第十二章  对地面第三人损害的赔偿责任

Chapter XII Liability for Damage to Third Parties on the Surface

第一百五十七条  因飞行中的民用航空器或者从飞行中的民用航空器上落下的人或者物，造成地面（包括水面，下同）上的人身伤亡或者财产损害的，受害人有权获得赔偿；

 Article 157 Any person on the surface(including water surface, the same below) who suffers death or personal injury or damage to property caused by a civil aircraft in flight or by any person or thing falling therefrom shall be entitled to compensation. 

但是，所受损害并非造成损害的事故的直接后果，或者所受损害仅是民用航空器依照国家有关的空中交通规则在空中通过造成的，受害人无权要求赔偿。

 Nevertheless, the person suffers damage shall have no right to compensation if the damage is not a direct consequence of the incident giving rise thereto, or if the damage results from the mere fact of passage of the civil aircraft through the airspace in conformity with air traffic regulations concerned of the State.

前款所称飞行中，是指自民用航空器为实际起飞而使用动力时起至着陆冲程终了时止；

  The term   in flight   mentioned in the preceding paragraph means the period beginning from the moment when power is applied by a civil aircraft for the purpose of actual takeoff until the moment when the landing run ends. 

就轻于空气的民用航空器而言，飞行中是指自其离开地面时起至其重新着地时止。

 In the case of a civil aircraft lighter than air, the expression   in flight   relates to the period from the moment when it becomes detached from the surface until it becomes again attached thereto.

第一百五十八条  本法第一百五十七条规定的赔偿责任，由民用航空器的经营人承担。

Article 158 The liability for compensation contemplated by Article 157 of this Law shall attach to the operator of the civil aircraft.

前款所称经营人，是指损害发生时使用民用航空器的人。民用航空器的使用权已经直接或者间接地授予他人，本人保留对该民用航空器的航行控制权的，本人仍被视为经营人。

  The term   operator   mentioned in the preceding paragraph means the person who was making use of the civil aircraft at the time the damage was caused. However, if the control of the navigation of the civil aircraft was retained by the person from whom the right to make use of the civil aircraft was derived, whether directly or indirectly, that person shall still be considered the operator.

经营人的受雇人、代理人在受雇、代理过程中使用民用航空器，无论是否在其受雇、代理范围内行事，均视为经营人使用民用航空器。

  The operator shall be considered to be making use of a civil aircraft when his servants or agents are using the civil aircraft in the course of their employment, whether or not within the scope of their authority.

民用航空器登记的所有人应当被视为经营人，并承担经营人的责任；除非在判定其责任的诉讼中，所有人证明经营人是他人，并在法律程序许可的范围内采取适当措施使该人成为诉讼当事人之一。

  The registered owner of the civil aircraft shall be presumed to be the operator and shall be liable as such unless, in the proceedings for the determination of his liability, he proves that some other person was the operator and, in so far as legal procedures permit, takes appropriate measures to make that other person a party in the proceedings.

第一百五十九条  未经对民用航空器有航行控制权的人同意而使用民用航空器，对地面第三人造成损害的，有航行控制权的人除证明本人已经适当注意防止此种使用外，应当与该非法使用人承担连带责任。

 Article 159 If a person makes use of a civil aircraft without the consent of the person entitled to its navigational control and caused a damage to third parties on the surface, the person entitled to the navigation control, unless he proves that he has exercised due care to prevent such use, shall be jointly and severally liable with the unlawful user.

第一百六十条  损害是武装冲突或者骚乱的直接后果，依照本章规定应当承担责任的人不承担责任。

Article 160 Any person who would otherwise be liable under the provisions of this Chapter shall not be liable if the damage is the direct consequence of armed conflict or civil disturbance.

依照本章规定应当承担责任的人对民用航空器的使用权业经国家机关依法剥夺的，不承担责任。

 Any person who would otherwise be liable under the provision of this Chapter shall not be liable if such person has been deprived of the right to use the civil aircraft by the public authority according to law.

第一百六十一条  依照本章规定应当承担责任的人证明损害是完全由于受害人或者其受雇人、代理人的过错造成的，免除其赔偿责任；

Article 161 Any person who would otherwise be liable under the provisions of this Chapter shall be exonerated from the liability for damage if he proves that the damage was caused solely by the fault of the person who suffers the damage or of the latter's servants or agents.

应当承担责任的人证明损害是部分由于受害人或者其受雇人、代理人的过错造成的，相应减轻其赔偿责任。

 If the person liable proves that the damage was contributed to by the fault of the person who suffers the damage, or of his servants or agents, the compensation shall be reduced to the extent to which such fault contributed to the damage.

