第二百一十五条租赁期限六个月以上的，应当采用书面形式。当事人未采用书面形式的，视为不定期租赁。

Article 215 Writing Requirement in Case Lease Term Is Six Months or Longer 　　Where the lease term is six months or longer, the lease shall be in writing. If the parties fail to adopt a writing, the lease is deemed a non-term lease.

第二百一十六条出租人应当按照约定将租赁物交付承租人，并在租赁期间保持租赁物符合约定的用途。

Article 216 Lessor's Obligation to Deliver Lease Item 　　The lessor shall deliver the lease item to the lessee in accordance with the contract and shall, during the lease term, keep the lease item fit for the prescribed purpose.

第二百一十七条承租人应当按照约定的方法使用租赁物。对租赁物的使用方法没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照租赁物的性质使用。

Article 217 Manner of Using Lease Item 　　The lessee shall use the lease item in the prescribed manner. Where the manner of use of the lease item was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the lease item shall be used in a manner consistent with its nature.

第二百一十八条承租人按照约定的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损耗的，不承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 218 Lessee Not Liable for Wear and Tear 　　Where the lessee used the lease item in the prescribed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing wear and tear to the lease item, it is not liable for damages.

第二百一十九条承租人未按照约定的方法或者租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损失的，出租人可以解除合同并要求赔偿损失。

Article 219 Lessor Entitled to Terminate in Case of Unauthorized Use 　　Where the lessee failed to use the lease item in the prescribed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature, thereby causing damage to it, the lessor may terminate the contract and claim damages.

第二百二十条出租人应当履行租赁物的维修义务，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 220 Lessor's Maintenance Obligations 　　The lessor shall perform the obligations of maintenance and repair of the lease item, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百二十一条承租人在租赁物需要维修时可以要求出租人在合理期限内维修。

Article 221 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Lessor's Failure to Maintain Lease Item 　　Where the lease item needs maintenance or repair, the lessee may require the lessor to perform maintenance or repair within a reasonable time.

出租人未履行维修义务的，承租人可以自行维修，维修费用由出租人负担。因维修租赁物影响承租人使用的，应当相应减少租金或者延长租期。

If the lessor fails to fulfill its obligations of maintenance or repair, the lessee may maintain or repair the lease item on its own at the lessor's expense. Where the lessee's use of the lease item is impaired due to maintenance or repair thereof, the rent shall be reduced or the lease term shall be extended accordingly.

第二百二十二条承租人应当妥善保管租赁物，因保管不善造成租赁物毁损、灭失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 222 Lessee's Obligation of Due Care 　　The lessee shall keep the lease item with due care and shall be liable for damages if the lease item was damaged or lost due to improper care.

第二百二十三条承租人经出租人同意，可以对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物。

Article 223 Improvement or Addition 　　Subject to consent by the lessor, the lessee may make improvement on or addition to the lease item.

承租人未经出租人同意，对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物的，出租人可以要求承租人恢复原状或者赔偿损失。

If the lessee made improvement on or addition to the lease item without consent by the lessor, the lessor may require the lessee to restore the lease item to its original condition or claim damages.

第二百二十四条承租人经出租人同意，可以将租赁物转租给第三人。承租人转租的，承租人与出租人之间的租赁合同继续有效，第三人对租赁物造成损失的，承租人应当赔偿损失。

Article 224 Sublease 　　Subject to consent by the lessor, the lessee may sublease the lease item to a third person. Where the lessee subleases the lease item, the leasing contract between the lessee and the lessor remains valid, and if the third person causes damage to the lease item, the lessee shall pay damages.

承租人未经出租人同意转租的，出租人可以解除合同。

Where the lessee subleases the lease item without the consent of the lessor, the lessor may terminate the contract.

第二百二十五条在租赁期间因占有、使用租赁物获得的收益，归承租人所有，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 225 Benefit Accrued from Lease Item During Lease Term 　　During the lease term, any benefit accrued from the possession or use of the lease item belongs to the lessee, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百二十六条承租人应当按照约定的期限支付租金。对支付期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定，租赁期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满时支付；租赁期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在租赁期间届满时支付。

Article 226 Time for Rent Payment 　　The lessee shall pay the rent at the prescribed time. Where the time of payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the rent shall be paid at the end of the lease term if it is less than one year; if the lease term is one year or longer, the rent shall be paid at the end of each annual period, and where the remaining period is less than one year, the rent shall be paid at the end of the lease term.

第二百二十七条承租人无正当理由未支付或者迟延支付租金的，出租人可以要求承租人在合理期限内支付。承租人逾期不支付的，出租人可以解除合同。

Article 227 Lessor's Remedies in Case of Non-Payment of Rent 　　Where the lessee failed to pay or delayed in paying the rent without cause, the lessor may require the lessee to pay the rent within a reasonable period. If the lessee fails to pay the rent at the end of such period, the lessor may terminate the contract.

第二百二十八条因第三人主张权利，致使承租人不能对租赁物使用、收益的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金。

Article 228 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Third Party Claim; Duty to Notify 　　If due to any claim by a third person, the lessee is unable to use or accrue benefit from the lease item, the lessee may require reduction in rent or refuse to pay rent.

第三人主张权利的，承租人应当及时通知出租人。

In case of any claim by a third person, the lessee shall timely notify the lessor.

第二百二十九条租赁物在租赁期间发生所有权变动的，不影响租赁合同的效力。

Article 229 Leasing Contract Not Affected by Change of Ownership 　　Any change of ownership to the lease item does not affect the validity of the leasing contract.

第二百三十条出租人出卖租赁房屋的，应当在出卖之前的合理期限内通知承租人，承租人享有以同等条件优先购买的权利。

Article 230 Sale of Dwelling Unit under Lease 　　Where the lessor is to sell a dwelling unit under a lease, it shall give the lessee a reasonable advance notice before the sale, and the lessee has the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

第二百三十一条因不可归责于承租人的事由，致使租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失的，承租人可以要求减少租金或者不支付租金；因租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失，致使不能实现合同目的的，承租人可以解除合同。

Article 231 Lessee's Remedies in Case of Damage Not Attributable to Itself 　　Where the lease item was damaged or lost in part or in whole due to any reason not attributable to the lessee, the lessee may require reduction in rent or refuse to pay rent; where the purpose of the contract is frustrated due to damage to or loss of the lease item in part or in whole, the lessee may terminate the contract.

第二百三十二条当事人对租赁期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期租赁。当事人可以随时解除合同，但出租人解除合同应当在合理期限之前通知承租人。

Article 232 Non-Term Lease 　　Where the term of a lease was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, such lease is deemed a non-term lease. Either party may terminate the contract at any time, provided that the lessor shall give the lessee a reasonable advance notice before it terminates the contract.

第二百三十三条租赁物危及承租人的安全或者健康的，即使承租人订立合同时明知该租赁物质量不合格，承租人仍然可以随时解除合同。

Article 233 Lessee Entitled to Terminate in Case of Danger to Safety or Health 　　Where the lease item poses a danger to the safety or health of the lessee, the lessee may terminate the contract at any time even if the lessee was aware of the quality non-compliance of the lease item at the time of conclusion of the contract.

第二百三十四条承租人在房屋租赁期间死亡的，与其生前共同居住的人可以按照原租赁合同租赁该房屋。

Article 234 Lease of Dwelling Unit Assumable 　　Where the lessee is deceased during the term of a dwelling unit lease, the person jointly living in the unit with the lessee while the lessee was alive may continue leasing it on the terms of the original leasing contract.

