court in the locality where the citizen has his domicile.

申请书应当写明该公民无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的事实和根据。

The application shall clearly state the fact and grounds of the citizen's legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity.

第一百七十一条 人民法院受理申请后，必要时应当对被请求认定为无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的公民进行鉴定。

"Article 171 After accepting such an application, the people's court shall, when necessary, have an expert evaluation of the citizen of whom the determination of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity is sought; "

申请人已提供鉴定结论的，应当对鉴定结论进行审查。

"if the applicant has already provided an evaluation conclusion, the people's court shall examine such conclusion."

第一百七十二条 人民法院审理认定公民无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的案件，应当由该公民的近亲属为代理人，但申请人除外。

"Article 172 In the trial by the people's court of a case for the determination of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity of a citizen, a near relative of the citizen shall be his agent, the applicant being excluded."

近亲属互相推诿的，由人民法院指定其中一人为代理人。

"If the near relatives of the citizen shift responsibility onto one another, the people's court shall appoint one of them as agent for the citizen. "

该公民健康情况许可的，还应当询问本人的意见。

"If the citizen's condition of health permits, the people's court shall also seek the opinion of the citizen on the matter."

人民法院经审理认定申请有事实根据的，判决该公民为无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力人；认定申请没有事实根据的，应当判决予以驳回。

"If, through the trial, the people's court finds that the application is based on facts, a judgment of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity of the citizen shall be made; if the court finds that the application is not based on facts, it shall make a judgment rejecting the application."

第一百七十三条 人民法院根据被认定为无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人或者他的监护人的申请，证实该公民无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的原因已经消除的，应当作出新判决，撤销原判决。

"Article 173 If, upon the application of a person who has been determined as one of legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity or upon the application of his guardian, the people's court confirms that the causes of that person's legal incapacity or restricted legal capacity have been eliminated, a new judgment shall be made annulling the previous one."

第五节 认定财产无主案件

Section 5 Cases Concerning the Determination of a Property as Ownerless

第一百七十四条 申请认定财产无主，由公民、法人或者其他组织向财产所在地基层人民法院提出。

"Article 174 An application for determining a property as ownerless shall be filed by a citizen, legal person or any other organization with the basic people's court in the place where the property is located."

申请书应当写明财产的种类、数量以及要求认定财产无主的根据。

The application shall clearly state the type and quantity of the property and the grounds on which the application for determining the property as ownerless is filed.

第一百七十五条 人民法院受理申请后，经审查核实，应当发出财产认领公告。

"Article 175 The people's court shall, after accepting such an application and upon examination and verification of it, issue a public notice calling on the owner to claim the property. "

公告满一年无人认领的，判决认定财产无主，收归国家或者集体所有。

"If no one claims the property one year after the issue of the public notice, the people's court shall make a judgment determining the property as ownerless and turn it over to the State or the collective concerned."

第一百七十六条 判决认定财产无主后，原财产所有人或者继承人出现，在民法通则规定的诉讼时效期间可以对财产提出请求，人民法院审查属实后，应当作出新判决，撤销原判决。

"Article 176 If, after a property has been determined by a judgment as ownerless, the owner of the property or his successor appears, such a person may file a claim for the property within the period of limitation specified in the General Principles of the Civil Law. The people's court shall, after examination and verification of the claim, make a new judgment, annulling the previous one."