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seclusive 2007-09-24 15:54

A Coursebook of Interpreting Between English and Chinese
英语口译教程

第一单元口译记忆（I）


第一部分技能篇

1. 为什么需要记忆训练?
“口译指的是用一种语言（译入语）把另外一种语言（源语）所表达的思想内容，以与原语发言人几乎同步的速度或连续传替的形式准确表达的一种口头翻译方式(Mahmoodzadeh:1992:231)。”

无论是对初学者还是经验丰富的译员来说，口译不啻为一项极具挑战意义的工作。正如Phelan 所指出的那样，“口译时译员切忌粗枝大叶，否则可能毁掉整个会议”(2001:4). Phelan 认为合格的译员应“具备较好的短期记忆来存储听取到的信息，较强的长期记忆能力以便在具体语境中分析信息，能高度集中注意力以分析和处理原语信息(2001:4-5)。”Mahmoodzadeh 也指出熟练的口译员应有较强的记忆能力(1992:233)。Daniel Gile (1995)通过口译实践和观察强调口译过程中可能出现的困难及其应对措施，并进一步提出了能力负荷模式（Effort Models）。他认为，能力负荷模式可以帮助译员了解口译的困难所在并选择合适的应对策略。能力负荷模式是以“加工能力”（Processing Capacity）的概念和“某些脑力活动需要较多的加工能力”的事实为理论基础的(1992:191)。Gile 提出连续传译包括两个阶段：即听取和理解信息阶段及信息重组阶段(1995b:179)：

第一阶段: I=L+M+N
I=口译, L=听取并分析原语信息, M=从听到信息到以笔记形式存储信息所需要的短期记忆，N=笔记.

第二阶段: I= Rem+Read+P
在这一阶段，译员从短期记忆中提取并解构原语信息(Rem), 读取笔记(N)，然后重新产出译语信息(P)。

Gile 对同声传译的阐释为：SI=L+M+P

SI=同声传译.

L=听力理解, 包括从载有原语信息的声波传入译员耳朵到译员辨认出单词，最后做出判断， 在脑中形成原语所表达的思想内容或概念的全过程。

M=短期记忆, 包括将所听到的信息存储在短期记忆中直至译语信息产出等所有的脑力活动。P=翻译产出, 指在获得原语思想内容或概念后用译入语重新组织安排句子，直至输出译语的过程(1995a:93)。

Gile 强调口译需要短期记忆主要是因为译员需要在记忆中存储命题信息直至听众完全接收到该命题信息。同声传译中信息存储尤其艰难，因为所要存储的信息量大，且与原语发言人的同步性要求极快的存储和提取速度(1995a:97-98)。Gile 强调无论是连续传译还是同声传译中，短期记忆都起着非常重要的作用。事实上，短期记忆能力是在译员训练的首要阶段应培养译员的具体技巧之一。

2. 口译中的记忆
2.1 短期记忆与长期记忆
对人类记忆的心理学研究严格区分了短期记忆(STM)和长期记忆(LTM). 短期记忆意味着短时间存储信息但并不保证信息提取的神经机制。长期记忆则指为保证几个星期，几个月甚至数年后提取信息而建立信息存储的神经机制等过程。长期记忆是一个学习的过程，并在译员获取知识的过程中起着重要作用，因为长期记忆所存储的信息可能持续几个星期，几个月甚至整个一生。而短期记忆存储时间较短：最多30 秒。Peterson (1959) 认为短期记忆时间大约6 - 12 秒, Atkinson、Shiffrin (1968)和Hebb (1949) 则提出为30 秒。口译中记忆持续时间更短。一个口译任务结束后，译员马上开始另一个任务，且大多数情况下各个任务的口译语境，主题及发言人都是不一样。因此，译员记忆培训应集中训练短期记忆能力和技巧。

2.2 短期记忆的主要特点
信息输入: 一般而言，从刺激源受到注意起，信息即进入了短期记忆。根据Sperling(1960) 和Crowden(1982)的研究，该时间大约为四分之一秒。但McKay's (1973, in Radford and Govier, 1991: 382)的研究结果表明尚未引起注意的信息也可能进入短期记忆。

信息容量: 如前所述，短期记忆容量是有限的。Atkinson 和Shiffrin (1968) 提出容量为７个信息点(items). Miller (1956) 表明为７个信息块（chunks）。也有人认为：不是短期记忆存储容量而是其处理能力有限(Gross:1990:55)。

记忆形态: 要在短期记忆中存储信息，则必须进行信息编码，其运作形式多样。主要有３种：
(1) 声音(音素) 编码: 为次元音语音复述rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds (Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley:1966). (2) 视觉编码: 为以图片而不是语音形式存储信息。特别是很难用语言表达但需存储的非语言信息需要此种编码。少数人可能有“照相式记忆能力”（photographic memory），但对大多数人而言，视觉编码并没有如此有效。(3) 语义编码: 为赋予信息抽象的意义。

信息丢失: 主要有三种理论可以解释我们可能忘记短期记忆中存储的信息的原因：(1) 替换—当存储容量已满时原有信息可能被新的信息所替换(2) 衰减—随着时间推移，信息可能衰减(3) 干扰—同时存储的信息之间互相干扰。信息提取: 从短期记忆中提取信息的形式: (1) 串行处理—短期记忆中的信息点逐个进行处理，直到所需的信息得以提取。(2) 激活—对处于临界状态的特别信息进行激活。启动被动记忆。

参考书目：
Anderson, J.R., 1983. The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Dollerup, G & Lindegaard, A, 1992, Teaching Translation and Interpreting 2: Insights, Aims, Visions, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Gile, D, 1995b, Basic Concepts and Models for Interpreter and Translator Training,Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Kurz, I, 1992, "'Shadowing' Exercises In Interpreter Training", in Dollerup,C and Loddegaard,A (eds), 245-250

Lambert, S & Moser-Mercer,B, 1994, Bridging the Gap: Empirical Research on Simultaneous Interpreting, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Mahmoodzadeh, K, 1992, "Consecutive Interpreting: its principles and techniques", in Dollerup,C and Loddegaard,A (eds), 231-236

Miller,G., 1956. "The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits of our Capacity for Processing Information", in Psychological Review, 63, 81-97.

Peterson, R.L., and Peterson, M.J., 1959. "Short term retention of individual items", in Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58, 193 - 198.

Phelan,M, 2001, The Interpreter's Resource, Clevedon,Buffalo,Toronto,Sydney: Multilingual Matters Ltd.

Setton, R, 1999, Simultaneous Interpretation: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Analysis, Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins

seclusive 2007-09-24 16:18

第二部分练习篇
Exercise One
Listen to the following texts and then reproduce in the same language at the end of each segement:

Text 1.1

Mr Governor, Ladies and Gentlemen,
It is my great pleasure to be invited to attend the Guangdong Governor’s International Advisory Council Meeting.//

I would like to take this opportunity to highlight our report to the Governor and share with you our view on the role of telecommunications and information infrastructure (ICT) in the economic development.//

International experience suggests that Information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure and services can have a substantial impact on the competitiveness of firms, nations, and regions. The most important impact of ICT does not come from manufacturing ICT goods, but from investing in and using ICT infrastructure and services.//

According to the ITU, global telecommunications services sales reached US$ 1.1 trillion in 2002, more than three times the value of telecommunications equipment sales of US$335 billion. The value created by use of telecommunications services is estimated to be far higher than the total services revenue. Thus investment in ICT infrastructure creates value many times that of the investment itself. //

Firm level studies show that ICT investments help firms gain competitiveness through improved efficiency, reduced inventories, better designs, and faster rates of innovation. ICT allows firms to increase the efficiency of their business processes by decreasing procurement and transaction costs, improving accounting and control, enhancing management systems, and streamlining their supply chains.//