第二百三十五条租赁期间届满，承租人应当返还租赁物。返还的租赁物应当符合按照约定或者租赁物的性质使用后的状态。

Article 235 Condition of Lease Item at End of Lease Term 　　The lessee shall return the lease item at the end of the lease term. The returned lease item shall be in a condition resulting from its use in the prescribed manner or in a manner consistent with its nature.

第二百三十六条租赁期间届满，承租人继续使用租赁物，出租人没有提出异议的，原租赁合同继续有效，但租赁期限为不定期。

Article 236 Effect of Continued Use Beyond Lease Term 　　Upon expiration of the lease term, if the lessee continues to use the lease item without objection by the lessor, the original leasing contract remains effective, provided that it becomes a non-term lease.

第十四章 融资租赁合同

Chapter Fourteen: Financial Leasing Contracts

第二百三十七条融资租赁合同是出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择，向出卖人购买租赁物，提供给承租人使用，承租人支付租金的合同。

Article 237 Definition of Financial Leasing Contract 　　A financial leasing contract is a contract whereby the lessor, upon purchase of the lessee-selected lease item from a lessee-selected seller, provides the lease item to the lessee for its use, and the lessee pays the rent.

第二百三十八条融资租赁合同的内容包括租赁物名称、数量、规格、技术性能、检验方法、租赁期限、租金构成及其支付期限和方式、币种、租赁期间届满租赁物的归属等条款。

Article 238 Terms of Financial Leasing Contract; Writing Requirement 　　A financial leasing contract includes terms such as the name, quantity, specifications, technical performance, and method of inspection of the lease item, the lease term, the rental components and the time, method and currency of payment, as well as the ownership of the lease item at the end of the lease term, etc.

融资租赁合同应当采用书面形式。

A financial leasing contract shall be in writing.

第二百三十九条出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，出卖人应当按照约定向承租人交付标的物，承租人享有与受领标的物有关的买受人的权利。

Article 239 Lessee's Assumption of Buyer's Rights 　　Under the sales contract concluded by the lessor according to the lessee's selection of the seller and the lease item, the seller shall deliver the subject matter to the lessee in accordance with the contract, and the lessee enjoys the rights of the buyer in respect of taking delivery of the subject matter.

第二百四十条出租人、出卖人、承租人可以约定，出卖人不履行买卖合同义务的，由承租人行使索赔的权利。承租人行使索赔权利的，出租人应当协助。

Article 240 Lessee's Assumption of Buyer's Remedies in Case of Seller's Non-performance 　　The lessor, the seller and the lessee may agree that any claim arising from the seller's non-performance of its obligations under the sales contract will be made by the lessee. Where the lessee makes such a claim, the lessor shall provide assistance.

第二百四十一条出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，未经承租人同意，出租人不得变更与承租人有关的合同内容。

Article 241 Certain Amendment of Sales Contract Subject to Consent by Lessee 　　Absent consent by the lessee, the lessor may not amend any lessee-related term in the sales contract concluded by it according to the lessee's selection of the seller and the lease item.

第二百四十二条出租人享有租赁物的所有权。承租人破产的，租赁物不属于破产财产。

Article 242 Exclusion of Lease Item from Bankruptcy Assets of Lessee 　　Title to the lease item vests in the lessor. In case the lessee enters into bankruptcy, the lease item is not part of its bankruptcy assets.

第二百四十三条融资租赁合同的租金，除当事人另有约定的以外，应当根据购买租赁物的大部分或者全部成本以及出租人的合理利润确定。

Article 243 Determination of Rental Components 　　Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the rent under a financial leasing contract shall be determined based on the major portion of or full costs of purchasing the lease item and the lessor's reasonable profit.

第二百四十四条租赁物不符合约定或者不符合使用目的的，出租人不承担责任，但承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的除外。

Article 244 Lessor Not Liable for Non-fitness of Lease Item; Exceptions 　　Where the lease item does not comply with the contract or is not fit for the intended purpose, the lessor is not liable, except where the lessee relied on the skills of the lessor in selecting the lease item or the lessor interfered in the selection thereof.

第二百四十五条出租人应当保证承租人对租赁物的占有和使用。

Article 245 Warranty by Lessor 　　The lessor shall give warranty in respect of the lessee's possession and use of the lease item.

第二百四十六条承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物造成第三人的人身伤害或者财产损害的，出租人不承担责任。

Article 246 Lessor Not Liable for Damage or Injury 　　If while in the possession of the lessee, the lease item caused personal injury or property damage to any third person, the lessor is not liable.

第二百四十七条承租人应当妥善保管、使用租赁物。

Article 247 Lessee's Obligation of Due Care; Maintenance Obligations 　　The lessee shall keep and use the lease item with due care.

承租人应当履行占有租赁物期间的维修义务。

While in possession of the lease item, the lessee shall perform the obligations of maintenance and repair thereof.

第二百四十八条承租人应当按照约定支付租金。承租人经催告后在合理期限内仍不支付租金的，出租人可以要求支付全部租金；也可以解除合同，收回租赁物。

Article 248 Lessor' s Remedies in Case of Non-payment by Lessee 　　The lessee shall pay the rent in accordance with the contract. Where the lessee fails to pay the rent within a reasonable period after receiving demand for payment from the lessor, the lessor may require payment of the full rent; or it may terminate the contract and repossess the lease item.

第二百四十九条当事人约定租赁期间届满租赁物归承租人所有，承租人已经支付大部分租金，但无力支付剩余租金，出租人因此解除合同收回租赁物的，收回的租赁物的价值超过承租人欠付的租金以及其他费用的，承租人可以要求部分返还。

Article 249 Partial Refund in Case of Termination by Lessor 　　Where the parties agreed that title to the lease item will vest in the lessee at the end of the lease term, and after paying a major portion of the rent, the lessee is unable to pay the remaining balance, resulting in the lessor's termination of the contract and repossession of the lease item, if the value of the repossessed lease item exceeds the rent owed by the lessee and other expenses, the lessee may require partial refund.

第二百五十条出租人和承租人可以约定租赁期间届满租赁物的归属。对租赁物的归属没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，租赁物的所有权归出租人。

Article 250 Ownership of Lease Item at End of Lease Term 　　The lessor and the lessee may agree on the ownership of the lease item at the end of the lease term. Where ownership of the lease item was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, title to the lease item shall vest in the lessor.

第十五 章承揽合同

Chapter Fifteen: Contracts of Hired Works

第二百五十一条承揽合同是承揽人按照定作人的要求完成工作，交付工作成果，定作人给付报酬的合同。

Article 251 Definition of Contract of Hired Work 　　A contract of hired work is a contract whereby the hiree completes certain work as required by the hirer and delivers the work product, and the hirer pays the remuneration.

承揽包括加工、定作、修理、复制、测试、检验等工作。

Hired works include works such as processing, custom-made work, repair, reproduction, testing, and inspection, etc.

第二百五十二条承揽合同的内容包括承揽的标的、数量、质量、报酬、承揽方式、材料的提供、履行期限、验收标准和方法等条款。

Article 252 Terms of Contract of Hired Work 　　A contract of hired work includes terms such as the subject matter of hire, quantity, quality, remuneration, method of hire, supply of materials, time of performance, standard applicable to and method of acceptance inspection, etc.

第二百五十三条承揽人应当以自己的设备、技术和劳力，完成主要工作，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 253 Use of Hiree's Own Resources; Delegation of Main Task Subject to Consent 　　The hiree shall use its own equipment, skills and labor to complete the main tasks, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

承揽人将其承揽的主要工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责；未经定作人同意的，定作人也可以解除合同。

Where the hiree has delegated a main task of the hired work to a third person for completion, it shall be responsible to the hirer for the work product completed thereby; if the delegation was not approved by the hirer, the hirer may also terminate the contract.

