中华人民共和国民事诉讼法

CIVIL PROCEDURE LAW OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

目 录

Contents

第一编 总 则

Part One General Provisions

第一章 任务、适用范围和基本原则

"CHAPTER I The Aim, Scope of Application and Basic Principles "

第二章 管 辖

CHAPTER II Jurisdiction

第一节 级别管辖

Section 1 Jurisdiction by Forum Level

第二节 地域管辖

Section 2 Territorial Jurisdiction

第三节 移送管辖和指定管辖

Section 3 Transfer and Designation of Jurisdiction

第三章 审判组织

CHAPTER III Trial Organization

第四章 回 避

CHAPTER IV Withdrawal

第五章 诉讼参加人

CHAPTER V Participants in Proceedings

第一节 当事人

Section 1 Parties

第二节 诉讼代理人

Section 2 Agents ad Litem

第六章 证 据

CHAPTER VI Evidence

第七章 期间、送达

CHAPTER VII Time Periods and Service

第一节 期 间

Section 1 Time Periods

第二节 送 达

Section 2 Service

第八章 调 解

CHAPTER VIII Conciliation

第九章 财产保全和先予执行

CHAPTER IX Property Preservation and Advance Execution

第十章 对妨害民事诉讼的强制措施

CHAPTER X Compulsory Measures Against Obstruction of Civil Proceedings

第十一章 诉讼费用

CHAPTER XI Litigation Costs Part Two Trial Procedure

第十二章 第一审普通程序

CHAPTER XII Ordinary Procedure of First Instance

第一节 起诉和受理

Section 1 Bringing a Lawsuit and Entertaining a Case

第二节 审理前的准备

Section 2 Preparations for Trial

第三节 开庭审理

Section 3 Trial in Court

第四节 诉讼中止和终结

Section 4 Suspension and Termination of Litigation

第五节 判决和裁定

Section 5 Judgment and Order

第十三章 简易程序

CHAPTER XIII Summary Procedure

第十四章 第二审程序

CHAPTER XIV Procedure of Second Instance

第十五章 特别程序

CHAPTER XV Special Procedure

第一节 一般规定

Section 1 General Provisions

第二节 选民资格案件

Section 2 Cases Concerning the Qualification of Voters

第三节 宣告失踪、宣告死亡案件

Section 3 Cases Concerning the Declaration of a Person as Missing or Dead

第四节 认定公民无民事行为能力、限制民事行为能力案件

Section 4 Cases Concerning the Adjudgment of Legal Incapacity or Restricted Legal Capacity of Citizens

第五节 认定财产无主案件

Section 5 Cases Concerning the Determination of a Property as Ownerless

第十六章 审判监督程序

CHAPTER XVI Procedure for Trial Supervision

第十七章 督促程序

CHAPTER XVII Procedure for Hastening Debt Recovery

第十八章 公示催告程序

CHAPTER XVIII Procedure for Publicizing Public Notice for Assertion of Claims

第十九章 企业法人破产还债程序

CHAPTER XIX Procedure for Bankruptcy and Debt Repayment of Legal Person Enterprises

第三编 执行程序

Part Three Procedure of Execution

第二十章 一般规定

CHAPTER XX General Provisions

第二十一章 执行的申请和移送

CHAPTER XXI Application for Execution and Referral

第二十二章 执行措施

CHAPTER XXII Execution Measures

第二十三章 执行中止和终结

CHAPTER XXIII Suspension and Termination of Execution 

第四编 涉外民事诉讼程序的特别规定

Part Four Special Provisions for Civil Procedure of Cases Involving Foreign Element

第二十四章 一般原则

CHAPTER XXIV General Principles

第二十五章 管 辖

CHAPTER XXV Jurisdiction

第二十六章 送达、期间

CHAPTER XXVI Service and Time Periods

第二十七章 财产保全

CHAPTER XXVII Property Preservation

第二十八章 仲 裁

CHAPTER XXVIII Arbitration

第二十九章 司法协助

CHAPTER XXIX Judicial Assistance

第一编 总 则

PART ONE GENERAL PROVISIONS

第一章 任务、适用范围和基本原则

"Chapter I The Aim, Scope of Application and Basic Principles"

第一条 中华人民共和国民事诉讼法以宪法为根据，结合我国民事审判工作的经验和实际情况制定。

Article 1 The Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China is formulated on the basis of the Constitution and in the light of the experience and actual conditions of our country in the trial of civil cases.

第二条 中华人民共和国民事诉讼法的任务，是保护当事人行使诉讼权利，保证人民法院查明事实，分清是非，正确适用法律，及时审理民事案件，确认民事权利义务关系，制裁民事违法行为，保护当事人的合法权益，教育公民自觉遵守法律，维护社会秩序、经济秩序，保障社会主义建设事业顺利进行。

"Article 2 The Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China aims to protect the exercise of the litigation rights of the parties and ensure the ascertaining of facts by the people's courts, distinguish right from wrong, apply the law correctly, try civil cases promptly, affirm civil rights and obligations, impose sanctions for civil wrongs, protect the lawful rights and interests of the parties, educate citizens to voluntarily abide by the law, maintain the social and economic order, and guarantee the smooth progress of the socialist construction."

第三条 人民法院受理公民之间、法人之间、其他组织之间以及他们相互之间因财产关系和人身关系提起的民事诉讼，适用本法的规定。

"Article 3 In dealing with civil litigation arising from disputes on property and personal relations between citizens, legal persons or other organizations and between the three of them, the people's courts shall apply the provisions of this Law."

第四条 凡在中华人民共和国领域内进行民事诉讼，必须遵守本法。

Article 4 Whoever engages in civil litigation within the territory of the People's Republic of China must abide by this Law.

第五条 外国人、无国籍人、外国企业和组织在人民法院起诉、应诉，同中华人民共和国公民、法人和其他组织有同等的诉讼权利义务。

"Article 5 Aliens, stateless persons, foreign enterprises and organizations that bring suits or enter appearance in the people's courts shall have the same litigation rights and obligations as citizens, legal persons and other organizations of the People's Republic of China."

