第七十六条 公民依法享有财产继承权。

Article 76 Citizens shall have the right of inheritance under the law.

第七十七条 社会团体包括宗教团体的合法财产受法律保护。

Article 77 The lawful property of social organizations, including religious organizations, shall be protected by law.

第七十八条 财产可以由两个以上的公民、法人共有。

Article 78 Property may be owned jointly by two or more citizens or legal persons.

共有分为按份共有和共同共有。按份共有人按照各自的份额，对共有财产分享权利，分担义务。共同共有人对共有财产享有权利，承担义务。

There shall be two kinds of joint ownership, namely co-ownership by shares and common ownership. Each of the co-owners by shares shall enjoy the rights and assume the obligations respecting the joint property in proportion to his share. Each of the common owners shall enjoy the rights and assume the obligations respecting the joint property. 

按份共有财产的每个共有人有权要求将自己的份额分出或者转让。

Each co-owner by shares shall have the right to withdraw his own share of the joint property or transfer its ownership. 

但在出售时，其他共有人在同等条件下，有优先购买的权利。

However, when he offers to sell his share, the other co-owners shall have a right of pre-emption if all other conditions are equal.

第七十九条 所有人不明的埋藏物、隐藏物，归国家所有。接收单位应当对上缴的单位或者个人，给予表扬或者物质奖励。

Article 79 If the owner of a buried or concealed object is unknown, the object shall belong to the state. The unit that receives the object shall commend or give a material reward to the unit or individual that turns in the object.

拾得遗失物、漂流物或者失散的饲养动物，应当归还失主，因此而支出的费用由失主偿还。

Lost-and-found objects, flotsam and stray animals shall be returned to their rightful owners, and any costs thus incurred shall be reimbursed by the owners.

第八十条 国家所有的土地，可以依法由全民所有制单位使用，也可以依法确定由集体所有制单位使用，国家保护它的使用、收益的权利；使用单位有管理、保护、合理利用的义务。

Article 80 State-owned land may be used according to law by units under ownership by the whole people; it may also be lawfully assigned for use by units under collective ownership. The state shall protect the usufruct of the land, and the usufructuary shall be obligated to manage, protect and properly use the land.

公民、集体依法对集体所有的或者国家所有由集体使用的土地的承包经营权，受法律保护。

The right of citizens and collectives to contract for management of land under collective ownership or of state-owned land under collective use shall be protected by law. 

承包双方的权利和义务，依照法律由承包合同规定。

The rights and obligations of the two contracting parties shall be stipulated in the contract signed in accordance with the law.

土地不得买卖、出租、抵押或者以其他形式非法转让。

Land may not be sold, leased, mortgaged or illegally transferred by any other means.

第八十一条 国家所有的森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、水面等自然资源，可以依法由全民所有制单位使用，也可以依法确定由集体所有制单位使用，国家保护它的使用、收益的权利；使用单位有管理、保护、合理利用的义务。

Article 81 State-owned forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches, water surfaces and other natural resources may be used according to law by units under ownership by the whole people; or they may also be lawfully assigned for use by units under collective ownership. The state shall protect the usufruct of those resources, and the usufructuary shall be obliged to manage, protect and properly use them.

国家所有的矿藏，可以依法由全民所有制单位和集体所有制单位开采，也可以依法由公民采挖。国家保护合法的采矿权。

State-owned mineral resources may be mined according to law by units under ownership by the whole people and units under collective ownership;

公民、集体依法对集体所有的或者国家所有由集体使用的森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、水面的承包经营权，受法律保护。

citizens may also lawfully mine such resources. The state shall protect lawful mining rights.

承包双方的权利和义务，依照法律由承包合同规定。

The rights and obligations of the two contracting parties shall be stipulated in the contract in accordance with the law.

国家所有的矿藏、水流，国家所有的和法律规定属于集体所有的林地、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂不得买卖、出租、抵押或者以其他形式非法转让。

State-owned mineral resources and waters as well as forest land, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches owned by the state and those that are lawfully owned by collectives may not be sold, leased, mortgaged or illegally transferred by any other means.

第八十二条 全民所有制企业对国家授予它经营管理的财产依法享有经营权，受法律保护。

Article 82 Enterprises under ownership by the whole people shall lawfully enjoy the rights of management over property that the state has authorized them to manage and operate, and the rights shall be protected by law.

第八十三条 不动产的相邻各方，应当按照有利生产、方便生活、团结互助、公平合理的精神，正确处理截水、排水、通行、通风、采光等方面的相邻关系。给相邻方造成妨碍或者损失的，应当停止侵害，排除妨碍，赔偿损失。

Article 83 In the spirit of helping production, making things convenient for people's lives, enhancing unity and mutual assistance, and being fair and reasonable, neighbouring users of real estate shall maintain proper neighbourly relations over such matters as water supply, drainage, passageway, ventilation and lighting. Anyone who causes obstruction or damage to his neighbour, shall stop the infringement, eliminate the obstruction and compensate for the damage.