但是，损害是由于受害人的受雇人、代理人的过错造成时，受害人证明其受雇人、代理人的行为超出其所授权的范围的，不免除或者不减轻应当承担责任的人的赔偿责任。

 Nevertheless, there shall be no such exoneration or reduction if, in the case of the fault of a servant or agent, the person who suffers the damage proves that his servant or agent was acting outside the scope of his authority.

一人对另一人的死亡或者伤害提起诉讼，请求赔偿时，损害是该另一人或者其受雇人、代理人的过错造成的，适用前款规定。

  Where an action is brought by one person to recover the damage arising from the death or injury of another person, and the damage was caused by the fault of such other person, or of his servants or agents, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply.

第一百六十二条  两个以上的民用航空器在飞行中相撞或者相扰，造成本法第一百五十七条规定的应当赔偿的损害，或者两个以上的民用航空器共同造成此种损害的，各有关民用航空器均应当被认为已经造成此种损害，各有关民用航空器的经营人均应当承担责任。

 Article 162 When two or more civil aircraft have collided or interfered with each other in flight and damage for which a right to compensation as contemplated in Article 157 of this Law results, or when two or more civil aircraft have jointly caused such damage, each of the civil aircraft concerned shall be considered to have caused the damage and the operator of each civil aircraft shall be liable.

第一百六十三条  本法第一百五十八条第四款和第一百五十九条规定的人，享有依照本章规定经营人所能援用的抗辩权。

Article 163 The persons referred to in paragraph 4 of Article 158 and Article 159 of this Law shall be entitled to all defences which are available to an operator under the provisions of this Chapter.

第一百六十四条  除本章有明确规定外，经营人、所有人和本法第一百五十九条规定的应当承担责任的人，以及他们的受雇人、代理人，对于飞行中的民用航空器或者从飞行中的民用航空器上落下的人或者物造成的地面上的损害不承担责任，但是故意造成此种损害的人除外。

 Article 164 Neither the operator, the owner, any person liable under Article 159 of this Law, nor their respective servants or agents, shall be liable for damage on the surface caused by a civil aircraft in flight or any person or thing falling therefrom otherwise than as expressly provided in this Chapter, except any such person who has caused the damage deliberately.

第一百六十五条  本章不妨碍依照本章规定应当对损害承担责任的人向他人追偿的权利。

Article 165 Nothing in this Chapter shall prejudice the question whether a person liable for damage in accordance with its provisions has a right of recourse against any other person.

第一百六十六条  民用航空器的经营人应当投保地面第三人责任险或者取得相应的责任担保。

Article 166 The operator of a civil aircraft shall be covered by insurance against liability for third parties on the surface or obtain corresponding guarantee.

第一百六十七条  保险人和担保人除享有与经营人相同的抗辩权，以及对伪造证件进行抗辩的权利外，对依照本章规定提出的赔偿请求只能进行下列抗辩：

 Article 167 The insurer or the guarantor may, in addition to the defences available to the operator, and the defence of forgery, set up only the following defences against claims brought up in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter:

（一）损害发生在保险或者担保终止有效后；然而保险或者担保在飞行中期满的，该项保险或者担保在飞行计划中所载下一次降落前继续有效，但是不得超过二十四小时；

 (1) That the damage occurred after the insurance or guarantee ceased to be effective. However, if the insurance or guarantee expires during a flight, it should be continued in force until the next landing specified in the flight plan, but no longer than twenty-four hours; and

（二）损害发生在保险或者担保所指定的地区范围外，除非飞行超出该范围是由于不可抗力、援助他人所必需，或者驾驶、航行或者领航上的差错造成的。

 (2) That the damage occurred outside the territorial limits provided by the insurance or guarantee, unless flight outside of such limits was caused by force majeure, assistance justified by the circumstances or an error in piloting, operation or navigation.

前款关于保险或者担保继续有效的规定，只在对受害人有利时适用。

 The continuation in force of the insurance and guarantee under the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply only for the benefit of the person suffering damage.

第一百六十八条  仅在下列情形下，受害人可以直接对保险人或者担保人提起诉讼，但是不妨碍受害人根据有关保险合同或者担保合同的法律规定提起直接诉讼的权利：

 Article 168 Without prejudice to any right of direct action which the person suffering damage may have under the law governing the contract of insurance or guarantee, such person may bring a direct action against the insurer or guarantor only in the following cases:

（一）根据本法第一百六十七条第（一）项、第（二）项规定，保险或者担保继续有效的；（二）经营人破产的。

(1) Where the insurance or guarantee is continued in force under the provisions of sub-paragraphs(1) and(2) of Article 167 of this Law; and(2) The bankruptcy of the operator.