第二百五十四条承揽人可以将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成。承揽人将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责。

Article 254 Delegation of Ancillary Task by Hiree 　　The hiree may delegate any ancillary task of the hired work to a third person for completion. Where the hiree delegated any ancillary task of the hired work to a third person for completion, it shall be responsible to the hirer for the work product completed thereby.

第二百五十五条承揽人提供材料的，承揽人应当按照约定选用材料，并接受定作人检验。

Article 255 Materials Supplied by Hiree Subject to Inspection 　　Where the hiree is to supply the materials, it shall select the materials in accordance with the contract and shall make such materials available for inspection by the hirer.

第二百五十六条定作人提供材料的，定作人应当按照约定提供材料。承揽人对定作人提供的材料，应当及时检验，发现不符合约定时，应当及时通知定作人更换、补齐或者采取其他补救措施。

Article 256 Hiree's Timely Inspection of Materials Supplied by Hirer 　　Where the hirer is to supply the materials, it shall supply the materials in accordance with the contract. The hiree shall timely inspect the materials supplied by the hirer, and where non-compliance is discovered, it shall timely instruct the hirer to replace or supplement the materials or otherwise cure the non-compliance.

承揽人不得擅自更换定作人提供的材料，不得更换不需要修理的零部件。

The hiree may not replace the materials supplied by the hirer without authorization, and may not replace any component which does not require repair.

第二百五十七条承揽人发现定作人提供的图纸或者技术要求不合理的，应当及时通知定作人。因定作人怠于答复等原因造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 257 Hiree's Remedies in Case of Hirer's Delay in Responding 　　Where the hiree discovers that the drawings or technical requirements provided by the hirer are unreasonable, it shall timely notify the hirer. Where the hiree sustains any loss due to reasons such as the hirer's delay in responding, etc., the hirer shall pay damages.

第二百五十八条定作人中途变更承揽工作的要求，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 258 Hirer Responsible for Its Change of Requirements 　　Where the hirer changed its requirements for the hired work while the work was under way, thereby causing loss to the hiree, the hirer shall indemnify the hiree.

第二百五十九条承揽工作需要定作人协助的，定作人有协助的义务。定作人不履行协助义务致使承揽工作不能完成的，承揽人可以催告定作人在合理期限内履行义务，并可以顺延履行期限；定作人逾期不履行的，承揽人可以解除合同。

Article 259 Hirer's Obligation to Assist in Performance 　　Where performance of the hired work requires assistance by the hirer, it is obligated to provide assistance. Where the hired work is not capable of being completed due to failure by the hirer to fulfill its obligation to assist, the hiree may demand performance from the hirer within a reasonable period and extend the time of its own performance; where the hirer fails to perform at the end of such period, the hiree may terminate the contract.

第二百六十条承揽人在工作期间，应当接受定作人必要的监督检验。定作人不得因监督检验妨碍承揽人的正常工作。

Article 260 Hirer's Right to Monitor 　　In the course of performing the hired work, the hiree shall consent to any necessary monitoring and inspection by the hirer. Any monitoring or inspection conducted by the hirer may not impair the normal work of the hiree.

第二百六十一条承揽人完成工作的，应当向定作人交付工作成果，并提交必要的技术资料和有关质量证明。定作人应当验收该工作成果。

Article 261 Delivery of Work Product by Hiree 　　Upon completion of the hired work, the hiree shall deliver the work product to the hirer and shall submit thereto the required technical materials and related quality certificate. The hirer shall conduct acceptance inspection of the work product.

第二百六十二条承揽人交付的工作成果不符合质量要求的，定作人可以要求承揽人承担修理、重作、减少报酬、赔偿损失等违约责任。

Article 262 Hirer's Remedies in Case of Quality Non-compliance 　　Where the work product delivered by the hiree fails to meet the quality requirements, the hirer may require the hiree to assume liabilities for breach of contract by way of repair, remaking, reduction in remuneration, or payment of damages.

第二百六十三条定作人应当按照约定的期限支付报酬。对支付报酬的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，定作人应当在承揽人交付工作成果时支付；工作成果部分交付的，定作人应当相应支付。

Article 263 Time of Payment of Remuneration 　　The hirer shall pay the remuneration at the prescribed time. Where the time of payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the hirer shall make payment at the time of the hiree's delivery of the work product; where the work product is partially delivered, the hirer shall make payment accordingly.

第二百六十四条定作人未向承揽人支付报酬或者材料费等价款的，承揽人对完成的工作成果享有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 264 Hiree's Possessory Lien in Case of Non-Payment 　　Where the hirer fails to pay the remuneration or cost of materials, etc. to the hiree, the hiree is entitled to a possessory lien on the work product completed, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百六十五条承揽人应当妥善保管定作人提供的材料以及完成的工作成果，因保管不善造成毁损、灭失的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 265 Hiree's Obligation of Due Care for Materials and Work Product 　　The hiree shall keep the materials supplied by the hirer and the completed work product with due care, and shall be liable for damages in case of any damage or loss due to improper care.

第二百六十六条承揽人应当按照定作人的要求保守秘密，未经定作人许可，不得留存复制品或者技术资料。

Article 266 Hiree's Confidentiality Obligations 　　The hiree shall keep the relevant information confidential as required by the hirer, and may not retain any replica or technical material without permission by the hirer.

第二百六十七条共同承揽人对定作人承担连带责任，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 267 Liability of Joint Hirees 　　Joint hirees are jointly and severally liable to the hirer, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第二百六十八条定作人可以随时解除承揽合同，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。

Article 268 Hirer's Termination Right Subject to Indemnification 　　The hirer may terminate the contract of hired work at any time, provided that it shall indemnify the hiree for its loss as a result, if any.

第十六章 建设工程合同

Chapter Sixteen: Contracts for Construction Projects

第二百六十九条建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设，发包人支付价款的合同。

Article 269 Definition of Contract for Construction Project 　　A contract for construction project is a contract whereby the contractor performs project construction, and the developer pays the price.

建设工程合同包括工程勘察、设计、施工合同。

Contracts for construction projects include contracts for survey, design, and construction.

第二百七十条建设工程合同应当采用书面形式。

Article 270 Writing Requirement 　　A contract for construction project shall be in writing.

第二百七十一条建设工程的招标投标活动，应当依照有关法律的规定公开、公平、公正进行。

Article 271 Tendering Process in Construction Project 　　　Tendering for a construction project shall be conducted in an open, fair and impartial manner in accordance with the relevant laws.

第二百七十二条发包人可以与总承包人订立建设工程合同，也可以分别与勘察人、设计人、施工人订立勘察、设计、施工承包合同。发包人不得将应当由一个承包人完成的建设工程肢解成若干部分发包给几个承包人。

Article 272 Contracting and Subcontracting in Construction Projects 　　The developer may enter into a contract for construction project with a prime contractor, or enter into contracts for survey, design, and construction with the surveyor, designer, and constructor respectively. The developer may not divide a construction project which should be completed by one contractor into several parts and contract them out to several contractors.