Several studies also indicate that ICT is a key driver of productivity and growth. There are several distinctive features of ICT that make them particularly important to national and regional economies, which include the pervasive and cross-cutting nature of ICT, the low or declining marginal costs of using the technologies, the ability to foster efficiency gains through streamlining supply chains, the facilitation of the creation of entirely new business models and industries, and the global nature of ICT.//

All of these characteristics imply that ICT can have an important impact on competitiveness and economic development.//

Text 1.2

主席先生：
我很高兴参加2001’国际投资论坛。我愿意借此机会，向大家介绍一下中国加入WTO 谈判和对外开放的有关情况。//

15 年“复关”和加入WTO 的马拉松谈判到今天应该说已经到了最后阶段。继1999 年11 月中美达成双边协议，2000 年5 月中欧达成双边协议后，中国加入WTO 进程加快，截止2000 年9 月，除墨西哥外，双边谈判已经基本结束。墨方曾多次表示即使不能达成协议， 也不会影响中国加入WTO 的进程。//

自2000 年6、7 月起，我国加入WTO 转入多边谈判，中国与WTO 成员就中国加入WTO 的多边法律文件（包括议定书及附件和工作组报告书）进行了磋商，谈判取得了重要进展。//

今年6 月初上海APEC 贸易部长会议期间，我部石广生部长与美国贸易代表佐立克就我国加入WTO 多边谈判的主要遗留问题进行了磋商，并达成了全面共识。接着，石部长又率团赴欧盟与欧盟贸易委员拉米就中国加入WTO 的有关问题进行了建设性的磋商，也达成了全面共识，从而为中国在年内加入WTO 创造了重要条件。//

今年6 月和7 月分别召开的WTO 第16、17 次工作组通过了我加入WTO 的议定书草案和工作组报告书草案的最后案文，下周将举行WTO 工作组第18 次会议，宣布WTO 中国工作组结束工作，将上述文件提交WTO 成员审批后，于11 月送WTO 总理事会或部长级会议通过。//

女士们，先生们，中国加入WTO，意味着中国参与世界经济的进程正在加快，随着这一进程的加快，将会进一步促进中国与世界各国经济贸易关系的发展。//

中国实行的改革开放政策是中国参与世界经济的基本条件。中国经济改革的目标是建立社会主义市场经济，这将使中国经济的运行体制与世界经济的运行机制建立在一个共同的基础上，并确保中国参与世界经济的进程不可逆转。中国参与世界经济的进程不仅有利于中国，而且有利于全世界。//

(外经贸部副部长龙永图在2001“国际投资论坛”上的演讲节选)

Exercise Two

Instruction: Listen to the following texts once, then start interpreting at the end of each segement.

Text 2.1

Each of you is a witness to that potential, in what you have learned and achieved here, and in your own hopes for the future. Twenty years ago, almost to the day, President Ronald Reagan spoke at this university and expressed the essence of economic and political freedom. // It is based, he said, on a belief in the dignity of each man, woman , and child. Free institutions, he said, reflect, in appreciation of the special genius of each individual, and of his special right to make his own decisions and lead his own life.//
诸位在这里学业有成，诸位对未来充满憧憬，在座的每一位都是这种潜力的见证。几乎在整整二十年前，里根总统曾到贵校发表演讲，道出了经济和政治自由的真谛，他说，自由的根基在于坚持男女老幼都具有尊严的信念。他还说，自由的制度反映了尊重每一个人特有的聪明才智，尊重每一个人拥有自主自决、自由自在生活的特定权利。

Compared to President Nixon’s, or even President Reagan’s day, many Chinese citizens are now freer to make their own ways in life –to choose careers, to acquire property, and to travel. And across this land are many millions of young people just like you, with their own abilities and their own expectations of a better life for themselves, their families and their country.//
与尼克松总统访华甚至里根总统访华的时期相比，如今大量中国公民获得了更多的自由，正在开拓自己的生活道路。他们可以选择职业，购置产业和外出旅行。全中国各地有许许多多与诸位一样的年轻人，他们依靠自己的能力，殷切希望他们自己和自己的家人生活蒸蒸日上，期盼国家繁荣昌盛。

On the path of reform that began a quarter-century ago, the Chinese people have make great strides. Over the past twenty-five years, China’s rapid and sustained economic growth has lifted the living standards of many citizens and raised China into the ranks of the world’s largest economies.// You have reduced poverty, and in recent years, have consistently reported high economic growth rates. This dramatic economic progress shows what is possible when governments leave more decision-making power in the hands of private enterprises and individuals above all, it is a tribute to the Chinese citizens whose talents and daily efforts are making this a vibrant modern economy. //
在始于25 年前的改革道路上，中国人民取得了长足的进展。25 年来，中国经济持续快速增长，提高了许多公民的生活水平，使中国跻身于世界最大经济体的行列。贵国减少了贫困，近年来始终保持高经济增长率。这种种巨大的经济成就表明，政府允许私营企业和个人享有更多的决策权能带来什么样的变化。归根结底，这是对中国公民的一曲颂歌。正是由于中国公民的聪明才智和日复一日的辛勤劳动，中国现代化经济才能如此生机勃勃。

China’s economic success has also come about through far greater integration into the world economy. In the last two decades, your country has emerged as a major exporter of all kinds of manufactured goods, from heavy machinery, to computers, to toys. // China has gained enormously from access to foreign markets. Its development has also been fed by vast inflows of investment capital –over 50 billion dollars last year alone –and by imports of foreign technology, and the ever-increasing quantities of energy and raw materials necessary to sustain growth. //
中国经济取得的成就也是更大程度融入世界经济的结果。过去20 年来，贵国已经成为各类制造业产品的出口大国，从重型机械、电脑到玩具应有尽有。中国产品进入外国市场， 因此获得巨大的利益。中国的发展还因外来投资大量涌入──仅去年一年，外来投资已超过五百亿美元──及吸收外国技术和获得持续增长所需的源源不绝的能源和原材料供应获得动力。

China’s progress is part of a much wider story. So many of the great nations of Asia began the 20th Century ruled by colonial powers, or by dynasty, or bitterly divided by civil strife. And throughout that century, ideologies of violence and malice took hold in Asia, as they did in Europe, and caused terrible harm and grief. Now the people of Asia are writing a different chapter. Great nations in this region have entered the 21st Century as independent peoples, growing in prosperity and individual freedom. //
中国取得的成就已成为在更大范围内取得进展的组成部份。在进入二十世纪之时，亚洲许多伟大的国家或者处于列强的殖民统治之下，或者仍实行王朝制度，或者因国内冲突而四分五裂。整个二十世纪，主张暴力和仇恨的思潮在亚洲和欧洲泛滥，造成了极大的伤害和痛苦。如今，亚洲人民正谱写截然不同的新篇章，在这个地区，一个个伟大的国家，一批批独立自主的人民跨入二十一世纪，国家日益繁荣昌盛，个人的自由程度也越来越高。

（2004 年4 月15 日，美国副总统Dick Cheney 在复旦大学的演讲，节选）

Text 2.2.