除本法第一百六十七条第一款规定的抗辩权，保险人或者担保人对受害人依照本章规定提起的直接诉讼不得以保险或者担保的无效或者追溯力终止为由进行抗辩。

  Excepting the defences specified in paragraph 1 of Article 167 of this Law, the insurer or guarantor may not, with respect to direct actions brought by the person suffering damage in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter, avail himself of any ground of nullity of the insurance or guarantee or any right of retroactive cancellation in setting up defences.

第一百六十九条  依照本法第一百六十六条规定提供的保险或者担保，应当被专门指定优先支付本章规定的赔偿。

 Article 169 If insurance or guarantee is furnished in accordance with Article 166 of this Law, it shall be specifically and preferentially assigned to payment of claims under this Chapter.

第一百七十条  保险人应当支付给经营人的款项，在本章规定的第三人的赔偿请求未满足前，不受经营人的债权人的扣留和处理。

Article 170 Any sum due to an operator from an insurer shall be exempt from seizure and execution by creditors of the operator until claims of third parties under this Chapter have been satisfied.

第一百七十一条  地面第三人损害赔偿的诉讼时效期间为二年，自损害发生之日起计算；但是，在任何情况下，时效期间不得超过自损害发生之日起三年。

Article 171 Actions concerning indemnity for damage to third parties on the surface shall be subject to a period of limitation of two years from the date of the incident which caused the damage; but in any case such period shall not go beyond a period of three years from the date of the incident which caused the damage.

第一百七十二条  本章规定不适用于下列损害：

Article 172 The provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to the following damage:

（一）对飞行中的民用航空器或者对该航空器上的人或者物造成的损害；

 (1) The damage caused to a civil aircraft in flight, or to persons or cargo on board such aircraft;

（二）为受害人同经营人或者同发生损害时对民用航空器有使用权的人订立的合同所约束，或者为适用两方之间的劳动合同的法律有关职工赔偿的规定所约束的损害；

 (2) The damage which is regulated either by a contract between the person who suffers such damage and the operator or the person entitled to use the civil aircraft at the time the damage occurred, or by the law relating to workman's compensation applicable to a contract of employment between such persons; and

（三）核损害。

(3) Nuclear damage.

 第十三章  对外国民用航空器的特别规定

Chapter XIII Special Provisions Governing Foreign Civil Aircraft

第一百七十三条  外国人经营的外国民用航空器，在中华人民共和国境内从事民用航空活动，适用本章规定；本章没有规定的，适用本法其他有关规定。

 Article 173 The provisions of this Chapter shall be applicable to foreign civil aircraft operated by foreigners and engaged in civil aviation activities in the territory of the People's Republic of China; where no provisions are available in this Chapter, other provisions concerned in this Law shall apply.

第一百七十四条  外国民用航空器根据其国籍登记国政府与中华人民共和国政府签订的协定、协议的规定，或者经中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门批准或者接受，方可飞入、飞出中华人民共和国领空和在中华人民共和国境内飞行、降落。

 Article 174 A foreign civil aircraft may enter or leave the airspace of the People's Republic of China, and operate or land in the territory of the People's Republic of China only in accordance with the air transport agreement concluded between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the government of the State in which the aircraft is registered, or in accordance with the approval or clearance of the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China.

对不符合前款规定，擅自飞入、飞出中华人民共和国领空的外国民用航空器，中华人民共和国有关机关有权采取必要措施，令其在指定的机场降落；

  If a foreign civil aircraft, not conforming to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, is entering or leaving the airspace of the People's Republic of China without authorization, the authorities concerned of the People's Republic of China have the right to take necessary measures to order the aircraft to land at a designated airport; 

对虽然符合前款规定，但是有合理的根据认为需要对其进行检查的，有关机关有权令其在指定的机场降落。

 if there is reasonable ground to deem that it is necessary to make an inspection of a foreign civil aircraft which operates in conformity with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the authorities concerned have the right to order the aircraft to land at a designated airport.