第五章 民事权利 第二节 债 权

Section 2 Creditors' Rights

第八十四条 债是按照合同的约定或者依照法律的规定，在当事人之间产生的特定的权利和义务关系，享有权利的人是债权人，负有义务的人是债务人。

Article 84 A debt represents a special relationship of rights and obligations established between the parties concerned, either according to the agreed terms of a contract or legal provisions. The party entitled to the rights shall be the creditor, and the party assuming the obligations shall be the debtor.

债权人有权要求债务人按照合同的约定或者依照法律的规定履行义务。

The creditor shall have the right to demand that the debtor fulfil his obligations as specified by the contract or according to legal provisions.

第八十五条 合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议。依法成立的合同，受法律保护。

Article 85 A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish, change or terminate their civil relationship. Lawfully established contracts shall be protected by law.

第八十六条 债权人为二人以上的，按照确定的份额分享权利。债务人为二人以上的，按照确定的份额分担义务。

Article 86 When there are two or more creditors to a deal, each creditor shall be entitled to rights in proportion to his proper share of the credit. When there are two or more debtors to a deal, each debtor shall assume obligations in proportion to his share of the debt.

第八十七条 债权人或者债务人一方人数为二人以上的，依照法律的规定或者当事人的约定，享有连带权利的每个债权人，都有权要求债务人履行义务；负有连带义务的每个债务人，都负有清偿全部债务的义务，履行了义务的人，有权要求其他负有连带义务的人偿付他应当承担的份额。

Article 87 When there are two or more creditors or debtors to a deal, each of the joint creditors shall be entitled to demand that the debtor fulfil his obligations, in accordance with legal provisions or the agreement between the parties; each of the joint debtors shall be obliged to perform the entire debt, and the debtor who performs the entire debt shall be entitled to ask the other joint debtors to reimburse him for their shares of the debt.

第八十八条 合同的当事人应当按照合同的约定，全部履行自己的义务。

Article 88 The parties to a contract shall fully fulfil their obligations pursuant to the terms of the contract.

合同中有关质量、期限、地点或者价款约定不明确，按照合同有关条款内容不能确定，当事人又不能通过协商达成协议的，适用下列规定：

If a contract contains ambiguous terms regarding quality, time limit for performance, place of performance, or price, and the intended meaning cannot be determined from the context of relevant terms in the contract, and if the parties cannot reach an agreement through consultation, the provisions below shall apply:

（一）质量要求不明确的，按照国家质量标准履行，没有国家质量标准的，按照通常标准履行。

(1) If quality requirements are unclear, state quality standards shall apply; if there are no state quality standards, generally held standards shall apply.

（二）履行期限不明确的，债务人可以随时向债权人履行义务，债权人也可以随时要求债务人履行义务，但应当给对方必要的准备时间。

(2) If the time limit for performance is unclear, the debtor may at his convenience fulfill his obligations towards the creditor; the creditor may also demand at any time that the debtor perform his obligations, but sufficient notice shall be given to the debtor.

（三）履行地点不明确，给付货币的，在接受给付一方的所在地履行，其他标的在履行义务一方的所在地履行。

(3) If the place of performance is unclear, and the payment is money, the performance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of the party receiving the payment; if the payment is other than money, the performance shall be effected at the seat or place of residence of the party fulfilling the obligations.

（四）价款约定不明确的，按照国家规定的价格履行；没有国家规定价格的，参照市场价格或者同类物品的价格或者同类劳务的报酬标准履行。

(4) If the price agreed by the parties is unclear, the state-fixed price shall apply. If there is no state-fixed price, the price shall be based on market price or the price of a similar article or remuneration for a similar service.

合同对专利申请权没有约定的，完成发明创造的当事人享有申请权。

If the contract does not contain an agreed term regarding rights to patent application, any party who has completed an invention-creation shall have the right to apply for a patent.

合同对科技成果的使用权没有约定的，当事人都有使用的权利。

If the contract does not contain an agreed term regarding rights to patent application, and technological research achievements, the parties shall all have the right to use such achievements.