Party Secretary Zhang , Governor Huang , Ladies and Gentlemen. Good morning. Thank you for inviting BP to contribute once again to the discussions of the Advisory Board.//
张书记、黄省长，女士们、先生们， 早上好。感谢你们再次邀请BP 公司参加广东省长国际顾问委员会的讨论。

It has been a fascinating experience for us to be a part of the extraordinary growth and development of Guangdong over the last few years. This is a province that has become a leader in many respects //
过去数年中，BP 公司成为广东经济超高速增长和超常发展中的部分，对此我们深感荣幸。广东是一个在众多领域都居于领先地位的省份：

– leading China in a range of industries, from electronics to plastics, watches to footwear;
– leading the programme of reform and openness to world markets; and
– leading in economic growth, with the Pearl River Delta being the fastest growing part of the fastest growing Province in the fastest growing large economy in the world. //
-在从电子到塑胶、从钟表到鞋类的一系列产业中在中国居于领先地位；
-在通向世界市场的改革开放进程中，在中国居于领先地位；
-在经济增长中居于领先地位，而珠江三角洲是全世界增长最快的大型经济体中、增长最快的省份中、增长最快的部分。

So the question now is this. What next for Guangdong? How can we build on this success? Can we recreate the economic miracle of the last two decades in the years ahead? These questions are addressed in a paper which we are presenting to the Advisory Board today.//
因此，我们今天面临的问题是：广东未来迈向何方？如何才能够继往开来？我们能否再创过去20 年的经济奇迹？

We have commissioned the paper from Professor Michael Enright, who is a world authority on competitiveness, and who has spent seven years studying the economy of the Pearl River Delta.//
在我们今天向顾问委员会提交的报告中，对这些问题进行了探讨。该报告是我们委托米高.恩莱特教授完成的。恩莱特教授是一位研究竞争力的世界级权威人士，过去7 年来，他一直在研究珠江三角洲的经济发展状况。

The report describes Guangdong as an economy that has been completely transformed in a little over two decades, but where officials, managers and employees are not satisfied to rest on their laurels and where there is a realisation that additional work is needed if the Province is to continue its phenomenal growth.//
该报告认为，广东是一个在20 年稍多一点的时间就完成了彻底转型的经济体，然而， 当地的官员、管理人员和雇员们却不满足于已取得的成就，他们认识到，如果广东要继续保持其超常的发展轨迹，就必须付出更多的劳动，必须额外努力。

Two overall messages come through clearly. The first is that some of this additional work needs to be radical in its nature. There comes a point in the growth of any organisation or region when future development cannot be secured simply by ‘more of the same’. New approaches, new solutions and new thinking are required.//
从总体上看，有两个方面的原则是显而易见的。第一个原则是，这些额外的努力中有一部分必须是根本的变革。广东的发展已经进入一个转折点，在这个关键时刻，任何机构和地区的发展，都不能再机械地依靠“更多的重复过去”来实现。我们需要新的尝试、新的方法和新的思路。

This is the case, for example, when a manufacturing company has reached the limits of its capacity. It has to invest in new plant if it is to continue growing strongly. // This was the case for BP a few years ago - our established oil and gas fields had become mature, and we needed to discover new ones in order to maintain strong growth.//Similarly for Guangdong Province. The record has been a proud one, but now new engines of growth are needed for the future.//
例如，当一家制造厂达到其生产能力的极限时，就需要投资建设新的厂房，以便维持快速发展。这也是BP 在几年前遇到的情况——我们原有的油田和天然气田进入开发后期，因而需要开发新的油气田来维持强劲的增长。广东也是如此。毫无疑问，广东过去的成就是辉煌的，但现在需要为未来的增长寻找新的动力。

The second general message is that future growth must be ‘sustainable’–which means ensuring that Guangdong has the business environment, workforce and external relationships to sustain its prosperity long term. //
第二个原则是，未来的增长必须具备“可持续性”——这意味着广东必须确保其商业环境、劳动力队伍和对外关系有助于维持长期繁荣。

So keeping those two principles in mind, let me pick out some of the main priorities. First, the role of cities. Guangdong is a beneficiary of globalisation, and as the globalisation writer Saskia Sassen puts it: “The work of globalisation goes on in cities.”//
让我们将这两条原则记下，接下来我要谈谈一些需要优先发展的领域。首先，我们要看城市的作用。广东是全球化的受益者，正如全球化研究者萨斯启亚.萨绅所指出：“全球化发生在城市当中”。

Nowhere is that more true than in Guangdong, where people have poured into the major cities over the past two decades. Guanzhou alone is now home to nearly 10 million people. With China’s accession to the WTO and improvements in agricultural efficiency, many more people are bound to move from the country to the city in the next few years. //
这句话尤其适用于广东。在这片土地上，过去20 年来人们像潮水般涌入大城市。现在的广州已经是近千万人口的家园。随着中国加入WTO 和农村生产效率的提升，未来数年必将有更多人口从农村进入城市。

But cities are not merely dormitories. They are complex social and economic organisms. And if cities are to be engines of growth, they require good planning and high quality services. For a healthy and motivated workforce, strong public services are required, such as education, health care, housing and transportation. And for competitive enterprises, good business services are required, such as financial, professional and communication services.//
但城市并不仅仅是宿舍。它们更是复杂的社会和经济机体。如果城市要成为经济增长的动力，就需要进行良好的规划和提供高质量的服务。对于一支健康向上的劳工队伍而言，需要城市提供良好的公共服务，如教育、医疗保健、住房和交通。对于有竞争力的企业而言， 需要城市提供良好的商业服务，如金融服务、专业服务和通讯服务。

In Guangdong, we need to ensure that the planning of cities anticipates population growth rather than falling behind it.// In Guangzhou, in particular, such a change is being made, with the movement of factories to the edge of town, the development of residential communities and the redevelopment of the centre. This is a massive undertaking and shows a vision for the cities of tomorrow and serves as a role model for other cities.//
在广东，我们需要确保城市规划超前于人口的增长，而不是落后于人口的增长。对广州而言，这种变化正在发生之中。这里的工厂正向城市的外围搬迁，居民区正被大量开发， 市区中心正在二次开发。这既是一个规模宏大的进程，又展现了未来城市的前瞻力，还为其他城市的发展提供了样板。

（（BP 公司执行董事、首席财务官高拜伦博士在广东省长国际咨询会议上的发言2003 年11 月3 日,节选）

Text 2.3

我非常喜欢年轻人，因为年轻人他们蛮开放，而且不会保守，他们代表了我们的未来。//

今年在SARS 爆发期间，我想到了学生们，非常关心他们，然后我又想从他们身上可以得到一些力量，这就是为什麽当时我到了清华大学和他们共进午餐，同时我也到了北京大学和他们交谈，在图书馆里面和他们交谈，在那个时候，你也许感受不到我们所处的气氛，但是就是这些年轻人还是那样的乐观，他们憧憬着美丽的将来。// 他们和我说，人们喜欢说，当树叶出叶的时候，整棵树都是绿的。他们都希望作为树上的叶子，他就问我，总理，这棵大树上你喜欢成为这棵树的哪一部分？我马上就回答说，我也是其中一片叶子，就像你们一样。// 作为一个演讲者，首先听演讲的人要知道他是一个什么人，这样才可以彼此交心。//
I like young people very much. Because young people are always so energetic and they have the least conservative ideas, and they represent the future of our world. And this year during the outbreak of the SARS epidemic, I thought about the students. I cared a lot for them, and I wanted to gain strength from them. So that was why I went to our Tsinghua University to have lunch with them. And also I went to Beijing University and I had a chat with the students in the library. At that time probably you could not have imagined what an atmosphere we were in, but I felt that the young people were as hopeful as ever. They always dream about a beautiful future. They pointed to the trees outside the window and said to me, "People like to say that when all the leaves grow, when the tree becomes green all over, this crisis will be over. And they also said that they would all rather be the green leaves themselves, and they asked me, Premier, in this big tree, which part of the tree are you? I immediately replied, "I'm also one of the leaves like you." As the speaker today, of course I think I need to explain myself a little bit to my audience, and I owe you this because in this way we can have a heart-to-heart discussion.