外国法院对中华人民共和国公民、法人和其他组织的民事诉讼权利加以限制的，中华人民共和国人民法院对该国公民、企业和组织的民事诉讼权利，实行对等原则。

"If the courts of a foreign country impose restrictions on the civil litigation rights of the citizens, legal persons and other organizations of the People's Republic of China, the people's courts of the People's Republic of China shall follow the principle of reciprocity regarding the civil litigation rights of the citizens, enterprises and organizations of that foreign country."

第六条 民事案件的审判权由人民法院行使。

Article 6 The people's courts shall exercise judicial powers with respect to civil cases.

人民法院依照法律规定对民事案件独立进行审判，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

"The people's courts shall try civil cases independently in accordance with the law, and shall be subject to no interference by any administrative organ, public organization or individual."

第七条 人民法院审理民事案件，必须以事实为根据，以法律为准绳。

"Article 7 In trying civil cases, the people's courts must base themselves on facts and take the law as the criterion."

第八条 民事诉讼当事人有平等的诉讼权利。人民法院审理民事案件，应当保障和便利当事人行使诉讼权利，对当事人在适用法律上一律平等。

"Article 8 The parties in civil litigation shall have equal litigation rights. The people's courts shall, in conducting the trials, safeguard their rights, facilitate their exercising the rights, and apply the law equally to them."

第九条 人民法院审理民事案件，应当根据自愿和合法的原则进行调解；调解不成的，应当及时判决。

"Article 9 In trying civil cases, the people's courts shall conduct conciliation for the parties on a voluntary and lawful basis; if conciliation fails, judgments shall be rendered without delay."

第十条 人民法院审理民事案件，依照法律规定实行合议、回避、公开审判和两审终审制度。

"Article 10 In trying civil cases, the people's courts shall, according to the provisions of the law, follow the systems of panel hearing, withdrawal, public trial and the court of second instance being that of last instance."

第十一条 各民族公民都有用本民族语言、文字进行民事诉讼的权利。

Article 11 Citizens of all nationalities shall have the right to use their native spoken and written languages in civil proceedings.

在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区，人民法院应当用当地民族通用的语言、文字进行审理和发布法律文书。

"Where minority nationalities live in aggregation in a community or where several nationalities live together in one area, the people's courts shall conduct hearings and issue legal documents in the spoken and written languages commonly used by the local nationalities."

人民法院应当对不通晓当地民族通用的语言、文字的诉讼参与人提供翻译。

The people's courts shall provide translations for any participant in the proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages commonly used by the local nationalities.

第十二条 人民法院审理民事案件时，当事人有权进行辩论。

Article 12 Parties to civil actions are entitled in the trials by the people's courts to argue for themselves.

第十三条 当事人有权在法律规定的范围内处分自己的民事权利和诉讼权利。

Article 13 The parties are free to deal with their own civil rights and litigation rights the way they prefer within the scope provided by the law.

第十四条 人民检察院有权对民事审判活动实行法律监督。

Article 14 The people's procuratorates shall have the right to exercise legal supervision over civil proceedings.

第十五条 机关、社会团体、企业事业单位对损害国家、集体或者个人民事权益的行为，可以支持受损害的单位或者个人向人民法院起诉。

"Article 15 Where an act has infringed upon the civil rights and interests of the State, a collective organization or an individual, any State organ, public organization, enterprise or institution may support the injured unit or individual to bring an action in a people's court."

第十六条 人民调解委员会是在基层人民政府和基层人民法院指导下，调解民间纠纷的群众性组织。

Article 16 The people's conciliation committees shall be mass organizations to conduct conciliation of civil disputes under the guidance of the grass- roots level people's governments and the basic level people's courts.

人民调解委员会依照法律规定，根据自愿原则进行调解。

The people's conciliation committee shall conduct conciliation for the parties according to the Law and on a voluntary basis.

当事人对调解达成的协议应当履行；不愿调解、调解不成或者反悔的，可以向人民法院起诉。

The parties concerned shall carry out the settlement agreement reached through conciliation; those who decline conciliation or those for whom conciliation has failed or those who have backed out of the settlement agreement may institute legal proceedings in a people's court.

人民调解委员会调解民间纠纷，如有违背法律的，人民法院应当予以纠正。

"If a people's conciliation committee, in conducting conciliation of civil disputes, acts contrary to the law, rectification shall be made by the people's court."

第十七条 民族自治地方的人民代表大会根据宪法和本法的原则，结合当地民族的具体情况，可以制定变通或者补充的规定。

"Article 17 The people's congresses of the national autonomous regions may formulate, in accordance with the Constitution and the principles of this Law, and in conjunction with the specific circumstances of the local nationalities, adaptive and supplementary provisions. "

自治区的规定，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准。

Such provisions made by an autonomous region shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval;

自治州、自治县的规定，报省或者自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会批准，并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。

those made by an autonomous prefecture or autonomous county shall be submitted to the standing committee of the people's congress of the relevant province or autonomous region for approval and to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

第二章 管 辖

Chapter II Jurisdiction

第一节 级别管辖

Section 1 Jurisdiction by Forum Level

第十八条 基层人民法院管辖第一审民事案件，但本法另有规定的除外。

"Article 18 The basic people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over civil cases, unless otherwise provided in this Law."

第十九条 中级人民法院管辖下列第一审民事案件：

Article 19 The intermediate people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over the following civil cases:

（一）重大涉外案件；

(1) major cases involving foreign element;

（二）在本辖区有重大影响的案件；

(2) cases that have major impact on the area under their jurisdiction; and

（三）最高人民法院确定由中级人民法院管辖的案件。

(3) cases as determined by the Supreme People's Court to be under the jurisdiction of the intermediate people's courts.

第二十条 高级人民法院管辖在本辖区有重大影响的第一审民事案件。

Article 20 The high people's courts shall have jurisdiction as courts of first instance over civil cases that have major impact on the areas under their jurisdiction.