第八十九条 依照法律的规定或者按照当事人的约定，可以采用下列方式担保债务的履行：

Article 89 In accordance with legal provisions the agreement between the parties on the performance of a debt may be guaranteed using the methods below:

（一）保证人向债权人保证债务人履行债务，债务人不履行债务的，按照约定由保证人履行或者承担连带责任；保证人履行债务后，有权向债务人追偿。

(1) A guarantor may guarantee to the creditor that the debtor shall perform his debt. If the debtor defaults, the guarantor shall perform the debt or bear joint liability according to agreement. After performing the debt, the guarantor shall have the right to claim repayment from the debtor.

（二）债务人或者第三人可以提供一定的财产作为抵押物。

(2) The debtor or a third party may offer a specific property as a pledge.

债务人不履行债务的，债权人有权依照法律的规定以抵押物折价或者以变卖抵押物的价款优先得到偿还。

If the debtor defaults, the creditors shall be entitled to keep the pledge to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the pledge pursuant to relevant legal provisions.

（三）当事人一方在法律规定的范围内可以向对方给付定金。债务人履行债务后，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行债务的，无权要求返还定金；接受定金的一方不履行债务的，应当双倍返还定金。

(3) Within the limits of relevant legal provisions, a party may leave a deposit with the other party. After the debtor has discharged his debt, the deposit shall either be retained as partial payment of the debt or be returned. If the party who leaves the deposit defaults, he shall not be entitled to demand the return of the deposit; if the party who accepts the deposit defaults, he shall repay the deposit in double.

（四）按照合同约定一方占有对方的财产，对方不按照合同给付应付款项超过约定期限的，占有人有权留置该财产，依照法律的规定以留置财产折价或者以变卖该财产的价款优先得到偿还。

(4) If a party has possession of the other party's property according to contract and the other party violates the contract by failing to pay a required sum of money within the specified time limit, the possessor shall have a lien on the property and may keep the retained property to offset the debt or have priority in satisfying his claim out of the proceeds from the sale of the property pursuant to relevant legal provisions.

第九十条 合法的借贷关系受法律保护。

Article 90 Legitimate loan relationships shall be protected by law.

第九十一条 合同一方将合同的权利、义务全部或者部分转让给第三人的，应当取得合同另一方的同意，并不得牟利。依照法律规定应当由国家批准的合同，需经原批准机关批准。但是，法律另有规定或者原合同另有约定的除外。

Article 91 If a party to a contract transfers all or part of his contractual rights or obligations to a third party, he shall obtain the other party's consent and may not seek profits therefrom. Contracts which according to legal provisions are subject to state approval, such as transfers, must be approved by the authority that originally approved the contract, unless the law or the original contract stipulates otherwise.

第九十二条 没有合法根据，取得不当利益，造成他人损失的，应当将取得的不当利益返还受损失的人。

Article 92 If profits are acquired improperly and without a lawful basis, resulting in another person's loss, the illegal profits shall be returned to the person who suffered the loss.

第九十三条 没有法定的或者约定的义务，为避免他人利益受损失进行管理或者服务的，有权要求受益人偿付由此而支付的必要费用。

Article 93 If a person acts as manager or provides services in order to protect another person's interests when he is not legally or contractually obligated to do so, he shall be entitled to claim from the beneficiary the expenses necessary for such assistance.

第五章 民事权利 第三节 知识产权

Section 3 Intellectual Property Rights

第九十四条 公民、法人享有著作权（版权），依法有署名、发表、出版、获得报酬等权利。

Article 94 Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy rights of authorship (copyrights) and shall be entitled to sign their names as authors, issue and publish their works and obtain remuneration in accordance with the law.

第九十五条 公民、法人依法取得的专利权受法律保护。

Article 95 The patent rights lawfully obtained by citizens and legal persons shall be protected by law.

第九十六条 法人、个体工商户、个人合伙依法取得的商标专用权受法律保护。

Article 96 The rights to exclusive use of trademarks obtained by legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall be protected by law.

第九十七条 公民对自己的发现享有发现权。发现人有权申请领取发现证书、奖金或者其他奖励。

Article 97 Citizens who make discoveries shall be entitled to the rights of discovery. A discoverer shall have the right to apply for and receive certificates of discovery, bonuses or other awards.

公民对自己的发明或者其他科技成果，有权申请领取荣誉证书、奖金或者其他奖励。

Citizens who make inventions or other achievements in scientific and technological research shall have the right to apply for and receive certificates of honour, bonuses or other awards.

第五章 民事权利 第四节 人 身 权

Section 4 Personal Rights

第九十八条 公民享有生命健康权。

Article 98 Citizens shall enjoy the rights of life and health.

第九十九条 公民享有姓名权，有权决定、使用和依照规定改变自己的姓名，禁止他人干涉、盗用、假冒。

Article 99 Citizens shall enjoy the right of personal name and shall be entitled to determine, use or change their personal names in accordance with relevant provisions. Interference with, usurpation of and false representation of personal names shall be prohibited. 