大家知道，我出身在一个教师的家庭，我的童年是在战火中度过的，我没有在座的同学们那样一个美好的童年，在日本侵略者用刺刀把人们赶到广场的时候，我曾经依偎在妈妈身边，後来战火无情的烧掉了我的全家，连我祖父在农村办的那所小学，我的工作大部分时间都是在中国最艰苦的地方度过的。// 因此，我对我的国家，对我的人民，了解的深，爱的深。//
As you know, as you probably know, I'm the son of a schoolteacher. I spent my childhood mostly in the smoke and fire of war. I was not as fortunate as you as a child. When Japanese aggressors drove all the people in my place to the Central Plaza, I had to huddle closely against my mother. Later on, my whole family and house were all burned up, and even the primary school that my grandpa built himself all went up in flames. In my work life, most of the time I worked in areas under the most harsh conditions in China. Therefore I know my country and my people quite well and I love them so deeply.

（2003 年12 月10 日温家宝总理在美国哈佛大学的演讲“将目光投向中国”，节选）

Text 2.4

各位嘉宾，女士们、先生们：
在美丽的金秋时节，我很高兴能在既古老神秘又充满现代活力的古都西安，迎来参加"2001.中国西部论坛"的各位嘉宾。// 借此机会，我愿意就加入世贸组织后外商投资中国西部的新机遇，向各位嘉宾作一简要介绍，希望进一步促进外商积极参与中国西部大开发，推动广大的西部地区加快经济和社会发展的进程。//
Distinguished guests, Ladies and gentlemen,
In the golden autumn, I am very happy to welcome the distinguished guests to China West Forum 2001 in the ancient capital Xi'an, an age-old and mysterious city full of dynamism of the modern era. Taking this opportunity, I would like to brief you on the new opportunities for foreign investment in the west after China joins the WTO. I hope that foreign businesspeople could take part in the development of western regions more actively to advance the economic and social development of the vast western areas.

女士们、先生们：
中国恢复关贸总协定缔约国地位和加入世贸组织已经走过了15 年历程。15 年的沧桑变化，已经深深印在中国人的记忆之中，并且也为每一位关心和支持中国现代化事业的外国朋友所见证。值得欣慰的是，近年来，在有关各方的共同努力下，中国加入世贸组织的进程明显加快//
Ladies and gentlemen,
China has gone through a journey of 15 years in order to first resume the contracting party status in GATT and later to enter the WTO. The twists and turns over the past 15 years have been deeply embedded in the minds of the Chinese people and witnessed by each and every foreign friend who cares for and supports China's cause of modernization. However, it is a comfort to see that China's accession to the WTO has been noticeably accelerated with the concerted efforts of various relevant parties over recent years.

今年5 月和6 月，中国先后同美国、欧盟就中国加入世贸组织多边谈判的遗留问题进行磋商，并达成了全面共识。7 月初和7 月中旬，世贸组织第16 次和第17 次中国工作组会议， 结束了中国加入世贸组织的实质性谈判，完成了中国加入世贸组织的议定书、中国工作组报告书等多边法律文件的起草工作。// 我相信，9 月召开的第18 次中国工作组会议，将最终通过中国加入世贸组织的所有法律文件，并将这些法律文件提交世贸组织总理事会审议，从而结束中国工作组的工作。// 如无特别情况，今年11 月在卡塔尔多哈举行的世贸组织第四次部长级会议，将正式通过决议，接纳中国成为世贸组织正式成员。经过15 年的艰辛努力， 中国加入世贸组织即将成为现实。//
In May and June this year, China held consultations and reached comprehensive consensus with US and EU on the outstanding issues in the multilateral negotiation of China's WTO accession. In early and mid July, the WTO held the 16th and 17th sessions of the China Working Party Meeting, at which the substantive negotiation on China's WTO entry was concluded with the drafting of the Protocol, Working Party Report and other multilateral legal documents regarding China's WTO accession completed. I believe at the 18th Working Party Meeting to be convened in September, all the legal documents on China's accession will be eventually adopted and submitted to the WTO General Council for review, thus wrapping up the historic mission of the WTO Working Party on China. Hard endeavor of 15 years is about to turn China's entry to the WTO into a reality.

女士们、先生们：
吸收外商直接投资，是中国对外开放基本国策的重要组成部分。二十多年来，随着改革开放逐步深化，中国吸收外资的规模和质量不断提高。// 截至2001 年7 月底，中国累计批准设立的外商投资企业37. 8 万家，合同外资金额7170.1 亿美元，实际使用外资金额3728.3 亿美元。// 今年以来，外商来华直接投资继续保持良好势头。1-7 月，共批准设立外商投资企业1.4 万家，比去年同期增长18.2%；合同外资金额402.9 亿美元，增长45.8%；实际使用外资金额242.1 亿美元，增长21.7%。//
Ladies and gentlemen,
FDI absorption constitutes an important component of China's basic state policy of reform and opening up. As the reform and opening up going into depth over the past two decades and more, China has been constantly improving its FDI utilization in terms of scale and quality. As of the endof July 2001, China had cumulatively approved 378,000 foreign funded enterprises with a contractual value of USD 717.01 billion, of which USD 372.83 billion had been actually paid in. China has maintained a good momentum in its FDI attraction since this year. January through July, 14,000 foreign-invested enterprises were approved to establish, 18.2% higher than the corresponding period of last year, the contractual value of foreign investment grew by 45.8% to USD 40.29 billion and the actually utilized value climbed by 21.7% to USD 24.21 billion.

在中国东部地区吸收外资迅速增长的同时，西部地区吸收外资也取得了明显进展。截至2001 年6 月底，西部地区吸收外商直接投资的项目数、合同外资金额和实际使用外资金额，在全国总量中所占比重分别为7.3%、6%和5.3%。今年1-6 月，西部地区新设立外商投资企业742 家，合同外资19.1 亿美元，实际使用外资7.1 亿美元。// 加入世贸组织，是中国社会主义市场经济发展的内在要求，也顺应了世界经济发展的客观趋势，必将为世界各国和地区同中国开展经济贸易合作提供前所未有的机遇。//
While the FDI absorption of the eastern areas is growing at a rapid speed, the western regions have also made obvious headway in its FDI attraction. Up to the end of June 2001, the project number, contractual value and actually utilized value of FDI in the west accounted for 7.3%, 6% and 5.3% of the national total. In the first 6 months of this year, 742 new foreign invested enterprises were set up in the western regions with the contractual value amounting to USD 1.91 billion and actually utilized value, USD 710 million. Joining the WTO is an inherent requirement of China's development of its socialist market economy which also complies with the objective trend of the world economic progress, and it will bring about unprecedented opportunities to the economic and trade cooperation between China and various countries and regions in the world.

加入世贸组织后，中国将有步骤地开放银行、保险、电信、外贸、内贸、旅游等服务领域，制定统一、规范、透明的投资准入政策，抓紧制定和完善相关涉外法律法规，提高涉外经济工作依法行政水平，建立健全符合国际通行规则和我国国情的对外经济贸易体制。外商来中国投资，参与西部大开发，正面临着新的发展机遇。//
After becoming a member of the WTO, China will open service areas such as banking, insurance, telecommunication, foreign trade, domestic trade, tourism step by step, formulate uniform, standard and transparent investment access policy, intensify efforts to enact and perfect relevant foreign related laws and regulations, improve the level of administration according to law in foreign related economic work, establish and perfect the foreign economic and trade regime consistent with the international prevailing rules and actual situation in China. Foreign business people are facing new development opportunities in making investment in China and participating in the development of western regions.