第二十一条 最高人民法院管辖下列第一审民事案件：

Article 21 The Supreme People's Court shall have jurisdiction as the court of first instance over the following civil cases:

（一）在全国有重大影响的案件；

(1) cases that have major impact on the whole country;

（二）认为应当由本院审理的案件。

and (2) cases that the Supreme People's Court deems it should try.

 第二节 地域管辖

Section 2 Territorial Jurisdiction

第二十二条 对公民提起的民事诉讼，由被告住所地人民法院管辖；被告住所地与经常居住地不一致的，由经常居住地人民法院管辖。

"Article 22 A civil lawsuit brought against a citizen shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile; if the place of the defendant's domicile is different from that of his habitual residence, the lawsuit shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place of his habitual residence."

对法人或者其他组织提起的民事诉讼，由被告住所地人民法院管辖。

A civil lawsuit brought against a legal person or any other organization shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile.

同一诉讼的几个被告住所地、经常居住地在两个以上人民法院辖区的，各该人民法院都有管辖权。

"Where the domiciles or habitual residences of several defendants in the same lawsuit are in the areas under the jurisdiction of two or more people's courts, all of those people's courts shall have jurisdiction over the lawsuit."

第二十三条 下列民事诉讼，由原告住所地人民法院管辖；原告住所地与经常居住地不一致的，由原告经常居住地人民法院管辖：

"Article 23 The civil lawsuits described below shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the plaintiff has his domicile; if the place of the plaintiff's domicile is different from that of his habitual residence, the lawsuit shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place of the plaintiff's habitual residence: "

（一）对不在中华人民共和国领域内居住的人提起的有关身份关系的诉讼；

(1) those concerning personal status brought against persons not residing within the territory of the People's Republic of China;

（二）对下落不明或者宣告失踪的人提起的有关身份关系的诉讼；

(2) those concerning the personal status of persons whose whereabouts are unknown or who have been declared as missing;

（三）对被劳动教养的人提起的诉讼；

(3) those brought against persons who are undergoing rehabilitation through labour;

（四）对被监禁的人提起的诉讼。

and (4) those brought against persons who are in imprisonment.

第二十四条 因合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由被告住所地或者合同履行地人民法院管辖。

Article 24 A lawsuit brought on a contract dispute shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile or where the contract is performed.

第二十五条 合同的双方当事人可以在书面合同中协议选择被告住所地、合同履行地、合同签订地、原告住所地、标的物所在地人民法院管辖，但不得违反本法对级别管辖和专属管辖的规定。

"Article 25 The parties to a contract may agree to choose in their written contract the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile, where the contract is performed, where the contract is signed, where the plaintiff has his domicile or where the object of the action is located to exercise jurisdiction over the case, provided that the provisions of this Law regarding jurisdiction by forum level and exclusive jurisdiction are not violated."

第二十六条 因保险合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由被告住所地或者保险标的物所在地人民法院管辖。

Article 26 A lawsuit brought on an insurance contract dispute shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile or where the insured object is located.

第二十七条 因票据纠纷提起的诉讼，由票据支付地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

Article 27 A lawsuit brought on a bill dispute shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the bill is to be paid or where the defendant has his domicile.

第二十八条 因铁路、公路、水上、航空运输和联合运输合同纠纷提起的诉讼，由运输始发地、目的地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

"Article 28 A lawsuit arising from a dispute over a railway, road, water, or air transport contract or over a combined transport contract shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place of dispatch or the place of destination or where the defendant has his domicile."

第二十九条 因侵权行为提起的诉讼，由侵权行为地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

Article 29 A lawsuit brought on a tortious act shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the tort is committed or where the defendant has his domicile.

第三十条 因铁路、公路、水上和航空事故请求损害赔偿提起的诉讼，由事故发生地或者车辆、船舶最先到达地、航空器最先降落地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

"Article 30 A lawsuit brought on claims for damages caused by a railway, road, water transport or air accident shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the accident occurred or where the vehicle or ship first arrived after the accident or where the aircraft first landed after the accident, or where the defendant has his domicile."

第三十一条 因船舶碰撞或者其他海事损害事故请求损害赔偿提起的诉讼，由碰撞发生地、碰撞船舶最先到达地、加害船舶被扣留地或者被告住所地人民法院管辖。

"Article 31 A lawsuit brought on claims for damages caused by a collision at sea or by any other maritime accident shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the collision occurred or where the ship in collision first docked after the accident or where the ship at fault was detained, or where the defendant has his domicile."

第三十二条 因海难救助费用提起的诉讼，由救助地或者被救助船舶最先到达地人民法院管辖。

Article 32 A lawsuit instituted for expenses of maritime salvage shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the salvage took place or where the salvaged ship first docked after the disaster.

第三十三条 因共同海损提起的诉讼，由船舶最先到达地、共同海损理算地或者航程终止地的人民法院管辖。

Article 33 A lawsuit brought for general average shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the ship first docked or where the adjustment of general average was conducted or where the voyage ended.

第三十四条 下列案件，由本条规定的人民法院专属管辖：

Article 34 The following cases shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the people's courts herein specified:

（一）因不动产纠纷提起的诉讼，由不动产所在地人民法院管辖；

(1) a lawsuit brought on a dispute over real estate shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the estate is located;

（二）因港口作业中发生纠纷提起的诉讼，由港口所在地人民法院管辖；

(2) a lawsuit brought on a dispute over harbour operations shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the harbour is located;

（三）因继承遗产纠纷提起的诉讼，由被继承人死亡时住所地或者主要遗产所在地人民法院管辖。

"and (3) a lawsuit brought on a dispute over succession shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the decedent had his domicile upon his death, or where the principal part of his estate is located."

第三十五条 两个以上人民法院都有管辖权的诉讼，原告可以向其中一个人民法院起诉；

"Article 35 When two or more people's courts have jurisdiction over a lawsuit, the plaintiff may bring his lawsuit in one of these people's courts; "

原告向两个以上有管辖权的人民法院起诉的，由最先立案的人民法院管辖。

"if the plaintiff brings the lawsuit in two or more people's courts that have jurisdiction over the lawsuit, the people's court in which the case was first entertained shall have jurisdiction."