总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人经发包人同意，可以将自己承包的部分工作交由第三人完成。第三人就其完成的工作成果与总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人向发包人承担连带责任。承包人不得将其承包的全部建设工程转包给第三人或者将其承包的全部建设工程肢解以后以分包的名义分别转包给第三人。

Subject to consent by the developer, the prime contractor or the contractor for survey, design, or construction may delegate part of the contracted work to a third person. The third person and the prime contractor or the contractor for survey, design, or construction shall be jointly and severally liable to the developer in respect of the work product completed by such third person. The contractor may not assign in whole to any third person the contracted construction project, or divide the whole contracted construction project into several parts and separately assign each part to a third person under the guise of sub-contracting.

禁止承包人将工程分包给不具备相应资质条件的单位。禁止分包单位将其承包的工程再分包。建设工程主体结构的施工必须由承包人自行完成。

The contractor is prohibited from sub-contracting any part of the project to an entity not appropriately qualified. A sub-contractor is prohibited from further sub-contracting its contracted work. The main structure of the construction project must be constructed by the contractor itself.

第二百七十三条国家重大建设工程合同，应当按照国家规定的程序和国家批准的投资计划、可行性研究报告等文件订立。

Article 273 Major State Construction Projects 　　A contract for a major state construction project shall be concluded in accordance with the procedure prescribed by the state and in compliance with the state-approved documents such as the investment plan and feasibility studies report, etc.

第二百七十四条勘察、设计合同的内容包括提交有关基础资料和文件（包括概预算）的期限、质量要求、费用以及其他协作条件等条款。

Article 274 Terms of Contract for Survey or Design 　　A contract for survey or design includes terms such as the time limit for submission of the relevant basic information and documents (including budget estimate), the quality requirements, fees, and other conditions of cooperation, etc.

第二百七十五条施工合同的内容包括工程范围、建设工期、中间交工工程的开工和竣工时间、工程质量、工程造价、技术资料交付时间、材料和设备供应责任、拨款和结算、竣工验收、质量保修范围和质量保证期、双方相互协作等条款。

Article 275 Terms of Construction Contract 　　A construction contract includes terms such as the scope of the project, the construction period, the time for commencement and completion of any work to be commissioned in the interim, the quality of the project, the cost of the project, the time for delivery of technical materials, the responsibilities for the supply of materials and equipment, the appropriation of funds and settlement of account, inspection upon completion of the project, the scope and period of quality warranty, and cooperation between the parties, etc.

第二百七十六条建设工程实行监理的，发包人应当与监理人采用书面形式订立委托监理合同。发包人与监理人的权利和义务以及法律责任，应当依照本法委托合同以及其他有关法律、行政法规的规定。

Article 276 Supervision of Construction Project 　　Where the construction project is subject to supervision, the developer shall enter into an agency appointment contract for project supervision with a project supervisor in writing. The rights, obligations and associated legal liabilities of the developer and supervisor shall be prescribed in accordance with the provisions hereof concerning agency appointment contracts and the provisions of other relevant laws and administrative regulations.

第二百七十七条发包人在不妨碍承包人正常作业的情况下，可以随时对作业进度、质量进行检查。

Article 277 Developer's Right to Inspect 　　Provided that the developer does not interfere with the normal operation of the contractor, it may inspect the progress and quality of the work at any time.

第二百七十八条隐蔽工程在隐蔽以前，承包人应当通知发包人检查。发包人没有及时检查的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。

Article 278 Concealed Work 　　In the case of concealed work, the contractor shall give the developer notice for inspection prior to concealment. Where the developer fails to timely conduct inspection, the contractor may extend the relevant project milestones, and is entitled to claim damages for work stoppage or work slowdown, etc.

第二百七十九条建设工程竣工后，发包人应当根据施工图纸及说明书、国家颁发的施工验收规范和质量检验标准及时进行验收。验收合格的，发包人应当按照约定支付价款，并接收该建设工程。

Article 279 Inspection of Completed Project; No Use Prior to Inspection 　　Upon completion of the construction project, the developer shall conduct acceptance inspection according to the construction drawings and specifications, and in accordance with the rules of construction inspection and quality inspection standard prescribed by the state. Once the construction project has passed the acceptance inspection, the developer shall pay the prescribed price and accept the construction project.

建设工程竣工经验收合格后，方可交付使用；未经验收或者验收不合格的，不得交付使用。

The completed construction project may be put into use only after it has passed the acceptance inspection; if the construction project has not been inspected or has failed the inspection, it may not be put into use.

第二百八十条勘察、设计的质量不符合要求或者未按照期限提交勘察、设计文件拖延工期，造成发包人损失的，勘察人、设计人应当继续完善勘察、设计，减收或者免收勘察、设计费并赔偿损失。

Article 280 Developer's Remedies in Case of Non-compliant Survey or Design 　　Where the developer sustains any loss from construction delay due to non-compliance of the survey or design or due to delayed delivery of the survey or design documents, the surveyor or the designer shall continue to improve the survey or design, reduce or forgo the survey fee or design fee, and pay damages.

第二百八十一条因施工人的原因致使建设工程质量不符合约定的，发包人有权要求施工人在合理期限内无偿修理或者返工、改建。经过修理或者返工、改建后，造成逾期交付的，施工人应当承担违约责任。

Article 281 Developer's Remedies in Case of Non-conforming Construction 　　Where the construction project fails to meet the prescribed quality requirements due to any reason attributable to the constructor, the developer is entitled to require the constructor to repair, re-construct or make alteration free of charge within a reasonable time. Where delivery of the project is delayed due to such repair, re-construction or alteration, the constructor shall be liable for breach of contract.

第二百八十二条因承包人的原因致使建设工程在合理使用期限内造成人身和财产损害的，承包人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 282 Contractor Liable for Personal and Property Damage 　　Where the construction project caused personal injury and property damage during its reasonable usage period due to any reason attributable to the contractor, the contractor shall be liable for damages.

第二百八十三条发包人未按照约定的时间和要求提供原材料、设备、场地、资金、技术资料的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权要求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。

Article 283 Contractor's Remedies in Case of Developer's Failure to Provide Necessary Conditions 　　　Where the developer fails to provide raw materials, equipment, site, funds, or technical information at the prescribed time and in accordance with the contractual requirements, the contractor may extend the relevant project milestones, and is entitled to claim damages for work stoppage or slowdown, etc.

第二百八十四条因发包人的原因致使工程中途停建、缓建的，发包人应当采取措施弥补或者减少损失，赔偿承包人因此造成的停工、窝工、倒运、机械设备调迁、材料和构件积压等损失和实际费用。

Article 284 Contractor's Remedies in Case of Project Interruption Due to Reasons Attributable to Developer 　　If an ongoing project is stopped or delayed due to any reason attributable to the developer, the developer shall take the appropriate measures to make up or mitigate the loss, and shall indemnify the contractor for its loss and out-of-pocket expenses arising from resulting work stoppage, slowdown, reshipment, re-dispatch of mechanical equipment, and excess inventory of materials and assemblies, etc.

第二百八十五条因发包人变更计划，提供的资料不准确，或者未按照期限提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件而造成勘察、设计的返工、停工或者修改设计，发包人应当按照勘察人、设计人实际消耗的工作量增付费用。

Article 285 Surveyor's Remedies in Case of Developer's Failure to Cooperate 　　Where in the course of survey or design, any repeating work, work stoppage or change of design occurs due to the developer's change of plan, the incorrect information provided by it, or its failure to provide the working conditions necessary for the survey or design at the prescribed time, the developer shall increase the fees in light of the actual amount of work done by the surveyor or designer.