法人、个体工商户、个人合伙享有名称权。企业法人、个体工商户、个人合伙有权使用、依法转让自己的名称。

Legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall enjoy the right of name. Enterprises as legal persons, individual businesses and individual partnerships shall have the right to use and lawfully assign their own names.

第一百条 公民享有肖像权，

Article 100 Citizens shall enjoy the right of portrait.

未经本人同意，不得以营利为目的使用公民的肖像。

The use of a citizen's portrait for profit without his consent shall be prohibited.

第一百零一条 公民、法人享有名誉权，公民的人格尊严受法律保护，禁止用侮辱、诽谤等方式损害公民、法人的名誉。

Article 101 Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy the right of reputation. The personality of citizens shall be protected by law, and the use of insults, libel or other means to damage the reputation of citizens or legal persons shall be prohibited.

第一百零二条 公民、法人享有荣誉权，禁止非法剥夺公民、法人的荣誉称号。

Article 102 Citizens and legal persons shall enjoy the right of honour. It shall be prohibited to unlawfully divest citizens and legal persons of their honorary titles.

第一百零三条 公民享有婚姻自主权，禁止买卖、包办婚姻和其他干涉婚姻自由的行为。

Article 103 Citizens shall enjoy the right of marriage by choice. Mercenary marriages, marriages upon arbitrary decision by any third party and any other acts of interference in the freedom of marriage shall be prohibited.

第一百零四条 婚姻、家庭、老人、母亲和儿童受法律保护。

Article 104 Marriage, the family, old people, mothers and children shall be protected by law.

残疾人的合法权益受法律保护。

 The lawful rights and interests of the handicapped shall be protected by law.

第一百零五条 妇女享有同男子平等的民事权利。

Article 105 Women shall enjoy equal civil rights with men.

第六章 民事责任 第一节 一般规定

 Chapter VI Civil Liability Section 1 General Stipulations

第一百零六条 公民、法人违反合同或者不履行其他义务的，应当承担民事责任。

Article 106 Citizens and legal persons who breach a contract or fail to fulfil other obligations shall bear civil liability.

公民、法人由于过错侵害国家的、集体的财产，侵害他人财产、人身的，应当承担民事责任。

Citizens and legal persons who through their fault encroach upon state or collective property or the property or person of other people shall bear civil liability. 

没有过错，但法律规定应当承担民事责任的，应当承担民事责任。

Civil liability shall still be borne even in the absence of fault, if the law so stipulates.

第一百零七条 因不可抗力不能履行合同或者造成他人损害的，不承担民事责任，法律另有规定的除外。

Article 107 Civil liability shall not be borne for failure to perform a contract or damage to a third party if it is caused by force majeure, except as otherwise provided by law.

第一百零八条 债务应当清偿。暂时无力偿还的，经债权人同意或者人民法院裁决，可以由债务人分期偿还。有能力偿还拒不偿还的，由人民法院判决强制偿还。

Article 108 Debts shall be cleared. If a debtor is unable to repay his debt immediately, he may repay by instalments with the consent of the creditor or a ruling by a people's court. If a debtor is capable of repaying his debt but refuses to do so, repayment shall be compelled by the decision of a people's court.

第一百零九条 因防止、制止国家的、集体的财产或者他人的财产、人身遭受侵害而使自己受到损害的，由侵害人承担赔偿责任，受益人也可以给予适当的补偿。

Article 109 If a person suffers damages from preventing or stopping encroachment on state or collective property, or the property or person of a third party, the infringer shall bear responsibility for compensation, and the beneficiary may also give appropriate compensation.

第一百一十条 对承担民事责任的公民、法人需要追究行政责任的，应当追究行政责任；构成犯罪的，对公民、法人的法定代表人应当依法追究刑事责任。

Article 110 Citizens or legal persons who bear civil liability shall also be held for administrative responsibility if necessary. If the acts committed by citizens and legal persons constitute crimes, criminal responsibility of their legal representatives shall be investigated in accordance with the law.

第六章 民事责任 第二节 违反合同的民事责任

Section 2 Civil Liability for Breach of Contract

第一百一十一条 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定条件的，另一方有权要求履行或者采取补救措施，并有权要求赔偿损失。

Article 111 If a party fails to fulfil its contractual obligations or violates the term of a contract while fulfilling the obligations, the other party shall have the right to demand fulfillment or the taking of remedial measures and claim compensation for its losses.

第一百一十二条 当事人一方违反合同的赔偿责任，应当相当于另一方因此所受到的损失。

Article 112 The party that breaches a contract shall be liable for compensation equal to the losses consequently suffered by the other party.