第三节 移送管辖和指定管辖

Section 3 Transfer and Designation of Jurisdiction

第三十六条 人民法院发现受理的案件不属于本院管辖的，应当移送有管辖权的人民法院，受移送的人民法院应当受理。

"Article 36 If a people's court finds that a case it has entertained is not under its jurisdiction, it shall refer the case to the people's court that has jurisdiction over the case. "

受移送的人民法院认为受移送的案件依照规定不属于本院管辖的，应当报请上级人民法院指定管辖，不得再自行移送。

"The people's court to which a case has been referred shall entertain the case, and if it considers that, according to the relevant regulations, the case referred to it is not under its jurisdiction, it shall report to a superior people's court for the designation of jurisdiction and shall not independently refer the case again to another people's court."

第三十七条 有管辖权的人民法院由于特殊原因，不能行使管辖权的，由上级人民法院指定管辖。

"Article 37 If a people's court which has jurisdiction over a case is unable to exercise the jurisdiction for special reasons, a superior people's court shall designate another court to exercise jurisdiction."

人民法院之间因管辖权发生争议，由争议双方协商解决；协商解决不了的，报请它们的共同上级人民法院指定管辖。

"In the event of a jurisdictional dispute between two or more people's courts, it shall be resolved by the disputing parties through consultation; if the dispute cannot be so resolved, it shall be reported to their common superior people's court for the designation of jurisdiction."

第三十八条 人民法院受理案件后，当事人对管辖权有异议的，应当在提交答辩状期间提出。

"Article 38 If a party to an action objects to the jurisdiction of a people's court after the court has entertained the case, the party must raise the objection within the period prescribed for the submission of defence. "

人民法院对当事人提出的异议，应当审查。

The people's court shall examine the objection.

异议成立的，裁定将案件移送有管辖权的人民法院；异议不成立的，裁定驳回。

"If the objection is established, the people's court shall order the case to be transferred to the people's court that has jurisdiction over it; if not, the people's court shall reject it."

第三十九条 上级人民法院有权审理下级人民法院管辖的第一审民事案件，也可以把本院管辖的第一审民事案件交下级人民法院审理。

Article 39 The people's courts at higher levels shall have the power to try civil cases over which the people's courts at lower levels have jurisdiction as courts of first instance; they may also transfer civil cases over which they themselves have jurisdiction as courts of first instance to people's courts at lower levels for trial.

下级人民法院对它所管辖的第一审民事案件，认为需要由上级人民法院审理的，可以报请上级人民法院审理。

"If a people's court at a lower level that has jurisdiction over a civil case as court of first instance deems it necessary to have the case to be tried by a people's court at a higher level, it may submit it to and request the people's court at a higher level to try the case."

第三章 审判组织

Chapter III Trial Organization

第四十条 人民法院审理第一审民事案件，由审判员、陪审员共同组成合议庭或者由审判员组成合议庭。

Article 40 The people's court of first instance shall try civil cases by a collegial panel composed of both judges and judicial assessors or of judges alone.

合议庭的成员人数，必须是单数。

The collegial panel must have an odd number of members.

适用简易程序审理的民事案件，由审判员一人独任审理。

Civil cases in which summary procedure is followed shall be tried by a single judge alone.

陪审员在执行陪审职务时，与审判员有同等的权利义务。

"When performing their duties, the judicial assessors shall have equal rights and obligations as the judges."

第四十一条 人民法院审理第二审民事案件，由审判员组成合议庭。

Article 41 The people's court of second instance shall try civil cases by a collegial panel of judges.

合议庭的成员人数，必须是单数。

The collegial panel must have an odd number of members.

发回重审的案件，原审人民法院应当按照第一审程序另行组成合议庭。

"For the retrial of a remanded case, the people's court of first instance shall form a new collegial panel in accordance with the procedure of first instance."

审理再审案件，原来是第一审的，按照第一审程序另行组成合议庭；

" If a case for retrial was originally tried at first instance, a new collegial panel shall be formed according to the procedure of first instance; "

原来是第二审的或者是上级人民法院提审的，按照第二审程序另行组成合议庭。

"if the case was originally tried at second instance or was brought by a people's court at a higher level to it for trial, a new collegial panel shall be formed according to the procedure of second instance."

第四十二条 合议庭的审判长由院长或者庭长指定审判员一人担任；院长或者庭长参加审判的，由院长或者庭长担任。

"Article 42 The president of the court or the chief judge of a division of the court shall designate a judge to serve as the presiding judge of the collegial panel; if the president or the chief judge participates in the trial, he himself shall serve as the presiding judge."

第四十三条 合议庭评议案件，实行少数服从多数的原则。

"Article 43 When deliberating a case, a collegial panel shall observe the rule of majority. "

评议应当制作笔录，由合议庭成员签名。

"The deliberations shall be recorded in writing, and the transcript shall be signed by the members of the collegial panel."

评议中的不同意见，必须如实记入笔录。

Dissenting opinions in the deliberations must be truthfully entered in the transcript.

第四十四条 审判人员应当依法秉公办案。

Article 44 The judicial officers shall deal with all cases impartially and in accordance with the law.

审判人员不得接受当事人及其诉讼代理人请客送礼。

The judicial officers shall not accept any treat or gift from the parties or their agents ad litem.

审判人员有贪污受贿，徇私舞弊，枉法裁判行为的，应当追究法律责任；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

"Any judicial officer who commits embezzlement, accepts bribes, engages in malpractice for personal benefits or who perverts the law in passing judgment shall be investigated for legal responsibility; if the act constitutes a crime, the offender shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to the law."