(中国加入世贸组织后外商投资的新机遇--外经贸部副部长孙振宇在"2001.中国西部论坛"上
的演讲节选)
（Speech at China West Forum 2001--SUN Zhenyu, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation 节选）

seclusive 2007-09-24 16:20
第三单元演讲技巧

第一部分技能篇

口译与笔译的最大区别之一，就在于口译工作者绝非“一切尽在不言中”，而是身处“台前”进行工作。虽然文化派翻译理论认为，即使在笔译中，译者也是“可见”（visible）的，但从工作特点来看，口译员显然更为“可见”。

这种可见性，既使口译工作充满了乐趣，也给译员带来了许多挑战。站在大庭广众之中， 于众目睽睽之下开口讲话，本身就不是一件容易的事情。姑且不论翻译的质量如何，译员首先应该是一个出色的讲话人。否则，即便翻译得再出色，也会因为拙劣的音质、节奏或吐词而使听众感到索然无味。显而易见，对于一个成功的口译工作者来说，掌握扎实的演讲技巧是根本要务。

1．熟悉讲话场所，增强演讲效果
为了获得良好的沟通效果，译员在达到工作地点后，一定要先熟悉工作环境。观察发言人所处的房间设施如何，屋顶的高低、窗帘的厚度、房间的面积等都会对音效造成影响。此外，发言人需要对多少观众讲话，是在讲台上发言还是流动讲话，这些问题译员都需要考虑。对于译员本人来说，是站在讲话人身边还是退到舞台一侧，有没有辅助工具（如麦克风）， 是有支架的麦克风、手持无线麦克风还是便携式无线麦克风，在工作开始前的短暂时间里， 应该尽可能充分地掌握情况。特别要注意调试麦克风，以免出现音质有问题或电池电量不够的尴尬场面。

2．综合运用演讲的几大要素
讲话人声音的产生伴随着一系列生理过程——首先是从肺部呼出气流，气流经过喉，振动声带而形成声音；再经过咽、嘴和鼻腔，声音被放大和修饰，最后通过舌、唇、齿和颚等部位形成特定的音。译员在翻译中应注意演讲几个要素的运用，即：音量（volume）、音调（pitch）、节奏（rate）、停顿（pauses）、发音（pronunciation）和吐词（enunciation）。

2.1 音量：讲话人声音的大小和强弱程度。译员切勿大声喊叫，即使是发言人声音过大， 也不可受到影响而提高音量。适中的音量即使自己的翻译容易被听众接受，也不会显得信心不足或喧宾夺主。在翻译过程中调节音量是必要的。译员从开始讲话就应注意观察听众表情， 特别是最前排和最后排听众的表情。前排听众露出不快的表情或者后排听众露出不解的表情，都是音量不合适的信号。

2.2 音调：声音的高低程度。一般来说，译员在翻译中最好采用中音，因为中音显得沉稳可信，并应注意通过音调的变化让听众感受到友好、温和、诚恳和热情。作为译员，表现出强烈的情感是不合适的，不温不火的音调可以显得自己更加客观。然而，这绝不意味着译员应自始至终使用一种音调，单调不变的音调会是听众感到沉闷，极大地破坏演讲效果。2.3 节奏：讲话人声音传递时的速度快慢。通常，中文表达速度是每分钟150-180 字， 英文则是120－150 词。虽然译员应该考虑所翻译的内容特点和讲话人的所采用的速度而确定自己翻译传达的节奏，但在平均值上下浮动幅度过大，会造成听众接受信息的额外负担。因此，译员应采用中等速度，而且在重要信息点，如数字、专门用语、人名、头衔等和讲话人特别强调的关键词上将速度适当放慢。在翻译过程中经常调整节奏也十分重要。

2.4 停顿：信息传递过程中的短暂休息。对于译员来说，适当停顿既能够自然大方地创造时间进行思考或修补翻译中的缺陷，又能够为信息表达带来更为出色的效果。马克.吐温在谈到演讲技巧时曾说过，“合适的词语也许有效，但没有任何词语比恰到好处的停顿更有效”。译员应该注意掌握停顿的时间，过长的停顿会让听众认为是译员翻不出来了，从而影响他们对译员的信任；而过短的停顿又起不到什么作用。马克.吐温认为，“对一个听众的停顿要短；两个听众，停顿稍长一点；更多听众，停顿再长一点。

2.5 发音：讲话人所用语言的语音、语调和节拍是否正确。好的译员，首先应在中英双语口头表达上不存在任何障碍，发音起码应该符合所使用语言的规范和标准，避免地方口音的影响。这是译员的基本素质之一，此处不再详述。

2.6 吐词：讲话人能否清晰完整地说出词句。吐词清楚，对于有效传达信息至关重要。放慢讲话速度，是加强吐词的有效方法。同时，由于正式场合的发言不同于对话交谈，它往往要求讲话人将字词发得更加相对完整，字与字（词与词）之间的连读、弱读、吞音等则需要适当减少，更要避免在表达中加入带有个人习惯的不必要表达，如“嗯… … ”、“这个… … ”、“就是说… … ”、“Well… ”、“Eh… ”、“Yes… ”、“OK… ”等。

3．保持良好大方的仪态
除了言语表达以外，讲话人的身体语言同样十分重要。译员应考虑以下几个方面：

3.1 穿着。译员的穿着要大方得体，并根据工作的场合调整。在正式的谈判、会议、宴会等场合，译员需要着正装，但无需过于夸张；另外一些较为轻松的场合，如导游、参观、便饭等，可以着比较休闲一些的服装(Buisness Causual)。如果不肯定如何着装，一定要向组织者询问。重要的是，良好的着装绝不等同于昂贵新潮的品牌服饰，而应是整洁、大方、得体的衣着。

3.2 姿态。站/坐姿要端正得体，身体不能频繁地大幅度摆动。站时双腿不能交叉，坐时不能翘腿或晃腿。工作时应保持高度投入的精神状态。

3.3 手势。作为译员，过多使用手势会给人抢风头的感觉。在非正式的日常工作口译中，译员可以适当在交流中辅以手势；但正式场合时，译员一定要保持端正持重，切忌手舞足蹈。

3.4 眼神。增加与听众的目光交流，可以加强沟通的效果。不过，译员和来自不同国家和文化背景的人接触，应注意不同文化对于目光接触的禁忌。例如：欧美、阿拉伯国家的人在交谈时习惯直视对方的眼睛，而亚洲和非洲一些国家的人交谈时则避免直接目光接触，特别是不同性别、不同身份层次的情况下。如果是正式场合的演讲，译员则应和不同方位的听众进行目光交流，而且目光在某一方位停留的时间应相对延长一些，否则会给人飘忽不定、缺乏自信的印象。

3.5 表情。通过轻松自然的表情，时刻向听众传达友好。即使在翻译过程中有困难出现时，译员也不应该皱眉、瞪眼或流露出其它沮丧、无奈的表情。译员的面部表情需要表现出对听众的善意，也应展现自己对所翻译的话题的兴趣和把握。同时，译员不是演员，夸张做作的面部表情只会适得其反。综上所述，译员作为身居“幕前”的沟通者，应保持整洁大方的仪表，掌握语言表达的技巧，同时做到不卑不亢、谦虚稳重、和蔼可亲。“好的开始是成功的一半”，译员的成功， 很大程度上就取决于一开口的那几句话给听众的感觉。

参考文献：

林郁如等，《新编英语口译教程》教师用书，上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999
梅德明，《高级口译教程》（第二版），上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
钟述孔，《实用口译手册》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1991
Kay, S., 《实用演讲技巧》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2004
Lucas, S. E. The Art of Public Speaking (Sixth Edition), Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998
Tedford, T. L., Public Speaking in A Free Society, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1991

seclusive 2007-09-24 16:33
第二部分练习篇

Exercise One

Instruction: A very effective way of practicing your public speaking is to read poems aloud. The following is an excerpt of a poem written by British poet Thomas Hood (1799 –1845). Read the poem aloud and try to make the poem alive by using proper volume, pitch, rate, pauses,pronunciation and enunciation.