第一百七十五条  外国民用航空器飞入中华人民共和国领空，其经营人应当提供有关证明书，证明其已经投保地面第三人责任险或者已经取得相应的责任担保；

 Article 175 The operator of a foreign civil aircraft entering the airspace of the People's Republic of China shall furnish relevant certificate(s) to prove that he has been covered by insurance against liability for third parties on the surface, or obtained corresponding guarantee;

其经营人未提供有关证明书的，中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门有权拒绝其飞入中华人民共和国领空。

  where the operator fails to furnish the relevant certificate(s), the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China has the right to refuse him to operate into the airspace of the People's Republic of China.

第一百七十六条  外国民用航空器的经营人经其本国政府指定，并取得中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门颁发的经营许可证，方可经营中华人民共和国政府与该外国政府签订的协定、协议规定的国际航班运输；

Article 176 The operator of a foreign civil aircraft may operate the international scheduled air services specified in the air transport agreement concluded between the Government of the People's Republic of China and his own government only after he has been designated by his own government and obtained the operating licence issued by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China;

外国民用航空器的经营人经其本国政府批准，并获得中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门批准，方可经营中华人民共和国境内一地和境外一地之间的不定期航空运输。

the operator of a foreign civil aircraft may operate non-scheduled air transport between a place within the territory of the People's Republic of China and a place without said territory only after he has been approved by his own government and by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China.

前款规定的外国民用航空器经营人，应当依照中华人民共和国法律、行政法规的规定，制定相应的安全保卫方案，报中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门备案。

  The operator of foreign civil aircraft mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall, in accordance with the provisions of the laws and administrative rules and regulations of the People's Republic of China, formulate corresponding plan of security and submit it to the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China for the record.

第一百七十七条  外国民用航空器的经营人，不得经营中华人民共和国境内两点之间的航空运输。

Article 177 No operator of foreign civil aircraft shall operate the air transport between two points in the People's Republic of China.

第一百七十八条  外国民用航空器，应当按照中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门批准的班期时刻或者飞行计划飞行；

Article 178 The flight of a foreign civil aircraft shall be conducted in accordance with the timetable or flight plan approved by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China;

变更班期时刻或者飞行计划的，其经营人应当获得中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门的批准；

approval of the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China shall be obtained by the operator in respect of any change in timetable or flight plan;

因故变更或者取消飞行的，其经营人应当及时报告中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门。

the operator shall report in time to the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China in respect of any change or cancellation of flight.

第一百七十九条  外国民用航空器应当在中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门指定的设关机场起飞或者降落。

Article 179 A foreign civil aircraft shall take off or land at a customs airport designated by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China.

第一百八十条  中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门和其他主管机关，有权在外国民用航空器降落或者飞出时查验本法第九十条规定的文件。

Article 180 The competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China and other competent authorities shall have the right to inspect the documents specified in Article 90 of this Law of a foreign civil aircraft on its landing or departure.

外国民用航空器及其所载人员、行李、货物，应当接受中华人民共和国有关主管机关依法实施的入境出境、海关、检疫等检查。

  Foreign civil aircraft and the persons, baggage and cargo carried therein shall be subject to entry, exit, customs, quarantine and other inspections exercised by the competent authorities concerned of the People's Republic of China according to law.

实施前两款规定的查验、检查，应当避免不必要的延误。

 In exercising the inspections prescribed in the two preceding paragraphs, undue delay shall be prevented.

第一百八十一条  外国民用航空器国籍登记国发给或者核准的民用航空器适航证书、机组人员合格证书和执照，中华人民共和国政府承认其有效；但是，发给或者核准此项证书或者执照的要求，应当等于或者高于国际民用航空组织制定的最低标准。

 Article 181 The civil aircraft certificates of airworthiness and certificates of competency and licences of crew members issued or rendered valid by the State in which the nationality of a foreign civil aircraft is registered, shall be recognized as valid by the Government of the People's Republic of China, provided that the requirements under which such certificates or licences were issued or rendered valid shall be equal to or above the minimum standards established by the International  Civil  Aviation Organization.

第一百八十二条  外国民用航空器在中华人民共和国搜寻援救区内遇险，其所有人或者国籍登记国参加搜寻援救工作，应当经中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门批准或者按照两国政府协议进行。

 Article 182 In the event that a foreign civil aircraft is in emergency within the search and rescue area of the People's Republic  of  China,  the participation of its owner or of the State in which the nationality of the aircraft is registered shall be subject to the approval of the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China or in accordance with the agreement between the governments of the two States.