第四章 回 避

Chapter IV Withdrawal

第四十五条 审判人员有下列情形之一的，必须回避，当事人有权用口头或者书面方式申请他们回避：

"Article 45 A judicial officer shall of himself withdraw from the case, and the parties thereto shall be entitled to apply orally or in writing for his withdrawal in any of the following circumstances: "

（一）是本案当事人或者当事人、诉讼代理人的近亲属；

(1) he being a party to the case or a near relative of a party or an agent ad litem in the case;

（二）与本案有利害关系；

 (2) he being an interested party in the case;

（三）与本案当事人有其他关系，可能影响对案件公正审理的。

"or (3) he having some other kind of relationship with a party to the case, which might affect the impartiality of the trial."

前款规定，适用于书记员、翻译人员、鉴定人、勘验人。

"The above provisions shall also apply to clerks, interpreters, expert witnesses and inspection personnel."

第四十六条 当事人提出回避申请，应当说明理由，在案件开始审理时提出；

"Article 46 In applying for the withdrawal, the party shall state the reason and submit the application at the beginning of the proceedings; "

回避事由在案件开始审理后知道的，也可以在法庭辩论终结前提出。

the application may also be submitted before the closing of arguments in court if the reason for the withdrawal is known to him only after the proceedings begin.

被申请回避的人员在人民法院作出是否回避的决定前，应当暂停参与本案的工作，但案件需要采取紧急措施的除外。

"Pending a decision by the people's court regarding the withdrawal applied for, the judicial officer concerned shall temporarily suspend his participation in the proceedings, with the exception, however, of cases that require the taking of emergency measures."

第四十七条 院长担任审判长时的回避，由审判委员会决定；审判人员的回避，由院长决定；其他人员的回避，由审判长决定。

Article 47 The withdrawal of the presiding judge who is president of the court shall be decided by the judicial committee; the withdrawal of judicial officers shall be decided by the court president; and the withdrawal of other personnel by the presiding judge.

第四十八条 人民法院对当事人提出的回避申请，应当在申请提出的三日内，以口头或者书面形式作出决定。

Article 48 The decision of a people's court on an application made by any party for withdrawal shall be made orally or in writing within three days after the application was made.

申请人对决定不服的，可以在接到决定时申请复议一次。

"If the applicant is not satisfied with the decision, he may apply for reconsideration which could be granted only once.  "

复议期间，被申请回避的人员，不停止参与本案的工作。

"During the period of reconsideration, the person whose withdrawal has been applied for shall not suspend his participation in the proceedings."

人民法院对复议申请，应当在三日内作出复议决定，并通知复议申请人。

The decision of a people's court on the reconsideration shall be made within three days after receiving the application and the applicant shall be notified of it accordingly.

第五章 诉讼参加人 第一节 当事人

Chapter V Participants in Proceedings　Section 1 Parties

第四十九条 公民、法人和其他组织可以作为民事诉讼的当事人。

"Article 49 Any citizen, legal person and any other organization may become a party to a civil action."

法人由其法定代表人进行诉讼。

Legal persons shall be represented by their legal representatives in the litigation.

其他组织由其主要负责人进行诉讼。

 Other organizations shall be represented by their principal heads in the proceedings.

第五十条 当事人有权委托代理人，提出回避申请，收集、提供证据，进行辩论，请求调解，提起上诉，申请执行。

"Article 50 Parties to an action shall have the right to appoint agents, apply for withdrawals, collect and provide evidence, proffer arguments, request conciliation, file an appeal and apply for execution."

当事人可以查阅本案有关材料，并可以复制本案有关材料和法律文书。

Parties to an action may have access to materials pertaining to the case and make copies thereof and other legal documents pertaining to the case.

查阅、复制本案有关材料的范围和办法由最高人民法院规定。

The scope of and rules for consulting and making copies of them shall be specified by the Supreme People's Court.

当事人必须依法行使诉讼权利，遵守诉讼秩序，履行发生法律效力的判决书、裁定书和调解书。

"Parties to an action must exercise their litigation rights in accordance with the law, observe the procedures and carry out legally effective written judgments or orders and conciliation statements."

第五十一条 双方当事人可以自行和解。

Article 51 The two parties may reach a compromise of their own accord.

第五十二条 原告可以放弃或者变更诉讼请求。

Article 52 The plaintiff may relinquish or modify his claims.

被告可以承认或者反驳诉讼请求，有权提起反诉。

The defendant may admit or rebut the claims and shall have the right to file counterclaims.

第五十三条 当事人一方或者双方为二人以上，其诉讼标的是共同的，或者诉讼标的是同一种类、人民法院认为可以合并审理并经当事人同意的，为共同诉讼。

"Article 53 When one party or both parties consist of two or more than two persons, their object of action being the same or of the same category and the people's court considers that, with the consent of the parties, the action can be tried combined, it is a joint action."

共同诉讼的一方当事人对诉讼标的有共同权利义务的，其中一人的诉讼行为经其他共同诉讼人承认，对其他共同诉讼人发生效力；

"If a party of two or more persons to a joint action have common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action and the act of any one of them is recognized by the others of the party, such an act shall be valid for all the rest of the party; "

对诉讼标的没有共同权利义务的，其中一人的诉讼行为对其他共同诉讼人不发生效力。

"if a party of two or more persons have no common rights and obligations with respect to the object of action, the act of any one of them shall not be valid for the rest."

第五十四条 当事人一方人数众多的共同诉讼，可以由当事人推选代表人进行诉讼。

"Article 54 If the persons comprising a party to a joint action is large in number, the party may elect representatives from among themselves to act for them in the litigation. "

代表人的诉讼行为对其所代表的当事人发生效力，但代表人变更、放弃诉讼请求或者承认对方当事人的诉讼请求，进行和解，必须经被代表的当事人同意。

"The acts of such representatives in the litigation shall be valid for the party they represent. However, modification or waiver of claims or admission of the claims of the other party or pursuing a compromise with the other party by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent."

第五十五条 诉讼标的是同一种类、当事人一方人数众多在起诉时人数尚未确定的，人民法院可以发出公告，说明案件情况和诉讼请求，通知权利人在一定期间向人民法院登记。

"Article 55 Where the object of action is of the same category and the persons comprising one of the parties is large but uncertain in number at the commencement of the action, the people's court may issue a public notice, stating the particulars and claims of the case and informing those entitled to participate in the action to register their rights with the people's court within a fixed period of time."