I Remember, I Remember
by Thomas Hood
I remember, I remember
The house where I was born,
The little window where the sun
Came peeping in at morn;
He never came a wink too soon,
Nor brought too long a day,
But now I often with the night
Had borne my breath away!

I remember, I remember
The roses red and white,
The violets, and the lily-cups,
Those flowers made of light!
The lilacs where the robin built,
And where my brother set
The laburnum on his birthday, --
The tree is living yet

I remember, I remember,
Where I was used to swing,
And thought the air must rush as fresh
To swallows on the wing;
My spirit flew in feathers then,
That is so heavy now,
And summer pools could hardly cool
The fever on my brow!

I remember, I remember,
The fir trees dark and high;
I used to think their slender tops
Were close against the sky:
It was a childish ignorance,
But now 'tis little joy
To know I'm farther off from heaven
Than when I was a boy.

Exercise Two

Instruction: Work in pairs. Choose one of the topics below and give a three-minute speech to each other. Observe each other’s performance and make notes of how each of the six factors of public speaking is handled.

Topic 1: The Greatest Invention in My Eye
Topic 2: Man and the Internet
Topic 3: The Role of English in the 21st Century China

Exercise Three
Instruction: Listen to the following texts once, then start interpreting at the end of each segment.

Text 3.1. In Search of Better Understanding between the US and China

I want to thank the students for giving me the chance to meet with you, the chance to talk a little bit about my country and answer some of your questions. The standards and reputation of this university are known around the world, and I know what an achievement it is to be here. So, congratulations.// I don't know if you know this or not, but my wife and I have two daughters who are in college, just like you. One goes to the University of Texas. One goes to Yale. They're twins. And we are proud of our daughters, just like I'm sure your parents are proud of you.//
我感谢在座的各位同学给我这个机会跟大家见面谈一谈我自己的国家，并且回答大家的一些问题。清华大学的治学标准和声望闻名于世，我也知道能考入这所大学也是一个成就， 祝贺你们。//我不知道大家是不是知道这一点，我和我的太太有两个女儿，她们像你们一样正在上大学，有一个女儿上的是得州大学，有一个女儿上的是耶鲁大学。她们是双胞胎。我对我们的两个女儿倍感骄傲，我想你们的父母对你们的成就同样也是引以为荣的。//

My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned. Thirty years ago this week, an American President arrived in China on a trip designed to end decades of estrangement and confront centuries of suspicion.// President Richard Nixon showed the world that two vastly different governments could meet on the grounds of common interest, in the spirit of mutual respect. As they left the airport that day, Premier Zhou Enlai said this to President Nixon: "Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world-- 25 years of no communication." During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce. //
我这次访华恰逢重要的周年纪念日，副主席刚才也谈到了。30 年前的这一周，一位美国总统来到中国，他的访华之旅目的是为了结束两国长达数十年的隔阂和数百年的相互猜疑。//尼克松总统向世界显示了两个迥然不同的政府能够本着相互的利益、相互的尊重来到一起。那天他们离开机场的时候，周恩来总理对尼克松总统说了这样一番话，他说你与我的握手越过了世界上最辽阔的海洋，这个海洋就是互不交往的25 年。自那时以来，美国和中国已经握过多次的友谊之手和商业之手。//

And as we have had more contact with each other, the citizens of both countries have gradually learned more about each other. And that's important. Once America knew China only by its history as a great and enduring civilization. Today, we see a China that is still defined by noble traditions of family, scholarship, and honor. //And we see a China that is becoming one of the most dynamic and creative societies in the world -- as demonstrated by the knowledge and potential right here in this room. China is on a rising path, and America welcomes the emergence of a strong and peaceful and prosperous China.//
随着我们两国间接触日益频繁，我们两国的国民也逐渐加深了对彼此的了解，这是非常非常重要的。曾经一度美国人只知道中国是历史悠久的、伟大的国家，今天我们仍然看到中国奉行着重视家庭、学业和荣誉的优良传统。//同时，我们也看到中国也日益成为世界上最富有活力和创造力的国家之一，这一点最佳的验证是在坐诸位所具有的知识和潜力。中国正走在一个兴起的道路上，而美国欢迎强大、和平与繁荣的中国出现。//

（美国总统GeorgeW. Bush 2002 年2 月22 日在北京清华大学的演讲，节选）

Key Words:
anniversary: 周年纪念
estrangement: 疏远
enduring civilization: 持久的文明

Text 3.2 Proposed Cultural Events for the 2008 Olympic Games

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen, Good afternoon! Before I introduce our cultural programmes, I want to tell you one thing first about 2008. You’re going to have a great time in Beijing.//
主席先生，女士们，先生好，下午好！在向各位介绍我们的文化安排之前，我想先告诉大家，你们2008 年将在北京度过愉快的时光！//

There are a lot of wonderful and exciting things waiting for you in New Beijing, a dynamic modern metropolis with 3000 years of cultural treasures woven into the urban tapestry. Along with the iconic imagery of the Forbidden City, the Temple of Heaven and the Great Wall, the city offers an endless mixture of theatres, museums, discos, all kinds of restaurants and shopping malls that will amaze and delight you.//
北京是一座充满活力的现代都市，三千年的历史文化与都市的繁荣相呼应。这里有众多的文化宝藏等待着你们去挖掘。除了紫禁城，天坛和万里长城这几个标志性的建筑，北京拥有无数的戏院、博物馆，各种各样的餐厅和歌舞场所，这一切的一切都会令您感到惊奇和高兴。//

But beyond that, it is a place of millions of friendly people who love to meet people from around the world. People of Beijing believe that the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing will help to enhance the harmony between our culture and the diverse cultures of the world. Their gratitudewill pour out in open expressions of affection for you and the great Movement that you guide.//
除此之外，北京城里还有千千万万友善的人民，热爱与世界各地人民相处。北京人民相信，在北京举办2008 年奥运会，将推动我们文化和全世界文化的交流。他们将向您和您所领导的奥林匹克运动表达奥运会的感激之情。//

Within our cultural programmes, education and communication will receive the highest priority. We seek to create an intellectual and sporting legacy by broadening the understanding of the Olympic Ideas throughout the country. Cultural events will unfold each year, from 2005 to 2008.// We will stage multi-disciplined cultural programmes, such as concerts, exhibitions, art competitions and camps which will involve young people from around the world. During the Olympics, they will be staged in the Olympic Village and the city for the benefit of the athletes. Our ceremonies will give China’s greatest –and the world’s greatest artists a stage for celebrating the common aspirations of humanity and the unique heritage of our culture and the Olympic Movement.//
在我们的文化计划当中，教育和交流将是我们的重中之重，我们希望借助在全国推广对奥林匹克信念的理解，创造一笔文化和体育财富。从2005 年到2008 年我们每年定期举办文化活动。//我们开展多元文化活动，如音乐会、展览、艺术竞赛和文化营，吸引全世界青少年参与。在奥运会期间，这些文化活动同时在奥运村和全市范围内展开，以方便运动员的参加。我们的开闭幕式，将提供中国和世界杰出艺术家参与的舞台，讴歌人类的共同愿望、我们独特的文化遗产和奥林匹克运动。//