第一百八十三条  外国民用航空器在中华人民共和国境内发生事故，其国籍登记国和其他有关国家可以指派观察员参加事故调查。事故调查报告和调查结果，由中华人民共和国国务院民用航空主管部门告知该外国民用航空器的国籍登记国和其他有关国家。

 Article 183 In the event of an accident occurred to a foreign civil aircraft in the territory of the People's Republic of China, the State in which the nationality of the aircraft is registered or other States concerned may appoint observers to take part in accident investigation. The report of accident investigation and findings in the matter shall be communicated by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council of the People's Republic of China to the State in which the nationality of such civil aircraft is registered and other States concerned.

 第十四章  涉外关系的法律适用

Chapter XIV Application of Law to Foreign-related Matters

第一百八十四条  中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约同本法有不同规定的，适用国际条约的规定；但是，中华人民共和国声明保留的条款除外。

 Article 184 Where the provisions of an international treaty concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China are different from those of this Law, the provisions of that international treaty shall apply, except the provisions for which reservation has been declared by the People's Republic of China.

中华人民共和国法律和中华人民共和国缔结或者参加的国际条约没有规定的，可以适用国际惯例。

  In respect of cases which are not provided by the law of the People's Republic of China or by the international treaties concluded or acceded to by the People's Republic of China, international practices may apply.

第一百八十五条  民用航空器所有权的取得、转让和消灭，适用民用航空器国籍登记国法律。

 Article 185 The law of the State in which the nationality of a civil aircraft is registered shall be applicable to the acquisition, transference and extinction of the ownership of the civil aircraft.

第一百八十六条  民用航空器抵押权适用民用航空器国籍登记国法律。

Article 186 The law of the State in which the nationality of a civil aircraft is registered shall be applicable to the mortgage of the civil aircraft.

第一百八十七条  民用航空器优先权适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。

Article 187 The law of the location of the court which takes up the case shall be applicable to civil aviation liens.

第一百八十八条  民用航空运输合同当事人可以选择合同适用的法律，但是法律另有规定的除外；合同当事人没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。

 Article 188 The parties to a contract of civil air transport may choose the law applicable to the contract unless otherwise provided by law. In case the parties to the contract have made no such choice, the law of the State most closely related to the contract shall apply.

第一百八十九条  民用航空器对地面第三人的损害赔偿，适用侵权行为地法律。

Article 189 The law of the place where an act of tort occurred shall be applicable to indemnity for damage caused by a civil aircraft to third parties on the surface.

民用航空器在公海上空对水面第三人的损害赔偿，适用受理案件的法院所在地法律。

 The law of the location of the court which takes up the case shall be applicable to the indemnity for damage caused by civil aircraft over the high seas to third parties on the surface.

第一百九十条  依照本章规定适用外国法律或者国际惯例，不得违背中华人民共和国的社会公共利益。

Article 190 The application of foreign laws or international practices in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter shall in no way violate the public interest of the People's Republic of China.

 第十五章  法律责任

Chapter XV Legal Liability

第一百九十一条  以暴力、胁迫或者其他方法劫持航空器的，依照关于惩治劫持航空器犯罪分子的决定追究刑事责任。

 Article 191 Where a person seized an aircraft by violence, threats thereof or other means, his criminal responsibility shall be investigated  in accordance with the Decision Regarding the Punishment of the Criminals Engaged in Aircraft Hijacking.

第一百九十二条  对飞行中的民用航空器上的人员使用暴力，危及飞行安全，尚未造成严重后果的，依照刑法第一百零五条的规定追究刑事责任；造成严重后果的，依照刑法第一百零六条的规定追究刑事责任。

 Article 192 Where a person endangers flight safety by using violence against a person on board a civil aircraft in flight, but without resulting in serious consequences, his criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the provisions of Article 105 of the Criminal Law; if grave consequences result from such act, his criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the provisions of Article 106 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十三条  违反本法规定，隐匿携带炸药、雷管或者其他危险品乘坐民用航空器，或者以非危险品品名托运危险品，尚未造成严重后果的，比照刑法第一百六十三条的规定追究刑事责任；造成严重后果的，依照刑法第一百一十条的规定追究刑事责任。

 Article 193 A person who, in violation of the provisions of this Law, conceals and brings explosives, detonators or other dangerous articles while flying in a civil aircraft, or consigns dangerous articles for shipment under the name of non-dangerous articles, but without resulting  in  serious consequences, shall be investigated for his criminal responsibility by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions of Article 163 of the Criminal Law; if grave consequences result from such crime,  his  criminal responsibility shall be investigated in accordance with the provisions of Article 110 of the Criminal Law.