向人民法院登记的权利人可以推选代表人进行诉讼；

Those who have registered their rights with the people's court may elect representatives from among themselves to proceed with the litigation;

推选不出代表人的，人民法院可以与参加登记的权利人商定代表人。

"if the election fails its purpose, such representatives may be determined by the people's court through consultation with those who have registered their rights with the court."

代表人的诉讼行为对其所代表的当事人发生效力，但代表人变更、放弃诉讼请求或者承认对方当事人的诉讼请求，进行和解，必须经被代表的当事人同意。

"The acts of such representative in the litigation shall be valid for the party they represent; however, modification or waiver of claims or admission of the claims of the other party or pursuing a compromise with the other party by the representatives shall be subject to the consent of the party they represent."

人民法院作出的判决、裁定，对参加登记的全体权利人发生效力。

The judgments or written orders rendered by the people's court shall be valid for all those who have registered their rights with the court.

未参加登记的权利人在诉讼时效期间提起诉讼的，适用该判决、裁定。

Such judgments or written orders shall apply to those who have not registered their rights but have instituted legal proceedings during period of limitation of the action.

第五十六条 对当事人双方的诉讼标的，第三人认为有独立请求权的，有权提起诉讼。

"Article 56 If a third party considers that he has an independent claim to the object of action of both parties, he shall have the right to bring an action."

对当事人双方的诉讼标的，第三人虽然没有独立请求权，但案件处理结果同他有法律上的利害关系的，可以申请参加诉讼，或者由人民法院通知他参加诉讼。

"Where the outcome of the case will affect a third party's legal interest, such party, though having no independent claim to the object of action of both parties, may file a request to participate in the proceedings or the people's court shall notify the third party to participate. "

人民法院判决承担民事责任的第三人，有当事人的诉讼权利义务。

A third party that is to bear civil liability in accordance with the judgment of the people's court shall be entitled to the rights and obligations of a party in litigation.

第二节 诉讼代理人

Section 2 Agents ad Litem

第五十七条 无诉讼行为能力人由他的监护人作为法定代理人代为诉讼。

Article 57 Any person with no legal capacity to engage in litigation shall have his guardian or guardians as statutory agents to act for him in a lawsuit.

法定代理人之间互相推诿代理责任的，由人民法院指定其中一人代为诉讼。

"If the statutory agents try to shift responsibility as agents ad litem upon one another, the people's court shall appoint one of them to represent the person in litigation."

第五十八条 当事人、法定代理人可以委托一至二人作为诉讼代理人。

"Article 58 A party to an action, or statutory agent may appoint one or two persons to act as his agents ad litem."

律师、当事人的近亲属、有关的社会团体或者所在单位推荐的人、经人民法院许可的其他公民，都可以被委托为诉讼代理人。

"A lawyer, a near relative of the party, a person recommended by a relevant social organization or a unit to which the party belongs or any other citizen approved by the people's court may be appointed as the party's agent ad litem."

第五十九条 委托他人代为诉讼，必须向人民法院提交由委托人签名或者盖章的授权委托书。

"Article 59 When a person appoints another to act on his behalf in litigation, he must submit to the people's court a power of attorney bearing his signature or seal."

授权委托书必须记明委托事项和权限。

The power of attorney must specify the matters entrusted and the powers conferred.

诉讼代理人代为承认、放弃、变更诉讼请求，进行和解，提起反诉或者上诉，必须有委托人的特别授权。

"An agent ad litem must obtain special powers from his principal to admit, waive or modify claims, or to compromise or to file a counterclaim or an appeal."

侨居在国外的中华人民共和国公民从国外寄交或者托交的授权委托书，必须经中华人民共和国驻该国的使领馆证明；

A power of attorney mailed or delivered through others by a citizen of the People's Republic of China residing abroad must be certified by the Chinese embassy or consulate accredited to that country.

没有使领馆的，由与中华人民共和国有外交关系的第三国驻该国的使领馆证明，再转由中华人民共和国驻该第三国使领馆证明，或者由当地的爱国华侨团体证明。

"If there is no Chinese embassy or consulate in that country, the power of attorney must be certified by an embassy or a consulate of a third country accredited to that country that has diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China, and then transmitted for authentication to the embassy or consulate of the People's Republic of China accredited to that third country, or it must be certified by a local patriotic overseas Chinese organization."

第六十条 诉讼代理人的权限如果变更或者解除，当事人应当书面告知人民法院，并由人民法院通知对方当事人。

"Article 60 A party to an action shall inform the people's court in writing if he changes or revokes the powers of an agent ad litem, and the court shall notify the other party of the change or revocation."

第六十一条 代理诉讼的律师和其他诉讼代理人有权调查收集证据，可以查阅本案有关材料。

"Article 61 A lawyer who serves as an agent ad litem and other agents ad litem shall have the right to investigate and collect evidence, and may have access to materials pertaining to the case. "

查阅本案有关材料的范围和办法由最高人民法院规定。

The scope of and rules for consulting materials pertaining to the case shall be specified by the Supreme People's Court.

第六十二条 离婚案件有诉讼代理人的，本人除不能表达意志的以外，仍应出庭；

"Article 62 In a divorce case in which the parties to the action have been represented by their agents ad litem, the parties themselves shall still appear in court in person, unless they are incapable of expressing their own will. "

确因特殊情况无法出庭的，必须向人民法院提交书面意见。

A party who is truly unable to appear in court due to a special reason shall submit his views in writing to the people's court.

第六章 证 据

Chapter VI Evidence

第六十三条 证据有下列几种：（一）书证；（二）物证；（三）视听资料；（四）证人证言；（五）当事人的陈述；（六）鉴定结论；（七）勘验笔录。

Article 63 Evidence shall be classified as follows: (1) documentary evidence; (2) material evidence; (3) audio-visual material; (4) testimony of witnesses; (5) statements of the parties; (6) expert conclusions; and (7) records of inspection.

以上证据必须查证属实，才能作为认定事实的根据。

The above-mentioned evidence must be verified before it can be taken as a basis for ascertaining a fact.