当事人可以在合同中约定，一方违反合同时，向另一方支付一定数额的违约金；也可以在合同中约定对于违反合同而产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。

The parties may specify in a contract that if one party breaches the contract it shall pay the other party a certain amount of breach of contract damages; they may also specify in the contract the method of assessing the compensation for any losses resulting from a breach of contract.

第一百一十三条 当事人双方都违反合同的，应当分别承担各自应负的民事责任。

Article 113 If both parties breach the contract, each party shall bear its respective civil liability.

第一百一十四条 当事人一方因另一方违反合同受到损失的，应当及时采取措施防止损失的扩大；没有及时采取措施致使损失扩大的，无权就扩大的损失要求赔偿。

Article 114 If one party is suffering losses owing to the other party's breach of contract, it shall take prompt measures to prevent the losses from increasing; if it does not promptly do so, it shall not have the right to claim compensation for the additional losses.

第一百一十五条 合同的变更或者解除，不影响当事人要求赔偿损失的权利。

Article 115 A party's right to claim compensation for losses shall not be affected by the alteration or termination of a contract.

第一百一十六条 当事人一方由于上级机关的原因，不能履行合同义务的，应当按照合同约定向另一方赔偿损失或者采取其他补救措施，再由上级机关对它因此受到的损失负责处理。

Article 116 If a party fails to fulfil its contractual obligations on account of a higher authority, it shall first compensate for the losses of the other party or take other remedial measures as contractually agreed and then the higher authority shall be responsible for settling the losses it sustained.

第六章 民事责任 第三节 侵权的民事责任

Section 3 Civil Liability for Infringement of Rights

第一百一十七条 侵占国家的、集体的财产或者他人财产的，应当返还财产，不能返还财产的，应当折价赔偿。

Article 117 Anyone who encroaches on the property of the state, a collective or another person shall return the property; failing that, he shall reimburse its estimated price. 

损坏国家的、集体的财产或者他人财产的，应当恢复原状或者折价赔偿。

Anyone who damages the property of the state, a collective or another person shall restore the property to its original condition or reimburse its estimated price. 

受害人因此遭受其他重大损失的，侵害人并应当赔偿损失。

If the victim suffers other great losses therefrom, the infringer shall compensate for those losses as well.

第一百一十八条 公民、法人的著作权（版权）、专利权、商标专用权、发现权、发明权和其他科技成果权受到剽窃、篡改、假冒等侵害的，有权要求停止侵害，消除影响，赔偿损失。

Article 118 If the rights of authorship (copyrights), patent rights, rights to exclusive use of trademarks, rights of discovery, rights of invention or rights for scientific and technological research achievements of citizens or legal persons are infringed upon by such means as plagiarism, alteration or imitation, they shall have the right to demand that the infringement be stopped, its ill effects be eliminated and the damages be compensated for.

第一百一十九条 侵害公民身体造成伤害的，应当赔偿医疗费、因误工减少的收入、残废者生活补助费等费用；造成死亡的，并应当支付丧葬费、死者生前扶养的人必要的生活费等费用。

Article 119 Anyone who infringes upon a citizen's person and causes him physical injury shall pay his medical expenses and his loss in income due to missed working time and shall pay him living subsidies if he is disabled; if the victim dies, the infringe shall also pay the funeral expenses, the necessary living expenses of the deceased's dependents and other such expenses.

第一百二十条 公民的姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权受到侵害的，有权要求停止侵害，恢复名誉，消除影响，赔礼道歉，并可以要求赔偿损失。

Article 120 If a citizen's right of personal name, portrait, reputation or honour is infringed upon, he shall have the right to demand that the infringement be stopped, his reputation be rehabilitated, the ill effects be eliminated and an apology be made; he may also demand compensation for losses.

法人的名称权、名誉权、荣誉权受到侵害的，适用前款规定。

The above paragraph shall also apply to infringements upon a legal person's right of name, reputation or honour.

第一百二十一条 国家机关或者国家机关工作人员在执行职务中，侵犯公民、法人的合法权益造成损害的，应当承担民事责任。

Article 121 If a state organ or its personnel, while executing its duties, encroaches upon the lawful rights and interests of a citizen or legal person and causes damage, it shall bear civil liability.

第一百二十二条 因产品质量不合格造成他人财产、人身损害的，产品制造者、销售者应当依法承担民事责任。运输者、仓储者对此负有责任的，产品制造者、销售者有权要求赔偿损失。

Article 122 If a substandard product causes property damage or physical injury to others, the manufacturer or seller shall bear civil liability according to law. If the transporter or storekeeper is responsible for the matter, the manufacturer or seller shall have the right to demand compensation for its losses.