第二百八十六条发包人未按照约定支付价款的，承包人可以催告发包人在合理期限内支付价款。发包人逾期不支付的，除按照建设工程的性质不宜折价、拍卖的以外，承包人可以与发包人协议将该工程折价，也可以申请人民法院将该工程依法拍卖。

Article 286 Contractor's Remedies in Case of Developer's Failure to Pay Price 　　If the developer failed to pay the price in accordance with the contract, the contractor may demand payment from the developer within a reasonable period. Where the developer fails to pay the price at the end of such period, the contractor may enter into an agreement with the developer to liquidate the project, and may also petition the People's Court to auction the project in accordance with the law, unless such project is not fit for liquidation or auction in light of its nature.

建设工程的价款就该工程折价或者拍卖的价款优先受偿。

The construction project price shall be paid in priority out of proceeds from the liquidation or auction of the project.

第二百八十七条本章没有规定的，适用承揽合同的有关规定。

Article 287 Provisions Governing Contracts of Hired Works Applicable 　　A matter not provided for in this Chapter shall be governed by the relevant provision governing contracts of hired works.

第十七章 运输合同

Chapter Seventeen: Carriage Contracts

第一节 一般规定

Section One General Provisions

第二百八十八条运输合同是承运人将旅客或者货物从起运地点运输到约定地点，旅客、托运人或者收货人支付票款或者运输费用的合同。

Article 288 Definition of Carriage Contract 　　A carriage contract is a contract whereby the carrier carries the passenger or cargo from the place of departure to the prescribed destination, and the passenger, consignor or consignee pays the fare or freightage.

第二百八十九条从事公共运输的承运人不得拒绝旅客、托运人通常、合理的运输要求。

Article 289 Common Carrier May Not Deny Reasonable Carriage Requirement 　　A common carrier may not deny any normal and reasonable carriage requirement by a passenger or consignor.

第二百九十条承运人应当在约定期间或者合理期间内将旅客、货物安全运输到约定地点。

Article 290 Obligation of Carrier to Carry in Safe and Timely Manner 　　The carrier shall safely carry the passenger or cargo to the prescribed destination within the prescribed time or within a reasonable time.

第二百九十一条承运人应当按照约定的或者通常的运输路线将旅客、货物运输到约定地点。

Article 291 Obligation of Carrier to Travel by Prescribed Route 　　The carrier shall carry the passenger or cargo to the prescribed destination by the prescribed route or the normal route.

第二百九十二条旅客、托运人或者收货人应当支付票款或者运输费用。承运人未按照约定路线或者通常路线运输增加票款或者运输费用的，旅客、托运人或者收货人可以拒绝支付增加部分的票款或者运输费用。

Article 292 Passenger's Remedies in Case of Carrier's Failure to Travel by Prescribed Route 　　The passenger, consignor or consignee shall pay the fare or freightage. Where the carrier failed to carry the passenger or the cargo by the prescribed or normal route, thereby increasing the fare or freightage, the passenger, consignor or consignee may refuse to pay any increased portion thereof.

第二节 客运合同

Section Two Passenger Carriage Contracts

第二百九十三条客运合同自承运人向旅客交付客票时成立，但当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。

Article 293 Formation of Passenger Carriage Contract 　　A passenger carriage contract is formed upon the carrier's delivery of the passenger ticket to the passenger, except otherwise agreed by the parties or provided by the relevant usage.

第二百九十四条旅客应当持有效客票乘运。旅客无票乘运、超程乘运、越级乘运或者持失效客票乘运的，应当补交票款，承运人可以按照规定加收票款。旅客不交付票款的，承运人可以拒绝运输。

Article 294 Carrier's Remedies in Case of Passenger's Failure to Pay Fare 　　The passenger shall board the mode of transportation with a valid passenger ticket. If the passenger boards without a ticket, travels beyond the prescribed destination, boards a class higher than the prescribed class, or boards with an expired ticket, he shall pay the fare retroactively, and the carrier may charge additional fare in accordance with the relevant stipulations. Where the passenger fails to pay the fare, the carrier may refuse to carry.

第二百九十五条旅客因自己的原因不能按照客票记载的时间乘坐的，应当在约定的时间内办理退票或者变更手续。逾期办理的，承运人可以不退票款，并不再承担运输义务。

Article 295 Passenger's Failure to Board on Time 　　Where the passenger is unable to board the mode of transportation at the time prescribed on the passenger ticket due to any reason attributable to himself, he shall carry out the formality for ticket refund or reschedule within the prescribed period. Where the passenger delays in carrying out the relevant formality, the carrier may refuse to refund the fare, and is no longer obligated to carry such passenger.

第二百九十六条旅客在运输中应当按照约定的限量携带行李。超过限量携带行李的，应当办理托运手续。

Article 296 Carry-on Luggage 　　In the course of carriage, the passenger's carry-on luggage shall be within the prescribed limit. Where his luggage exceeds the prescribed limit on carry-on luggage, the additional luggage shall be checked in.

第二百九十七条旅客不得随身携带或者在行李中夹带易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性以及有可能危及运输工具上人身和财产安全的危险物品或者其他违禁物品。

Article 297 Boarding with Prohibited Item 　　The passenger may not carry in person, or place in his luggage, any hazardous material which is flammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, etc., or possibly endangers people or property on board, or an otherwise prohibited item.

旅客违反前款规定的，承运人可以将违禁物品卸下、销毁或者送交有关部门。旅客坚持携带或者夹带违禁物品的，承运人应当拒绝运输。

Where the passenger violates the previous paragraph, the carrier may unload, destroy or turn over to the relevant authority the prohibited item. Where the passenger insists on carrying in person or placing in his luggage the prohibited item, the carrier shall refuse to carry.

第二百九十八条承运人应当向旅客及时告知有关不能正常运输的重要事由和安全运输应当注意的事项。

Article 298 Carrier's Obligation to Inform 　　The carrier shall timely inform the passenger of any major cause preventing it from normal carriage, as well as precautions relating to transportation safety.

第二百九十九条承运人应当按照客票载明的时间和班次运输旅客。承运人迟延运输的，应当根据旅客的要求安排改乘其他班次或者退票。

Article 299 Passenger's Remedies in Case of Delay 　　The carrier shall carry the passenger according to the time and carrier number prescribed on the passenger ticket. Where the carrier delays in carriage, it shall, upon request by the passenger, either reschedule or refund the fare.

第三百条承运人擅自变更运输工具而降低服务标准的，应当根据旅客的要求退票或者减收票款；提高服务标准的，不应当加收票款。

Article 300 Passenger's Remedies in Case of Unilateral Change of Mode of Transportation by Carrier　　　　　　　　　　　　Where the carrier unilaterally changed the mode of transportation, thereby lowering the standard of service, it shall, upon request by the passenger, refund or reduce the fare; where the service standard is enhanced as a result, no additional fare shall be charged. 

第三百零一条承运人在运输过程中，应当尽力救助患有急病、分娩、遇险的旅客。

Article 301 Carrier's Obligation to Assist Passenger 　　In the course of carriage, the carrier shall use its best effort to assist any passenger who has a medical emergency, is in labor or encounters a dangerous situation.

第三百零二条承运人应当对运输过程中旅客的伤亡承担损害赔偿责任，但伤亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除外。

Article 302 Carrier Liable for Injury of Passenger; Exceptions 　　The carrier shall be liable for damages in case of injury or death of the passenger in the course of carriage, except where such injury or death was attributable to the passenger's own health, or the carrier has established that such injury or death was caused by the passenger's intentional misconduct or gross negligence.

前款规定适用于按照规定免票、持优待票或者经承运人许可搭乘的无票旅客。

The provisions in the previous paragraph apply to a passenger who is exempted from buying a ticket or holds a discount ticket pursuant to the relevant stipulations, or who is permitted by the carrier to board without a ticket.