第六十四条 当事人对自己提出的主张，有责任提供证据。

Article 64 It is the duty of a party to an action to provide evidence in support of his allegations.

当事人及其诉讼代理人因客观原因不能自行收集的证据，或者人民法院认为审理案件需要的证据，人民法院应当调查收集。

"If, for objective reasons, a party and his agent ad litem are unable to collect the evidence by themselves or if the people's court considers the evidence necessary for the trial of the case, the people's court shall investigate and collect it."

人民法院应当按照法定程序，全面地、客观地审查核实证据。

"The people's court shall, in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the law, examine and verify evidence comprehensively and objectively."

第六十五条 人民法院有权向有关单位和个人调查取证，有关单位和个人不得拒绝。

Article 65 The people's court shall have the right to make investigation and collect evidence from the relevant units or individuals; such units or individuals may not refuse to provide information and evidence.

人民法院对有关单位和个人提出的证明文书，应当辨别真伪，审查确定其效力。

"The people's court shall verify the authenticity, examine and determine the validity of the certifying documents provided by the relevant units or individuals."

第六十六条 证据应当在法庭上出示，并由当事人互相质证。

Article 66 Evidence shall be presented in court and cross-examined by the parties concerned.

对涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个人隐私的证据应当保密，需要在法庭出示的，不得在公开开庭时出示。

"But evidence that involves State secrets, trade secrets and personal privacy shall be kept confidential. If it needs to be presented in court, such evidence shall not be presented in an open court session."

第六十七条 经过法定程序公证证明的法律行为、法律事实和文书，人民法院应当作为认定事实的根据。但有相反证据足以推翻公证证明的除外。

"Article 67 The people's court shall take the acts, facts and documents legalized by notarization according to legal procedures as the basis for ascertaining facts, unless there is evidence to the contrary sufficient to invalidate the notarization."

第六十八条 书证应当提交原件。物证应当提交原物。

Article 68 Any document submitted as evidence must be the original. Material evidence must also be original.

提交原件或者原物确有困难的，可以提交复制品、照片、副本、节录本。

"If it is truly difficult to present the original document or thing, then reproductions, photographs, duplicates or extracts of the original may be submitted."

提交外文书证，必须附有中文译本。

"If a document in a foreign language is submitted as evidence, a Chinese translation must be appended."

第六十九条 人民法院对视听资料，应当辨别真伪，并结合本案的其他证据，审查确定能否作为认定事实的根据。

Article 69 The people's court shall verify audio-visual materials and determine after their examination in the light of other evidence in the case whether they can be taken as a basis for ascertaining the facts.

第七十条 凡是知道案件情况的单位和个人，都有义务出庭作证。有关单位的负责人应当支持证人作证。证人确有困难不能出庭的，经人民法院许可，可以提交书面证言。

"Article 70 All units and individuals who have knowledge of a case shall be under the obligation of giving testimony in court. Responsible heads of the relevant units shall support the witnesses to give testimony. When it is truly difficult for a witness to appear in court, he may, with the consent of the people's court, submit a written testimony."

不能正确表达意志的人，不能作证。

Any person who is incapable of expressing his will properly shall not give testimony.

第七十一条 人民法院对当事人的陈述，应当结合本案的其他证据，审查确定能否作为认定事实的根据。

Article 71 The people's court shall examine the statements of the parties concerned in the light of other evidence in the case to determine whether the statements can be taken as a basis for ascertaining the facts.

当事人拒绝陈述的，不影响人民法院根据证据认定案件事实。

The refusal of a party to make statements shall not prevent the people's court from ascertaining the facts of a case on the basis of other evidence.

第七十二条 人民法院对专门性问题认为需要鉴定的，应当交由法定鉴定部门鉴定；

"Article 72 When the people's court deems it necessary to make an expert evaluation of a problem of a technical nature, it shall refer the problem to a department authorized by the law for the evaluation. "

没有法定鉴定部门的，由人民法院指定的鉴定部门鉴定。

"In the absence of such a department, the people's court shall appoint one to make the expert evaluation."

鉴定部门及其指定的鉴定人有权了解进行鉴定所需要的案件材料，必要时可以询问当事人、证人。

The authorized department and the experts designated by the department shall have the right to consult the case materials necessary for the evaluation and question the parties and witnesses when circumstances so require.

鉴定部门和鉴定人应当提出书面鉴定结论，在鉴定书上签名或者盖章。

The authorized department and the experts it designated shall present a written conclusion of the evaluation duly sealed or signed by both.

鉴定人鉴定的，应当由鉴定人所在单位加盖印章，证明鉴定人身份。

"If the evaluation is made by an expert alone, the unit to which the expert belongs shall certify his status by affixing its seal to the expert's conclusion."

第七十三条 勘验物证或者现场，勘验人必须出示人民法院的证件，并邀请当地基层组织或者当事人所在单位派人参加。

"Article 73 When inspecting material evidence or a site, the inspector must produce his credentials issued by a people's court. He shall request the local grass-roots organization or the unit to which the party to the action belongs to send persons to participate in the inspection. "

当事人或者当事人的成年家属应当到场，拒不到场的，不影响勘验的进行。

"The party concerned or an adult member of his family shall be present; their refusal to appear on the scene, however, shall not hinder the inspection. "

有关单位和个人根据人民法院的通知，有义务保护现场，协助勘验工作。

"Upon notification by the people's court, the relevant units and individuals shall be under the obligation of preserving the site and assisting the inspection. "

勘验人应当将勘验情况和结果制作笔录，由勘验人、当事人和被邀参加人签名或者盖章。

"The inspector shall make a written record of the circumstances and results of the inspection, which shall be duly signed or sealed by the inspector, the party concerned and the participants requested to be present."

第七十四条 在证据可能灭失或者以后难以取得的情况下，诉讼参加人可以向人民法院申请保全证据，人民法院也可以主动采取保全措施。

"Article 74 Under circumstances where there is a likelihood that evidence may be destroyed or lost, or difficult to obtain later, the participants in the proceedings may apply to the people's court for preservation of the evidence. The people's court may also on its own initiative take measures to preserve such evidence."