企业事业单位犯前款罪的，判处罚金，并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依照前款规定追究刑事责任。

  An enterprise or institution which commits the crime prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall be subject  to  a  fine,  and  criminal responsibilities shall be investigated against the person directly in charge and other personnel directly responsible for the crime  in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

隐匿携带枪支子弹、管制刀具乘坐民用航空器的，比照刑法第一百六十三条的规定追究刑事责任。

  A person who conceals and brings firearms, ammunition and controlled knives while flying in a civil aircraft shall be investigated for his criminal responsibility by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions of Article 163 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十四条  公共航空运输企业违反本法第一百零一条的规定运输危险品的，由国务院民用航空主管部门没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得一倍以下的罚款。

 Article 194 Where a public air transport enterprise carries dangerous articles in violation of the provisions of Article 101 of this Law, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall confiscate its unlawful earnings and may also impose a fine of not more than 100% of the unlawful earnings.

公共航空运输企业有前款行为，导致发生重大事故的，没收违法所得，判处罚金；并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依照刑法第一百一十五条的规定追究刑事责任。

  Where a public air transport enterprise commits an act described in the preceding paragraph and thereby creates a serious accident, its unlawful earnings shall be confiscated and a fine shall be imposed; and criminal responsibilities shall be investigated against the  person directly in charge and other personnel directly responsible for the crime in accordance with the provisions of Article 115 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十五条  故意在使用中的民用航空器上放置危险品或者唆使他人放置危险品，足以毁坏该民用航空器，危及飞行安全，尚未造成严重后果的，依照刑法第一百零七条的规定追究刑事责任；造成严重后果的，依照刑法第一百一十条的规定追究刑事责任。

 Article 195 A person who deliberately places or instigates another person to place dangerous articles on board a civil aircraft in use, sufficient to destroy the civil aircraft and endanger flight safety but without resulting in serious  consequences,  shall  be  investigated  for  his  criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 107 of the Criminal Law; if grave consequences result from such crime, he shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 110 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十六条  故意传递虚假情报，扰乱正常飞行秩序，使公私财产遭受重大损失的，依照刑法第一百五十八条的规定追究刑事责任。

 Article 196 A person who deliberately transmits false information and disturbs the normal order of flight, resulting in serious losses to public or private property, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 158 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十七条  盗窃或者故意损毁、移动使用中的航行设施，危及飞行安全，足以使民用航空器发生坠落、毁坏危险，尚未造成严重后果的，依照刑法第一百零八条的规定追究刑事责任；造成严重后果的，依照刑法第一百一十条的规定追究刑事责任。

 Article 197 A person who steals or deliberately damages or removes navigational facilities in use and thereby creates danger to flight safety, sufficient to cause the fall or destruction of the civil aircraft but without resulting in serious consequences, shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 108 of the Criminal Law; if grave consequences result from such crime, he shall be investigated for criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 110 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十八条  聚众扰乱民用机场秩序的，依照刑法第一百五十九条的规定追究刑事责任。

Article 198 A person who assembles a crowd to disturb the order in a civil airport shall be investigated for his criminal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of Article 159 of the Criminal Law.

第一百九十九条  航空人员玩忽职守，或者违反规章制度，导致发生重大飞行事故，造成严重后果的，分别依照、比照刑法第一百八十七条或者第一百一十四条的规定追究刑事责任。

 Article 199 Where an airman neglects his duty or violates the rules and regulations, thereby creating a serious flight accident resulting in grave consequences, his criminal responsibility shall be investigated  in accordance with the provisions of Article 187 or by applying mutatis mutandis the provisions of Article 114 of the Criminal Law respectively.

第二百条  违反本法规定，尚不够刑事处罚，应当给予治安管理处罚的，依照治安管理处罚条例的规定处罚。

 Article 200 A person who violates the provisions of this Law, not seriously enough for criminal punishment but should be subject to penalty for public security, shall be punished in accordance with the Regulations on Administrative Penalties for Public Security.

第二百零一条  违反本法第三十七条的规定，民用航空器无适航证书而飞行，或者租用的外国民用航空器未经国务院民用航空主管部门对其原国籍登记国发给的适航证书审查认可或者另发适航证书而飞行的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止飞行，没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得一倍以上五倍以下的罚款；

 Article 201 Where in violation of the provisions of Article 37 of this Law, a civil aircraft flies without the certificate of airworthiness, or a foreign civil aircraft on lease flies without having its certificate of airworthiness, issued by the State in which the nationality of the aircraft was originally registered, examined and rendered valid by the State Council, or without having a new certificate of airworthiness issued therefor by the said authority, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall order it to stop flying, confiscate the unlawful earnings, and may also impose a fine of more than 100% but not exceeding 500% of the unlawful earnings; 

没有违法所得的，处以十万元以上一百万元以下的罚款。

 in case there is no unlawful earnings, a fine of not less than 100,000 yuan but not more than 1,000,000 yuan shall be imposed.