第三百零三条在运输过程中旅客自带物品毁损、灭失，承运人有过错的，应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 303 Provisions Governing Loss of Passenger's Luggage 　　Where the passenger's carry-on luggage was damaged or lost in the course of carriage, the carrier shall be liable for damages if it was at fault.

旅客托运的行李毁损、灭失的，适用货物运输的有关规定。

Where the passenger's check-in luggage was damaged or lost, the relevant provisions governing cargo carriage apply.

第三节 货运合同

Section Three Cargo Carriage Contracts

第三百零四条托运人办理货物运输，应当向承运人准确表明收货人的名称或者姓名或者凭指示的收货人，货物的名称、性质、重量、数量，收货地点等有关货物运输的必要情况。

Article 304 Consignor's Obligation to Inform; Liability for Misrepresentation 　　In consigning its cargo, the consignor shall correctly provide the carrier with the name of the consignee or the consignee to whose order the cargo is deliverable, as well as any necessary information relating to carriage of the cargo, such as the name, nature, weight, and quantity of the cargo and the place for taking delivery thereof.

因托运人申报不实或者遗漏重要情况，造成承运人损失的，托运人应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Where the carrier sustains any loss due to the consignor's provision of false information or omission of any material information, the consignor shall be liable for damages.

第三百零五条货物运输需要办理审批、检验等手续的，托运人应当将办理完有关手续的文件提交承运人。

Article 305 Certain Cargo Carriage Subject to Approval 　　Where carriage of the cargo is subject to any procedure such as approval or inspection, etc., the consignor shall submit to the carrier the relevant documents evidencing completion of such procedure.

第三百零六条托运人应当按照约定的方式包装货物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第一百五十六条的规定。

Article 306 Packing of Cargo in Prescribed Manner 　　The consignor shall pack the cargo in the prescribed manner. Where a packing method was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, Article 156 hereof applies.

托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输。

Where the consignor violates the previous paragraph, the carrier may refuse to carry.

第三百零七条托运人托运易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当按照国家有关危险物品运输的规定对危险物品妥善包装，作出危险物标志和标签，并将有关危险物品的名称、性质和防范措施的书面材料提交承运人。

Article 307 Carriage of Hazardous Materials 　　In consigning any hazardous material which is inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive, etc., the consignor shall, in accordance with the stipulations of the state governing the carriage of hazardous materials, properly pack the hazardous material and affix thereon applicable signs and labels for hazardous materials, and shall submit its name and nature as well as related precautionary measures to the carrier in writing.

托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输，也可以采取相应措施以避免损失的发生，因此产生的费用由托运人承担。

If the consignor violates the previous paragraph, the carrier may refuse to carry, and may also take the appropriate measures to prevent loss at the consignor's expense.

第三百零八条在承运人将货物交付收货人之前，托运人可以要求承运人中止运输、返还货物、变更到达地或者将货物交给其他收货人，但应当赔偿承运人因此受到的损失。

Article 308 Consignor's Right of Disposal Prior to Delivery 　　Prior to carrier's delivery of the cargo to the consignee, the consignor may require the carrier to suspend the carriage, return the cargo, change the destination or deliver the cargo to another consignee, provided that it shall indemnify the carrier for any loss it sustains as a result.

第三百零九条货物运输到达后，承运人知道收货人的，应当及时通知收货人，收货人应当及时提货。收货人逾期提货的，应当向承运人支付保管费等费用。

Article 309 Taking Delivery of Cargo by Consignee 　　Upon arrival of the cargo, if the carrier knows of the consignee, it shall timely notify the consignee, who shall timely take delivery. Where the consignee delays in taking delivery, it shall pay expenses such as safekeeping fee, etc. to the carrier.

第三百一十条收货人提货时应当按照约定的期限检验货物。对检验货物的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在合理期限内检验货物。收货人在约定的期限或者合理期限内对货物的数量、毁损等未提出异议的，视为承运人已经按照运输单证的记载交付的初步证据。

Article 310 Inspection by Consignee; Effect of Failure to Inspect 　Upon taking delivery of the cargo, the consignee shall inspect the cargo at the prescribed time. Where the time for inspection was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the consignee shall inspect the cargo within a reasonable time. The consignee's failure to raise any objection concerning the quantity of, or any damage to, the cargo within the prescribed time or within a reasonable time is deemed prima facie evidence of delivery by the carrier in compliance with the description in the transportation documents.

第三百一十一条承运人对运输过程中货物的毁损、灭失承担损害赔偿责任，但承运人证明货物的毁损、灭失是因不可抗力、货物本身的自然性质或者合理损耗以及托运人、收货人的过错造成的，不承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 311 Carrier Liable for Damage or Loss during Carriage; Exceptions 　　The carrier is liable for damages in case of damage to or loss of the cargo in the course of carriage, provided that it is not liable for damages if it has established that such damage to or loss of the cargo was caused by force majeure, the intrinsic characteristics of the cargo, reasonable depletion, or the fault of the consignor or consignee.

第三百一十二条货物的毁损、灭失的赔偿额，当事人有约定的，按照其约定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，按照交付或者应当交付时货物到达地的市场价格计算。法律、行政法规对赔偿额的计算方法和赔偿限额另有规定的，依照其规定。

Article 312 Amount of Damages in Case of Loss of Cargo 　　Where the parties agreed on the amount of damages in case of damage to or loss of the cargo, the damages payable is the prescribed amount; if the amount of damages was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, it shall be calculated based on the prevailing market price at the destination when the cargo was or should have been delivered. Where a law or administrative regulation provides otherwise in respect of the method for calculation of damages and any limitation on damages, such provisions apply.

第三百一十三条两个以上承运人以同一运输方式联运的，与托运人订立合同的承运人应当对全程运输承担责任。损失发生在某一运输区段的，与托运人订立合同的承运人和该区段的承运人承担连带责任。

Article 313 Liabilities of Joint Carriers Using the Same Method of Transportation 　　Where two or more carriers jointly carry the cargo using the same method of transportation, the carrier contracting with the consignor shall be responsible for the whole course of carriage. Where the loss occurred at a particular segment, the carrier contracting with the consignor and the carrier for such segment are jointly and severally liable.

第三百一十四条货物在运输过程中因不可抗力灭失，未收取运费的，承运人不得要求支付运费；已收取运费的，托运人可以要求返还。

Article 314 Freightage in Case of Force Majeure 　　Where the cargo was lost in the course of carriage due to force majeure, if the freightage has not been collected, the carrier may not require payment thereof; if the freightage has been collected, the consignor may claim refund.

第三百一十五条托运人或者收货人不支付运费、保管费以及其他运输费用的，承运人对相应的运输货物享有留置权，但当事人另有约定的除外。

Article 315 Carrier's Possessory Lien in Case of Non-payment 　　Where the consignor or consignee fails to pay the freightage, safekeeping fee and other expenses in connection with the carriage of the cargo, the carrier is entitled to a possessory lien on the corresponding portion of the cargo, except otherwise agreed by the parties.

第三百一十六条收货人不明或者收货人无正当理由拒绝受领货物的，依照本法第一百零一条的规定，承运人可以提存货物。

Article 316 Placing Cargo in Escrow 　　Where the consignee is not known or refuses to take delivery of the cargo without cause, the carrier may place the cargo in escrow under Article 101 hereof.