With a concept inspired by the famed Silk Road, our Torch Relay will break new ground, traveling from Olympia through some of the oldest civilizations known to man –Greek, Roman, Egyptian, Byzantine, Mesopotamian, Persian, Arabian, Indian and Chinese.// Carrying the message “Share the Peace, Share the Olympics”, the eternal flame will reach new heights as it crosses the Himalayas over the world’s highest summit –Mount Qomolangma, which is known to many of you as Mt. Everest.// In China, the flame will pass through Tibet, cross the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, travel the Great Wall and visit Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan and the 56 ethnic communities who make up our society. On its journey, the flame will be seen by the inspire more human beings than any previous relay.//
基于丝绸之路带来的灵感，我们的火炬接力将途经人类可知的最古老文明——希腊、埃及、罗马、拜占庭，美索布达米亚，波斯印度和中国。//以“共享和平，共享奥运”为主题， 奥运永恒不熄的火炬，将跨越世界最高峰，珠穆朗玛峰，从而达到一个最高的高度。//在中国，奥运圣火将通过西藏穿过长江和黄河，踏上长城，途经香港、澳门、台湾并在组成我们国家的56 个民族中传递。通过这样的路线，我们保证比以往任何一次接力数量都多的人民目睹火炬。//

Seven hundred years ago, amazed by his incredible descriptions of a far away land of great beauty, people asked Marco Polo whether his stories about China were true. He answered, what I have told you was not even half of what I saw. Actually, what we have shown you here today is only a fraction of Beijing that awaits you.// Ladies and Gentlemen, I believe that Beijing will prove to be a land of wonder to athletes, spectators and the worldwide television audience alike. Thank you, Mr. President. Thank you all!//
700 年前，马可波罗曾经对一片遥远的美丽国度有过令人难以置信的描述。人们在惊奇之余问马可波罗，你有关中国的描述是真的吗？马可波罗回答：我向你们描述的还不到我所见到的一半。实际上，我们今天向大家展示的，也只不过是北京的一个部分而已。// 女士们，先生们，我相信北京和中国将向运动员、观众和全世界的电视观众证明，这是一块神奇的土地。
谢谢主席先生，谢谢大家！//

（2001 年7 月13 日国际奥委会第112 次全体大会，中国申奥形象大使杨澜的陈述，节选）

KeyWords:
modern metropolis: 现代化大都市
urban tapestry: 城市风貌
iconic imagery: 标志性形象
the Forbidden City: 紫禁城
the Temple of Heaven: 天坛
legacy: 遗产
multi-disciplined cultural programmes: 多元文化活动
common aspirations: 共同愿望
Torch Relay: 火炬接力
Byzantine: 拜占庭的
Mesopotamian: 美索不达米亚的
Persian: 波斯的
eternal:不朽的
Mount Qomolangma/Mount Everest: 珠穆朗玛峰


Text 3.3 经济全球化中的国际合作

福克斯总统阁下，各位同事：
一年前，亚太经合组织第九次领导人非正式会议在上海黄埔江畔举行，当时的情景至今仍历历在目。今天，我们相聚在太平洋彼岸风景秀丽的洛斯卡沃斯，共商亚太经济合作大计。老朋友见面，感到十分高兴。借此机会，我对福克斯总统的盛情邀请和墨西哥政府的精心安排，表示衷心的感谢。//
Your Excellency President Fox, Dear Colleagues,
Today, as we meet at the picturesque Los Cabos on this side of the Pacific to discuss important plans of economic cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region, my memory of our last Economic Leaders’Meeting by the Huangpu River in Shanghai remains vividly fresh. What a great joy to be reunited with old friends! Let me take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks to you, Mr. President, for your gracious invitation and to the Government of Mexico for its meticulous arrangements.//

一年来，经济全球化趋势继续发展，科技进步日新月异，给各国带来了新的发展机遇。同时，全球经济发展中的不确定因素增加，包括有关亚太经合组织成员在内的一些国家和地区，在经济发展过程中面临新的挑战。//贸易保护主义又有抬头，实现自由、公平和公正的贸易仍任重道远。反对恐怖主义的斗争艰巨复杂，非传统安全因素有所增加。我们这个世界还很不安宁。//
With economic globalization surging forward and science and technology making dazzling progress with each passing day, countries have been presented with new opportunities of development in the past year. At the same time, however, the increased uncertainties in world economic development have posed new challenges to the economies of many countries and regions, APEC members included.// Trade protectionism is on the rise, making it still harder to achieve free, fair and equitable trade. Non-traditional security threats have increased, as struggles against terrorism remain both arduous and complicated. The world we live in is hardly a tranquil place.//

尽管国际社会还面临这样那样的问题，将来也还可能出现这样那样意想不到的问题，但和平与发展的时代潮流不可逆转，各国人民 一流信息监控拦截系统 nd years ago, our ancestors established close and friendly relations with many countries in Asia and other parts of the world via the Marine Silk Road. Currently we have 13 sister cities across the world, including Manila of the Philippines and Kwangju of South Korea.// Every day we receive thousands of tourists, merchants and officials from around the globe. Thousands of foreign nationals have come to live and work happily here among the local people, enriching the cultural fabric of Guangzhou with their own contribution.//

广州的发展，除了全国的支持与我们自身的努力外，离不开世界各国特别是亚洲各国、各地区的关心和支持。//我们真诚地希望，通过主办2010 年亚运会，与朋友们共同分享我们的发展成果，推动亚洲奥林匹克体育事业发展，增进亚洲各国人民的友谊和交流合作，促进亚洲经济繁荣和社会文明进步。//
Guangzhou has become a dynamic city through our own effort. But we acknowledge our debt to the kindness and support from our friends in foreign countries and regions, especially those in Asia.// We sincerely hope through hosting the 2010 Asian Games, we can share what we have accomplished with our friends. We will promote the Olympic ideals in Asia, strengthen the contacts and cooperation among the Asian nations and accelerate the economic development and social progress on this continent.//

承办亚运会，是广州人民的夙愿。它将全面促进我们社会经济发展和社会福利的提高。在此，我郑重重申：广州市政府将充分遵守《亚奥理事会章程和规则》及其关于亚运会的所有原则和规定，全面履行《申办报告》、《主办城市合同》所确定的各项义务，认真履行广州亚申委所作出的各项承诺。//
It has been a long-cherished dream of the citizens of Guangzhou to host an Asian Games, as such an occasion will help to enhance China’s overall economic development and improve our social welfare. I hereby solemnly declare that the government of Guangzhou will abide by The OCA Constitution and Rules and all other principles and rules relating to the Asian Games. We shall carry out to the letter the obligations set down in the Candidature File and the Host City Contract, and honour all promises made by the Guangzhou Asian Games Bid Committee.//

请相信，广州有足够的信心和能力把2010 年亚运会办成祥和、绿色、文明的体育盛会！你们对广州的神圣选择，将书写亚运会历史上最辉煌、最具特色的一页。// 祝各位在广州期间工作顺利，生活愉快！谢谢！//
Respected delegates, you can rest assured that the people of Guangzhou have the confidence and ability to make the 2010 Asian Games a grand athletic event, wholesome and exciting, green and clean. Your vote for Guangzhou will amount to writing a glorious and unique page in the history of the Asian Games.// Your Excellencies, I hope you will enjoy your work and stay in Guangzhou. Thank you all.//