适航证书失效或者超过适航证书规定范围飞行的，依照前款规定处罚。

  Where a certificate of airworthiness has lost its effect or a flight was conducted beyond the scope prescribed in the  certificate  of airworthiness, the punishment prescribed in the preceding paragraph shall apply.

第二百零二条  违反本法第三十四条、第三十六条第二款的规定，将未取得型号合格证书、型号认可证书的民用航空器及其发动机、螺旋桨或者民用航空器上的设备投入生产的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止生产，没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得一倍以下的罚款；

 Article 202 Where a person, in violation of the provisions of Article 34 and paragraph 2 of Article 36 of this Law, carries out the production of civil aircraft and its engines, propellers or on-board equipment without obtaining type certificate and type validation certificate, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall order him to stop such production, confiscate his unlawful earnings and may also impose on him a fine of not more than 100% of his unlawful earnings; 

没有违法所得的，处以五万元以上五十万元以下的罚款。

 in case there is no unlawful earnings, a fine of not less than 50,000 yuan but not more than 500,000 yuan shall be imposed.

第二百零三条  违反本法第三十五条的规定，未取得生产许可证书、维修许可证书而从事生产、维修活动的，违反本法第九十二条、第一百四十七条第二款的规定，未取得公共航空运输经营许可证或者通用航空经营许可证而从事公共航空运输或者从事经营性通用航空的，国务院民用航空主管部门可以责令停止生产、维修或者经营活动。

 Article 203 Where a person, in violation of the provisions of Article 35 of this Law, is engaged in the activities of production and maintenance without obtaining production certificate and maintenance certificate or, in violation of the provisions of Article 92 and paragraph 2 of Article 147 of this Law, is engaged in public air transport or general aviation operations for commercial purposes without obtaining a public  air transport operating licence or a general aviation operating licence, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall order him to stop such production, maintenance or operations.

第二百零四条  已取得本法第三十五条规定的生产许可证书、维修许可证书的企业，因生产、维修的质量问题造成严重事故的，国务院民用航空主管部门可以吊销其生产许可证书或者维修许可证书。

 Article 204 Where an enterprise having obtained the production certificate and maintenance certificate prescribed in Article 35 of this Law creates a serious accident because of the problem in the quality of production and maintenance, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council may cancel its production certificate or maintenance certificate.

第二百零五条  违反本法第四十条的规定，未取得航空人员执照、体格检查合格证书而从事相应的民用航空活动的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止民用航空活动，在国务院民用航空主管部门规定的限期内不得申领有关执照和证书，对其所在单位处以二十万元以下的罚款。

 Article 205 Where a person, in violation of the provisions of Article 40 of this Law, is engaged in civil aviation activities without obtaining the corresponding airman's licence and physical examination certificate, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall order him to stop such activities, no such licence and certificate shall be issued within the time limit prescribed by the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council, and a fine of not more than 200,000 yuan shall be imposed on the unit that the person belongs to.

第二百零六条  有下列违法情形之一的，由国务院民用航空主管部门对民用航空器的机长给予警告或者吊扣执照一个月至六个月的处罚，情节较重的，可以给予吊销执照的处罚：

 Article 206 In one of the following circumstances in which the law is violated, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall punish the pilot-in-command by warning or by withholding his licence for a period of one to six months, or under aggravating circumstances, punish him by cancelling his licence:

（一）机长违反本法第四十五条第一款的规定，未对民用航空器实施检查而起飞的；

 (1) The pilot-in-command, in violation of the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 45 of this Law, takes off without carrying out an inspection of the civil aircraft; or

（二）民用航空器违反本法第七十五条的规定，未按照空中交通管制单位指定的航路和飞行高度飞行，或者违反本法第七十九条的规定飞越城市上空的。

 (2) A civil aircraft, in violation of the provisions of Article 75 of this Law, fails to follow the air route and to fly at the altitude specified by the air traffic unit, or in violation of the provisions of Article 79 of this Law, flies across the airspace over a city.