第四节 多式联运合同

Section Four Multi-modal Carriage Contract

第三百一十七条多式联运经营人负责履行或者组织履行多式联运合同，对全程运输享有承运人的权利，承担承运人的义务。

Article 317 Rights and Obligations of Multi-modal Carriage Operator 　　A multi-modal carriage operator is responsible for performing, or arranging for performance of, the multi-modal carriage contract, and it enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations of a carrier throughout the course of carriage.

第三百一十八条多式联运经营人可以与参加多式联运的各区段承运人就多式联运合同的各区段运输约定相互之间的责任，但该约定不影响多式联运经营人对全程运输承担的义务。

Article 318 Agreement between Multi-modal Carriage Operator and Segment Carriers 　　The multi-modal carriage operator and the segment carriers may prescribe their respective duties concerning each segment, provided that the obligations of the multi-modal carriage operator with respect to the entire course of carriage are not affected by any such agreement.

第三百一十九条多式联运经营人收到托运人交付的货物时，应当签发多式联运单据。按照托运人的要求，多式联运单据可以是可转让单据，也可以是不可转让单据。

Article 319 Multi-modal Carriage Document 　　Upon receipt of the cargo delivered by the consignor, the multi-modal carriage operator shall issue thereto a multi-modal carriage document. The multi-modal carriage document may either be assignable or non-assignable as required by the consignor.

第三百二十条因托运人托运货物时的过错造成多式联运经营人损失的，即使托运人已经转让多式联运单据，托运人仍然应当承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 320 Consignor's Liability Notwithstanding Assignment of Document 　　Where the multi-modal carriage operator sustains any loss due to the fault of the consignor in the course of consigning the cargo, the consignor shall be liable for damages notwithstanding its subsequent assignment of the multi-modal carriage document.

第三百二十一条货物的毁损、灭失发生于多式联运的某一运输区段的，多式联运经营人的赔偿责任和责任限额，适用调整该区段运输方式的有关法律规定。货物毁损、灭失发生的运输区段不能确定的，依照本章规定承担损害赔偿责任。

Article 321 Applicable Law Governing Loss of Cargo in Multi-modal Carriage 　　Where damage to or loss of the cargo occurred within a particular segment of the course of a multi-modal carriage, the multi-modal carriage operator's liability for damages and any limitation thereon are governed by the applicable transportation law of the jurisdiction which such segment is under. Where the segment in which the cargo was damaged or lost cannot be determined, the liability for damages shall be borne in accordance with this Chapter.

第十八章 技术合同

Chapter Eighteen Technology Contracts

第一节 一般规定

Section One General Provisions

第三百二十二条技术合同是当事人就技术开发、转让、咨询或者服务订立的确立相互之间权利和义务的合同。

Article 322 Definition of Technology Contract 　　A technology contract is a contract whereby the parties prescribe their rights and obligations in respect of the development or transfer of technology, or in respect of technical consulting or service.

第三百二十三条订立技术合同，应当有利于科学技术的进步，加速科学技术成果的转化、应用和推广。

Article 323 General Requirements Concerning Technology Contract 　　Conclusion of a technology contract shall be conducive to the advancement of science and technology, and expedite the conversion, application and dissemination of scientific and technological achievements.

第三百二十四条技术合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括以下条款：

Article 324 Terms of Technology Contract; Patents 　　Terms of a technology contract shall be prescribed by the parties, and generally include the following:

（一）项目名称；

(i) project name;

（二）标的的内容、范围和要求；

(ii) contents, scope and requirement of the subject matter;

（三）履行的计划、进度、期限、地点、地域和方式；

(iii) the plan, schedule, period, place, territory and method of performance;

（四）技术情报和资料的保密；

(iv) confidentiality of technical information and materials;

（五）风险责任的承担；

(v) allocation of responsibilities for risks;

（六）技术成果的归属和收益的分成办法；

(vi) ownership of the technology and allocation of benefits accrued therefrom;

（七）验收标准和方法；

(vii) standard applicable to and method of acceptance test;

（八）价款、报酬或者使用费及其支付方式；

(viii)price, remuneration or licensing fee and the method of payment;

（九）违约金或者损失赔偿的计算方法；

(ix) liquidated damages or method for calculation of damages;

（十）解决争议的方法；

(x) method of dispute resolution;

（十一）名词和术语的解释。

(xi) definition of terms and phrases.

与履行合同有关的技术背景资料、可行性论证和技术评价报告、项目任务书和计划书、技术标准、技术规范、原始设计和工艺文件，以及其他技术文档，按照当事人的约定可以作为合同的组成部分。

The parties may agree to include the following materials relating to the performance of the contract as an integral part thereof: technical background information, feasibility studies and technical evaluation report, project task matrix and project plan, technical standard, technical specifications, original design and technique documents, as well as other technical documentation.

技术合同涉及专利的，应当注明发明创造的名称、专利申请人和专利权人、申请日期、申请号、专利号以及专利权的有效期限。

Where the technology contract involves any patent, it shall set forth the name of the invention/innovation, the patent applicant and the patentee, the date of application, the application number, patent number and the term of the patent.

第三百二十五条技术合同价款、报酬或者使用费的支付方式由当事人约定，可以采取一次总算、一次总付或者一次总算、分期支付，也可以采取提成支付或者提成支付附加预付入门费的方式。

Article 325 Payment Method; Royalty 　　The method for payment of the price, remuneration or licensing fee under a technology contract shall be prescribed by the parties, who may prescribe lump-sum payment based on one-time calculation or installment payment based on one-time calculation, and may also prescribe royalty payment or royalty payment plus advance payment of initial fee.

约定提成支付的，可以按照产品价格、实施专利和使用技术秘密后新增的产值、利润或者产品销售额的一定比例提成，也可以按照约定的其他方式计算。提成支付的比例可以采取固定比例、逐年递增比例或者逐年递减比例。

Where a royalty payment method is prescribed, the royalty may be calculated as a percentage of the product price, any increase in product value resulting from exploitation of the patent or use of the technical secret, profit, or product sales, and may also be calculated by any other method prescribed by the parties. The royalty rate may be fixed or subject to annual increase or decrease.

约定提成支付的，当事人应当在合同中约定查阅有关会计帐目的办法。

Where a royalty payment is prescribed, the parties shall prescribe in the contract a method for inspection of the relevant accounting books.

第三百二十六条职务技术成果的使用权、转让权属于法人或者其他组织的，法人或者其他组织可以就该项职务技术成果订立技术合同。法人或者其他组织应当从使用和转让该项职务技术成果所取得的收益中提取一定比例，对完成该项职务技术成果的个人给予奖励或者报酬。法人或者其他组织订立技术合同转让职务技术成果时，职务技术成果的完成人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。

Article 326 Employee-developed Technology; Definition 　　Where the right to use and the right to transfer employee-developed technology belong to a legal person or an organization of any other nature, the legal person or organization may enter into a technology contract in respect of such employee-developed technology. The legal person or organization shall reward or remunerate the individual(s) who developed the technology with a percentage of the benefits accrued from the use and transfer of the employee-developed technology. Where the legal person or organization is to enter into a technology contract for the transfer of the employee-developed technology, the employee-developer has the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

职务技术成果是执行法人或者其他组织的工作任务，或者主要是利用法人或者其他组织的物质技术条件所完成的技术成果。

An employee-developed technology is a technology developed in the course of completing a task assigned by a legal person or an organization of any other nature, or developed by primarily utilizing the material and technical resources thereof.

第三百二十七条非职务技术成果的使用权、转让权属于完成技术成果的个人，完成技术成果的个人可以就该项非职务技术成果订立技术合同。

Article 327 Non-employee-developed Technology 　　The right to use and the right to transfer non-employee-developed technology belong to the individual developer, who may enter into a technology contract in respect thereof.