第一百二十三条 从事高空、高压、易燃、易爆、剧毒、放射性、高速运输工具等对周围环境有高度危险的作业造成他人损害的，应当承担民事责任；如果能够证明损害是由受害人故意造成的，不承担民事责任。

Article 123 If any person causes damage to other people by engaging in operations that are greatly hazardous to the surroundings, such as operations conducted high aboveground, or those involving high pressure, high voltage, combustibles, explosives, highly toxic or radioactive substances or high- speed means of transport, he shall bear civil liability; however, if it can be proven that the damage was deliberately caused by the victim, he shall not bear civil liability.

第一百二十四条 违反国家保护环境防止污染的规定，污染环境造成他人损害的，应当依法承担民事责任。

Article 124 Any person who pollutes the environment and causes damage to others in violation of state provisions for environmental protection and the prevention of pollution shall bear civil liability in accordance with the law.

第一百二十五条 在公共场所、道旁或者通道上挖坑、修缮安装地下设施等，没有设置明显标志和采取安全措施造成他人损害的，施工人应当承担民事责任。

Article 125 Any constructor who engages in excavation, repairs or installation of underground facilities in a public place, on a roadside or in a passageway without setting up clear signs and adopting safety measures and thereby causes damage to others shall bear civil liability.

第一百二十六条 建筑物或者其他设施以及建筑物上的搁置物、悬挂物发生倒塌、脱落、坠落造成他人损害的，它的所有人或者管理人应当承担民事责任，但能够证明自己没有过错的除外。

Article 126 If a building or any other installation or an object placed or hung on a structure collapses, detaches or drops down and causes damage to others, its owner or manager shall bear civil liability, unless he can prove himself not at fault.

第一百二十七条 饲养的动物造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担民事责任；由于受害人的过错造成损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人不承担民事责任；由于第三人的过错造成损害的，第三人应当承担民事责任。

Article 127 If a domesticated animal causes harm to any person, its keeper or manager shall bear civil liability. If the harm occurs through the fault of the victim, the keeper or manager shall not bear civil liability; if the harm occurs through the fault of a third party, the third party shall bear civil liability.

第一百二十八条 因正当防卫造成损害的，不承担民事责任。正当防卫超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，应当承担适当的民事责任。

Article 128 A person who causes harm in exercising justifiable defence shall not bear civil liability. If justifiable defence exceeds the limits of necessity and undue harm is caused, an appropriate amount of civil liability shall be borne.

第一百二十九条 因紧急避险造成损害的，由引起险情发生的人承担民事责任。

Article 129 If harm occurs through emergency actions taken to avoid danger, the person who gave rise to the danger shall bear civil liability. 

如果危险是由自然原因引起的，紧急避险人不承担民事责任或者承担适当的民事责任。

If the danger arose from natural causes, the person who took the emergency actions may either be exempt from civil liability or bear civil liability to an appropriate extent.

因紧急避险采取措施不当或者超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，紧急避险人应当承担适当的民事责任。

 If the emergency measures taken are improper or exceed the limits of necessity and undue harm is caused, the person who took the emergency action shall bear civil liability to an appropriate extent.

第一百三十条 二人以上共同侵权造成他人损害的，应当承担连带责任。

Article 130 If two or more persons jointly infringe upon another person's rights and cause him damage, they shall bear joint liability.

第一百三十一条 受害人对于损害的发生也有过错的，可以减轻侵害人的民事责任。

Article 131 If a victim is also at fault for causing the damage, the civil liability of the infringe may be reduced.

第一百三十二条 当事人对造成损害都没有过错的，可以根据实际情况，由当事人分担民事责任。

Article 132 If none of the parties is at fault in causing damage, they may share civil liability according to the actual circumstances.

第一百三十三条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，由监护人承担民事责任。

Article 133 If a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct causes damage to others, his guardian shall bear civil liability. 

监护人尽了监护责任的，可以适当减轻他的民事责任。

If the guardian has done his duty of guardianship, his civil liability may be appropriately reduced.

有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，从本人财产中支付赔偿费用。

If a person who has property but is without or with limited capacity for civil conduct causes damage to others, the expenses of compensation shall be paid from his property.

不足部分，由监护人适当赔偿，但单位担任监护人的除外。

 Shortfalls in such expenses shall be appropriately compensated for by the guardian unless the guardian is a unit.