第一编 总 则 第七章 期间、送达 第一节 期 间

Chapter VII Time Periods and Service　Section 1 Time Periods

第七十五条 期间包括法定期间和人民法院指定的期间。

Article 75 Time periods shall include those prescribed by the law and those designated by a people's court.

期间以时、日、月、年计算。

"Time periods shall be calculated by the hour, the day, the month and the year. "

期间开始的时和日，不计算在期间内。

The hour and day from which a time period begins shall not be counted as within the time period.

期间届满的最后一日是节假日的，以节假日后的第一日为期间届满的日期。

"If the expiration date of a time period falls on a holiday, then the day immediately following the holiday shall be regarded as the expiration date."

期间不包括在途时间，诉讼文书在期满前交邮的，不算过期。

A time period shall not include travelling time. A litigation document that is mailed before the deadline shall not be regarded as overdue.

第七十六条 当事人因不可抗拒的事由或者其他正当理由耽误期限的，在障碍消除后的十日内，可以申请顺延期限，是否准许，由人民法院决定。

"Article 76 In case of failure on the part of a party to an action to meet a deadline due to force majeure or for other justified reasons, the party concerned may apply for an extension of the time limit within 10 days after the obstacle is removed. The extension applied for shall be subject to approval by a people's court."

第二节 送 达

Section 2 Service

第七十七条 送达诉讼文书必须有送达回证，由受送达人在送达回证上记明收到日期，签名或者盖章。

Article 77 A receipt shall be required for every litigation document that is served and it shall bear the date of receipt noted by the signature or seal of the person on whom the document was served.

受送达人在送达回证上的签收日期为送达日期。

The date noted on the receipt by the person on whom the document was served shall be regarded as the date of service of the document.

第七十八条 送达诉讼文书，应当直接送交受送达人。受送达人是公民的，本人不在交他的同住成年家属签收；受送达人是法人或者其他组织的，应当由法人的法定代表人、其他组织的主要负责人或者该法人、组织负责收件的人签收；受送达人有诉讼代理人的，可以送交其代理人签收；受送达人已向人民法院指定代收人的，送交代收人签收。

"Article 78 Litigation documents shall be sent or delivered directly to the person on whom they are to be served. If that person is a citizen, the documents shall, in case of his absence, be receipted by an adult member of his family living with him. If the person on whom they are to be served is a legal person or any other organization, the documents shall be receipted by the legal representatives of the legal person or the principal heads of the other organization or anyone of the legal person or the other organization responsible for receiving such documents; if the person on whom they are to be served has an agent ad litem, the documents may be receipted by the agent ad litem; if the person on whom they are to be served has designated a person to receive litigation documents on his behalf and has informed the people's court of it, the documents may be receipted by the person designated."

受送达人的同住成年家属，法人或者其他组织的负责收件的人，诉讼代理人或者代收人在送达回证上签收的日期为送达日期。

"The date put down in the receipt and signed by the adult family member living with the person or whom the litigation documents are to be served, or by the person responsible for receiving documents of a legal person or any other organization, or by the agent ad litem, or the person designated to receive documents shall be deemed the date of service of the documents."

第七十九条 受送达人或者他的同住成年家属拒绝接收诉讼文书的，送达人应当邀请有关基层组织或者所在单位的代表到场，说明情况，在送达回证上记明拒收事由和日期，

"Article 79 If the person on whom the litigation documents are to be served or the adult family member living with him refuses to receive the documents, the person serving the documents shall ask representatives from the relevant grass-roots organization or the unit to which the person on whom the documents are to be served belongs to appear on the scene, explain the situation to them, and record on the receipt the reasons of the refusal and the date of it. "

由送达人、见证人签名或者盖章，把诉讼文书留在受送达人的住所，即视为送达。

"After the person serving the documents and the witnesses have affixed their signatures or seals to the receipt, the documents shall be left at the place where the person on whom they are to be served lives and the service shall be deemed completed."

第八十条 直接送达诉讼文书有困难的，可以委托其他人民法院代为送达，或者邮寄送达。邮寄送达的，以回执上注明的收件日期为送达日期。

"Article 80 If direct service proves to be difficult, service of litigation documents may be entrusted to another people's court, or done by mail. If the documents are served by mail, the date stated on the receipt for postal delivery shall be deemed the date of service of the documents."

第八十一条 受送达人是军人的，通过其所在部队团以上单位的政治机关转交。

"Article 81 If the person on whom the litigation documents are to be served is a military-man, the documents shall be forwarded to him through the political organ of the unit at or above the regimental level in the force to which he belongs."

第八十二条 受送达人是被监禁的，通过其所在监所或者劳动改造单位转交。

"Article 82 If the person on whom the litigation documents are to be served is in imprisonment, the documents shall be forwarded to him through the prison authorities or the unit of reform through labour where the person is serving his term."

受送达人是被劳动教养的，通过其所在劳动教养单位转交。

"If the person on whom the litigation documents are to be served is undergoing rehabilitation through labour, the documents shall be forwarded to him through the unit of his rehabilitation through labour."

第八十三条 代为转交的机关、单位收到诉讼文书后，必须立即交受送达人签收，以在送达回证上的签收日期，为送达日期。

Article 83 The organization or unit that receives the litigation documents to be forwarded must immediately deliver them to and have them receipted by the person on whom they are to be served. The date stated on the receipt shall be deemed the date of service of the documents.

第八十四条 受送达人下落不明，或者用本节规定的其他方式无法送达的，公告送达。

"Article 84 If the whereabouts of the person on whom the litigation documents are to be served is unknown, or if the documents cannot be served by the other methods specified in this Section, the documents shall be served by public announcement. "

自发出公告之日起，经过六十日，即视为送达。

"Sixty days after the public announcement is made, the documents shall be deemed to have been served."

公告送达，应当在案卷中记明原因和经过。

The reasons for service by public announcement and the process gone through shall be recorded in the case files.