第三百二十八条完成技术成果的个人有在有关技术成果文件上写明自己是技术成果完成者的权利和取得荣誉证书、奖励的权利。

Article 328 Individual's Rights with Respect to Technology Developed Thereby 　　The individual who developed the technology is entitled to identify himself as the developer in the documentation related thereto, and to receive honor certificate and reward.

第三百二十九条非法垄断技术、妨碍技术进步或者侵害他人技术成果的技术合同无效。

Article 329 Invalidity of Technology-monopolizing and Infringing Contract 　　A technology contract which illegally monopolizes technology, impairs technological advancement or infringes on the technology of a third person is invalid.

第二节 技术开发合同

Section Two Technology Development Contract

第三百三十条技术开发合同是指当事人之间就新技术、新产品、新工艺或者新材料及其系统的研究开发所订立的合同。

Article 330 Definition of Technology Development Contract 　　A technology development contract is a contract concluded in respect of the development of a new technology, product, technique or material and the associated system.

技术开发合同包括委托开发合同和合作开发合同。

Technology development contracts include commissioned development contracts and cooperative development contracts.

技术开发合同应当采用书面形式。

A technology development contract shall be in writing.

当事人之间就具有产业应用价值的科技成果实施转化订立的合同，参照技术开发合同的规定。

A contract on the conversion of a scientific achievement with potential for industrial application is governed by reference to the provisions applicable to technology development contracts.

第三百三十一条委托开发合同的委托人应当按照约定支付研究开发经费和报酬；

Article 331 Obligations of Commissioning Party 　　The commissioning party under a commissioned development contract shall, in accordance with the contract, provide development funds and pay remuneration; supply technical materials and original data; complete its tasks of cooperation; and accept the developed technology.

提供技术资料、原始数据；完成协作事项；接受研究开发成果。

Article 332 Obligations of Developer in Commissioned Development 　　The developer under a commissioned development contract shall, in accordance with the contract, prepare and implement the development plan; use development funds in a reasonable manner; timely complete the development and deliver the developed technology, as well as provide the relevant technical materials and necessary technical guidance so as to help the commissioning party master the developed technology.

第三百三十二条委托开发合同的研究开发人应当按照约定制定和实施研究开发计划；合理使用研究开发经费；按期完成研究开发工作，交付研究开发成果，提供有关的技术资料和必要的技术指导，帮助委托人掌握研究开发成果。

Article 333 Commissioning Party's Breach 　　Where the commissioning party breached the contract, thereby causing stoppage, delay or failure of the development, it shall be liable for breach of contract.

第三百三十三条委托人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 334 Developer's Breach

第三百三十四条研究开发人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。

Where the developer breached the contract, thereby causing stoppage, delay or failure of the development, it shall be liable for breach of contract.

第三百三十五条合作开发合同的当事人应当按照约定进行投资，包括以技术进行投资；分工参与研究开发工作；协作配合研究开发工作。

Article 335 Obligations of Parties in Cooperative Development 　　Parties to a cooperative development contract shall, in accordance with the contract, make investment, including investment in the form of technology; participate in the development by performing their respective tasks; and cooperate with each other in the development.

第三百三十六条合作开发合同的当事人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。

Article 336 Breach of Cooperative Contract 　　Where a party to a cooperative development contract breached the contract, thereby causing stoppage, delay or failure of the development, it shall be liable for breach of contract.

第三百三十七条因作为技术开发合同标的的技术已经由他人公开，致使技术开发合同的履行没有意义的，当事人可以解除合同。

Article 337 Termination of Contract in Case Technology Becomes Public 　　Where the technology which is the subject matter of a technology development contract was made public by a third person, thereby rendering performance of the technology development contract no longer meaningful, the parties may terminate the contract.

第三百三十八条在技术开发合同履行过程中，因出现无法克服的技术困难，致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的，该风险责任由当事人约定。没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，风险责任由当事人合理分担。

Article 338 Allocation of Responsibility for Risk of Failure; Duty to Inform upon Discovery of Circumstance Which May Lead to Failure 　　If in the course of implementing a technology development contract, the development failed in whole or in part due to any insurmountable technical difficulty, allocation of the responsibility for such risk shall be prescribed by the parties. Where the allocation of responsibility for such risk was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, it shall be shared by the parties in a reasonable manner.

当事人一方发现前款规定的可能致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的情形时，应当及时通知另一方并采取适当措施减少损失。没有及时通知并采取适当措施，致使损失扩大的，应当就扩大的损失承担责任。

Where a party discovers any circumstance which may lead to the failure of the development in whole or in part as described in the previous paragraph, it shall timely notify the other party and take the appropriate measures to mitigate loss; where the party failed to timely notify the other party and take the appropriate measures, thereby causing further loss, it shall be liable for such further loss.

第三百三十九条委托开发完成的发明创造，除当事人另有约定的以外，申请专利的权利属于研究开发人。研究开发人取得专利权的，委托人可以免费实施该专利。

Article 339 Right to Patent Application in Commissioned Development 　　Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the right to apply for patent on the invention/innovation resulting from a commissioned development belongs to the developer. Where the developer is granted a patent, the commissioning party may exploit such patent free of charge.

研究开发人转让专利申请权的，委托人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。

Where the developer is to assign the right to apply for patent on the invention/innovation resulting from the commissioned development, the commissioning party has the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

第三百四十条合作开发完成的发明创造，除当事人另有约定的以外，申请专利的权利属于合作开发的当事人共有。当事人一方转让其共有的专利申请权的，其他各方享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。

Article 340 Right to Patent Application in Cooperative Development 　　Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the right to apply for patent on the invention/innovation resulting from a cooperative development belongs to the parties therein jointly. Where a party is to assign its joint patent application right, the other parties have the right of first refusal under the same conditions.

合作开发的当事人一方声明放弃其共有的专利申请权的，可以由另一方单独申请或者由其他各方共同申请。申请人取得专利权的，放弃专利申请权的一方可以免费实施该专利。

Where a party in the cooperative development declares a waiver of its joint patent application right, the other party may apply by itself, or the other parties may jointly apply, as the case may be. Where a patent is granted on the invention/innovation, the party waiving its patent application right may exploit such patent free of charge.

合作开发的当事人一方不同意申请专利的，另一方或者其他各方不得申请专利。

If a party in the cooperative development does not consent to the application for patent, the other party or parties may not apply for patent.

第三百四十一条委托开发或者合作开发完成的技术秘密成果的使用权、转让权以及利益的分配办法，由当事人约定。没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，当事人均有使用和转让的权利，但委托开发的研究开发人不得在向委托人交付研究开发成果之前，将研究开发成果转让给第三人。

Article 341 Right to Use or Transfer Technical Secret 　　The right to use and transfer the technical secret resulting from a commissioned or cooperative development, and the method for allocation of benefits accrued therefrom shall be prescribed by the parties. Where such matters were not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, all of the parties are entitled to use and transfer the technology, provided that the developer in a commissioned development may not transfer the technology to a third person before it delivers the technology to the commissioning party.

第三节 技术转让合同

Section Three Technology Transfer Contracts

第三百四十二条技术转让合同包括专利权转让、专利申请权转让、技术秘密转让、专利实施许可合同。

Article 342 Types of Technology Transfer Contract 　　Technology transfer contracts include contracts for the assignment of patent, assignment of patent application right, transfer of technical secrets, and patent licensing.

技术转让合同应当采用书面形式。

A technology transfer contract shall be in writing.