第四节承担民事责任的方式

Section 4 Methods of Bearing Civil Liability

第一百三十四条 承担民事责任的方式主要有：

Article 134 The main methods of bearing civil liability shall be:

（一）停止侵害；

(1) cessation of infringements;

（二）排除妨碍；

(2) removal of obstacles;

（三）消除危险；

(3) elimination of dangers;

（四）返还财产；

(4) return of property;

（五）恢复原状；

(5) restoration of original condition;

（六）修理、重作、更换；

(6) repair, reworking or replacement;

（七）赔偿损失；

(7) compensation for losses;

（八）支付违约金；

(8) payment of breach of contract damages;

（九）消除影响、恢复名誉；

(9) elimination of ill effects and rehabilitation of reputation;

（十）赔礼道歉。

 and (10) extension of apology.

以上承担民事责任的方式，可以单独适用，也可以合并适用。

The above methods of bearing civil liability may be applied exclusively or concurrently.

人民法院审理民事案件，除适用上述规定外，还可以予以训诫、责令具结悔过、收缴进行非法活动的财物和非法所得，并可以依照法律规定处以罚款、拘留。

 When hearing civil cases, a people's court, in addition to applying the above stipulations, may serve admonitions, order the offender to sign a pledge of repentance, and confiscate the property used in carrying out illegal activities and the illegal income obtained therefrom.It may also impose fines or detentions as stipulated by law.

第七章 诉讼时效

 Chapter VII Limitation of Action

第一百三十五条 向人民法院请求保护民事权利的诉讼时效期间为二年，法律另有规定的除外。

Article 135 Except as otherwise stipulated by law, the limitation of action regarding applications to a people's court for protection of civil rights shall be two years.

第一百三十六条 下列的诉讼时效期间为一年：

Article 136 The limitation of action shall be one year in cases concerning the following:

（一）身体受到伤害要求赔偿的；

(1) claims for compensation for bodily injuries;

（二）出售质量不合格的商品未声明的；

(2) sales of substandard goods without proper notice to that effect;

（三）延付或者拒付租金的；

(3) delays in paying rent or refusal to pay rent; 

（四）寄存财物被丢失或者损毁的。

or (4) loss of or damage to property left in the care of another person.

第一百三十七条 诉讼时效期间从知道或者应当知道权利被侵害时起计算。但是，从权利被侵害之日起超过二十年的，人民法院不予保护。有特殊情况的，人民法院可以延长诉讼时效期间。

Article 137 A limitation of action shall begin when the entitled person knows or should know that his rights have been infringed upon. However, the people's court shall not protect his rights if 20 years have passed since the infringement. Under special circumstances, the people's court may extend the limitation of action.

第一百三十八条 超过诉讼时效期间，当事人自愿履行的，不受诉讼时效限制。

Article 138 If a party chooses to fulfil obligations voluntarily after the limitation of action has expired, he shall not be subject to the limitation.

第一百三十九条 在诉讼时效期间的最后六个月内，因不可抗力或者其他障碍不能行使请求权的，诉讼时效中止。

Article 139 A limitation of action shall be suspended during the last six months of the limitation if the plaintiff cannot exercise his right of claim because of force majeure or other obstacles. 

从中止时效的原因消除之日起，诉讼时效期间继续计算。

The limitation shall resume on the day when the grounds for the suspension are eliminated.

第一百四十条 诉讼时效因提起诉讼、当事人一方提出要求或者同意履行义务而中断。从中断时起，诉讼时效期间重新计算。

Article 140 A limitation of action shall be discontinued if suit is brought or if one party makes a claim for or agrees to fulfillment of obligations. A new limitation shall be counted from the time of the discontinuance.

第一百四十一条 法律对诉讼时效另有规定的，依照法律规定。

Article 141 If the law has other stipulations concerning limitation of action, those stipulations shall apply.

第八章 涉外民事关系的法律适用

 Chapter VIII Application of Law in Civil Relations with Foreigners

第一百四十二条 涉外民事关系的法律适用，依照本章的规定确定。

Article 142 The application of law in civil relations with foreigners shall be determined by the provisions in this chapter.

中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约同中华人民共和国的民事法律有不同规定的，适用国际条约的规定，但中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。

If any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China contains provisions differing from those in the civil laws of the People's Republic of China, the provisions of the international treaty shall apply, unless the provisions are ones on which the People's Republic of China has announced reservations. 

中华人民共和国法律和中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约没有规定的，可以适用国际惯例。

International practice may be applied to matters for which neither the law of the People's Republic of China nor any international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China has any provisions.

第一百四十三条 中华人民共和国公民定居国外的，他的民事行为能力可以适用定居国法律。

Article 143 If a citizen of the People's Republic of China settles in a foreign country, the law of that country may be applicable as regards his capacity for civil conduct.

第一百四十四条 不动产的所有权，适用不动产所在地法律。

Article 144 The ownership of immovable property shall be bound by the law of the place where it is situated.