第二百零七条  违反本法第七十四条的规定，民用航空器未经空中交通管制单位许可进行飞行活动的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止飞行，对该民用航空器所有人或者承租人处以一万元以上十万元以下的罚款；对该民用航空器的机长给予警告或者吊扣执照一个月至六个月的处罚，情节较重的，可以给予吊销执照的处罚。

 Article 207 Where a civil aircraft, in violation of the provisions of Article 74 of this Law, conducts flight activities without the approval of the air traffic control unit, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall order it to stop flying, and impose a fine on the owner or lessee of the civil aircraft of not less than 10,000 yuan but not more than 100,000 yuan; and punish the pilot-in-command of the civil aircraft by warning or by withholding his licence for a period of one to six months, or under aggravating circumstances, punish him by cancelling his licence.

第二百零八条  民用航空器的机长或者机组其他人员有下列行为之一的，由国务院民用航空主管部门给予警告或者吊扣执照一个月至六个月的处罚；

 Article 208 Where the pilot-in-command of a civil aircraft or another member of the crew commits one of the following acts, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall punish him by warning or by withholding his licence for a period of one to six months; 

有第（二）项或者第（三）项所列行为的，可以给予吊销执照的处罚：

 if the act listed in sub-paragraph(2) or(3) is committed, he shall be punished by having his licence cancelled:

（一）在执行飞行任务时，不按照本法第四十一条的规定携带执照和体格检查合格证书的；

(1) Failure to carry on his person licence and physical examination certificate in performing a flight mission as required by the provisions of Article 41 of this Law;

（二）民用航空器遇险时，违反本法第四十八条的规定离开民用航空器的；

or(2) Leaving the civil aircraft in distress in violation of the provisions of Article 48 of this Law;

（三）违反本法第七十七条第二款的规定执行飞行任务的。

(3) Performing a flight mission in violation of the provisions of paragraph 2 of Article 77 of this Law.

第二百零九条  违反本法第八十条的规定，民用航空器在飞行中投掷物品的，由国务院民用航空主管部门给予警告，可以对直接责任人员处以二千元以上二万元以下的罚款。

 Article 209 Where some articles are dropped or sprayed from a civil aircraft in flight in violation of the provisions of Article 80 of this Law, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall give a warning, and may impose a fine of not less than 2,000 yuan but not more than 20,000 yuan on the person directly responsible.

第二百一十条  违反本法第六十二条的规定，未取得机场使用许可证开放使用民用机场的，由国务院民用航空主管部门责令停止开放使用；没收违法所得，可以并处违法所得一倍以下的罚款。

 Article 210 Where a civil airport is opened to traffic without obtaining an airport operating licence in violation of the provisions of Article 62 of this Law, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council shall order it to stop its opening to traffic, confiscate its unlawful earnings, and may impose a fine of not exceeding 100% of the unlawful earnings.

第二百一十一条  公共航空运输企业、通用航空企业违反本法规定，情节较重的，除依照本法规定处罚外，国务院民用航空主管部门可以吊销其经营许可证。对被吊销经营许可证的，工商行政管理部门应吊销其营业执照。

 Article 211 Where a public air transport enterprise or a general aviation enterprise violates the provisions of this Law, in circumstances of a serious nature, the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council may, in addition to the punishment prescribed by this Law, cancel its operating licence. If the operating licence of such enterprise is cancelled, the administrative department for industry and commerce shall cancel its business licence.

第二百一十二条  国务院民用航空主管部门和地区民用航空管理机构的工作人员，玩忽职守、滥用职权、徇私舞弊，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任；尚不构成犯罪的，依法给予行政处分。

 Article 212 The working personnel of the competent civil aviation authority under the State Council and of regional civil aviation administrative organs, who neglect their duties, abuse their powers, practise favouritism and embezzlement, if the case constitutes a crime, shall be investigated for criminal responsibilities according to law; if the case does  not constitute a crime, they shall be subject to administrative sanctions according to law.

 第十六章  附则

Chapter XVI Supplementary Provisions

第二百一十三条  本法所称计算单位，是指国际货币基金组织规定的特别提款权；其人民币数额为法院判决之日、仲裁机构裁决之日或者当事人协议之日，按照国家外汇主管机关规定的国际货币基金组织的特别提款权对人民币的换算办法计算得出的人民币数额。

 Article 213   Unit of account   mentioned in this Law refers to the Special Drawing Right as defined by the International Monetary Fund; its equivalent in Renminbi shall be the amount calculated in terms of the conversion rate from the Special Drawing Right of the International Monetary Fund to Renminbi as prescribed by the competent State foreign exchange authority at the date of the judgement of the court, the date of the award of arbitration agency or the date agreed between the parties concerned. 

第二百一十四条  本法自1996年3月1日起施行。

 Article 214 This Law shall go into effect as of March 1, 1996.