第一百四十五条 涉外合同的当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律，法律另有规定的除外。

Article 145 The parties to a contract involving foreign interests may choose the law applicable to settlement of their contractual disputes, except as otherwise stipulated by law. 

涉外合同的当事人没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。

If the parties to a contract involving foreign interests have not made a choice, the law of the country to which the contract is most closely connected shall be applied.

第一百四十六条 侵权行为的损害赔偿，适用侵权行为地法律。当事人双方国籍相同或者在同一国家有住所的，也可以适用当事人本国法律或者住所地法律。

Article 146 The law of the place where an infringing act is committed shall apply in handling compensation claims for any damage caused by the act. If both parties are citizens of the same country or have established domicile in another country, the law of their own country or the country of domicile may be applied.

中华人民共和国法律不认为在中华人民共和国领域外发生的行为是侵权行为的，不作为侵权行为处理。

An act committed outside the People's Republic of China shall not be treated as an infringing act if under the law of the People's Republic of China it is not considered an infringing act.

第一百四十七条 中华人民共和国公民和外国人结婚适用婚姻缔结地法律，离婚适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。

Article 147 The marriage of a citizen of the People's Republic of China to a foreigner shall be bound by the law of the place where they get married, while a divorce shall be bound by the law of the place where a court accepts the case.

第一百四十八条 扶养适用与被扶养人有最密切联系的国家的法律。

Article 148 Maintenance of a spouse after divorce shall be bound by the law of the country to which the spouse is most closely connected.

第一百四十九条 遗产的法定继承，动产适用被继承人死亡时住所地法律，不动产适用不动产所在地法律。

Article 149 In the statutory succession of an estate, movable property shall be bound by the law of the decedent's last place of residence, and immovable property shall be bound by the law of the place where the property is situated.

第一百五十条 依照本章规定适用外国法律或者国际惯例的，不得违背中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。

Article 150 The application of foreign laws or international practice in accordance with the provisions of this chapter shall not violate the public interest of the People's Republic of China.

第九章 附 则

 Chapter IX Supplementary provisions

第一百五十一条 民族自治地方的人民代表大会可以根据本法规定的原则，结合当地民族的特点，制定变通的或者补充的单行条例或者规定。

Article 151 The people's congresses of the national autonomous areas may formulate separate adaptive or supplementary regulations or provisions in accordance with the principles of this Law and in light of the characteristics of the local nationalities. 

自治区人民代表大会制定的，依照法律规定报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准或者备案；自治州、自治县人民代表大会制定的，报省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会批准。

Those formulated by the people's congresses of autonomous regions shall be submitted in accordance with the law to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval or for the record. Those formulated by the people's congresses of autonomous prefectures or autonomous counties shall be submitted to the standing committee of the people's congress in the relevant province or autonomous region for approval.

第一百五十二条 本法生效以前，经省、自治区、直辖市以上主管机关批准开办的全民所有制企业，已经向工商行政管理机关登记的，可以不再办理法人登记，即具有法人资格。

Article 152 If an enterprise owned by the whole people has been established with the approval of the competent authority of a province, autonomous region or centrally administered municipality or at a higher level and it has already been registered with the administrative agency for industry and commerce, before this Law comes into force, it shall automatically qualify as a legal person without having to re-register as such.

第一百五十三条 本法所称的“不可抗力”，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。

Article 153 For the purpose of this Law, "force majeure" means unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable objective conditions.

第一百五十四条 民法所称的期间按照公历年、月、日、小时计算。

Article 154 Time periods referred to in the Civil Law shall be calculated by the Gregorian calendar in years, months, days and hours.

规定按照小时计算期间的，从规定时开始计算。规定按照日、月、年计算期间的，开始的当天不算入，从下一天开始计算。

When a time period is prescribed in hours, calculation of the period shall begin on the prescribed hour. When a time period is prescribed in days, months and years, the day on which the period begins shall not be counted as within the period; calculation shall begin on the next day.

期间的最后一天是星期日或者其他法定休假日的，以休假日的次日为期间的最后一天。

If the last day of a time period falls on a Sunday or an official holiday, the day after the holiday shall be taken as the last day.

期间的最后一天的截止时间为二十四点。有业务时间的，到停止业务活动的时间截止。

The last day shall end at 24:00 hours. If business hours are applicable, the last day shall end at closing time.

第一百五十五条 民法所称的“以上”、“以下”、“以内”、“届满”，包括本数；所称的“不满”、“以外”，不包括本数。

Article 155 In this Law, the terms "not less than," "not more than," "within" and "expires" shall include the given figure; the terms "under" and "beyond" shall not include the given figure.

第一百五十六条 本法自一九八七年一月一日起施行。

Article 156 This Law shall come into force on January 1, 1987.