（2004 年4 月15 日亚奥理事会申亚评估团广州考察，广州市市长张广宁的欢迎词，节选）

Key Words:
海上丝绸之路：Marine Silk Road
光州：Kwangju
友好城市：sister cities
夙愿：long-cherished dream
《亚奥理事会章程和规则》：The OCA Constitution and Rules
《申办报告》：Candidature File
《主办城市合同》：Host City Contract
广州亚申委：Guangzhou Asian Games Bid Committee
祥和、绿色、文明：wholesome and exciting, green and clean

seclusive 2007-09-24 16:37

第四单元 口译笔记技巧（I）

第一部分技能篇

1.1 口译笔记的重要性

正式谈判和会议等场合的连续传译，其成败很大程度上取决于记录的好坏。连续传译是在讲话人完成全文或一个完整的意思之后，再把原文译给听众。一个要把一篇讲话（可能持续几分钟或几十分钟）完整地记住，是非常困难的，很少有能做到这一点。有时一段话可能延续几分钟，并且常常会出现数字、人名和地名等，要准确、完整和快捷地转达发言人的意思，只靠口译员大脑的记忆是不够的。因此与其他口译技巧相比，作口译笔记是连续传译中最基本的技巧。如果记录方法掌握得好，能运用自如，又能临场发挥，所作的记录甚至可以在一定程度上弥补其他技巧方面的不足。

1.2 口译笔记的特点
1.2.1 与课堂笔记的区别

a．目的不同
学生对课堂笔记或讲座的笔记方法都是非常熟悉的。学生听课时，往往把老师所讲的主要内容记录下来，特别是教科书当中没有的内容，甚至是一些例句，其主要目的是便于课后复习、巩固，便于举一反三。对于某些学生来说，恐怕是为了应付考试。

而口译中所作的记录是为了记录讲话的概况，保证口译的顺利进行，但并非一定要照读记录，有时可以略看上一眼；有些内容较熟悉，也可不看，甚至还有可能完全不看。

b．时效性不同
由于两种笔记目的的不同，因此口译记录与课堂笔记从所需时间看也大不一样，课堂笔记保留的时间通常较长，为了日后加以巩固，课堂笔记应详细、清楚，口译笔记仅仅是为了当场使用，无需一年以后，一个月以后，一天以后，甚至一小时以后再去查阅翻译记录，由于刚刚听过讲话，对其内容还有较深刻的印象，所以可不必要全文记下来，只要作简单记号， 达到提示的目的即可。口译工作一经结束，这些记录也就失去了使用价值。

c．方法不同
由于目的和时效性不同，口译记录与一般课堂笔记或会议记录的方法也完全不同，口译笔记往往只记几个重点词，且用上一些只有本人能明白的符号、箭头等，其他笔记往往比较详细，如课堂上，当老师讲某个单词的用法时，常会举例，而且老师往往会重复例句，让学生有时间写上完整的句子，以便课后温故。

另外，学生记课堂笔记即使记得不全，还能在课外与同学核对，或甚至抄别人的，而口译笔记应该字字句句有一定的含义，非常清楚、明白，能一目几行，便于即席翻译的顺利进行。

以下面一段中文发言为例：
第三产业已成为外商在穗投资的新热点。去年，新批第三产业项目1037 个，吸收外资44.4 亿美元，外商投资已从工业扩大到金融、保险、房地产、商业、娱乐、教育和保健等领域。

假如这段话当作老师在课堂里作讲座的内容或一般会议上的讲话，那么作为学生课堂笔记或会议记录可能会把原话记下来，最多也不过把几个字省去，如“第三产业”记成“三产” 等，而口译则完全不同，为了一目了然，还能省去许多不必要的词，运用一些符号等，这一段可记成：

三产：热（广州）/外↓
.y 1037 OK （外↓4.44’’’ USD）
外↓
→Fnc
Ins
房
Com
娱
Ed
保健

按照上面的记录，把它组成一个英文译文是相当容易的。在记录过程中已基本完成翻译的框架，口译时，只需稍加组织语句，就可译成：

Investments in tertiary industry by foreign businessmen have become the new hot spot of Guangzhou. Last year, 1,037 projects of tertiary industry were approved with a total foreign investment of 4.44 billion US dollars. The field of foreign investments has been expanded from industry to finance, insurance, real estate, commerce, entertainment, education, health care and so on.

1.2.2 与速记的区别
一提起口译记录，许多人马上会联想起速记，因为人们普遍认为速记可以记录整个讲话的全部内容，基实这是一个非常错误的概念，口译记录与速记是两种完全不同的概念，用的是两种完全不同的记录方法，其不同点主要表现在：

a．口译笔记是用文字和各种符号作记录，不仅重点突出，一目了然，而且便于快速阅读，一目数行。必要时，根据口译记录时所作的一些分析，还可以概括发言内容，摘要译出， 这是最好的速记员也难以做到的。

b. 在讲话过程中，如果演讲人改变前面讲过的话，速记下来的内容很难立即跟着改变，在演讲人话音未落，或话题突然改变时，用速记很难马上造出新的句子来，而口译记录则可以随机应变。

c. 即使最熟练的速记专家也无法迅速地、准确地读出速记下来的内容。学过速记的人都知道，不管是何种语言，何种方法速记，其原理都一样，即按发音规则写，其速记符号（shorthand outlines）都是按单词发音来记的，有的常用词用一些有规则或无规则的省略， 再好的速记员在解读速记符号时，读出来的只能是原文，原来的语言的发音，绝对读不出另一种语言。

1.2.3 与听写的区别
口译记录也不同于听写（dictation），不管是学习中文或英文，我们都曾学过听写，听写的要求是让学生记录老师所说的每一个单词并加以正确的标点符号。听写时，老师读的语句速度较慢，而且练习中老师常要读两遍以上，学生还有时间校对。而口译记录要求速度快， 但并不要求记录每个记录，只需中心思想，如听到Question，problem 或问题时，只需写上“ ”或“？”。因此，作为培训人员，在给学生训练口译笔记时，应避免放慢速度，避免采用听写的方式，从开始学记录起，就应学会跟上正常语速的讲话，这种做法，一开始可能会不习惯，也许记录做得很糟，但经过一段时间的培训以后，一定能学会口译记录，跟上正常讲话速度。

1.3 口译笔记的功能
口译笔记是口译信息整理保存的工具，是辅助记忆的手段，是在听讲过程中用简单的文字或符号记下讲话内容中能刺激记忆的关键词。主要功能是:

1) 具有辅助短时记忆的作用，避免遗忘漏失；
2) 透过图像、版面与符号的交错运用，笔记具有逻辑分析与保存的功能，能将语篇的段落整理清楚并保存一段时间。

1.4 口译笔记的原则
口译笔记的原则是指根据口译的目的、口译员的工作环境而制定的纲领。主要有以下几点:
★ 口译为主，笔记为辅：口译员应当以听讲话人，全面地吸收信息、组成口译信息为主体，笔记只起辅助作用，不应当舍本逐末；
★ 笔记应体现信息的概念与结构：无论图像、符号，缩写词或者其组合时，都应当组成完整的信息概念或组织结构；
★ 记下密度和难度高的信息：信息负荷过量(如数字、专有名词) ，一定要做笔记；
★ 笔记的内容与符号，以多重利用为原则：任何已记下的笔记内容与符号，都应尽量再次利用，重复使用；
★ 笔记的语言符号必须能够沟通：口译员应避免使用不熟悉的符号，或双人合作时应避免字迹零乱；
★ 笔记纸大小，依口译员可控制的空间而定：口译员站立时，笔记本不宜超过手掌大小，有桌椅可用时，笔记最大不超过A4 纸。

总之，口译笔记是为了突出中心，提示难点，给短期记忆一臂之力，所以笔记的方法一定要得当。逐字逐句地记录既办不到也不必要，还会分散精力影响听的效果。口译笔记应简短、清晰、易辨，寥寥几个关键词, 能为理解后的表达起到很好的提示作用。口译笔记有一定的规则可循，但又具有强烈的个性化，因此学生必须在反复练习的基础上，发展一套适合自己特点的笔记体系，在实践中不断完善，并通过优化了的笔记系统提高口译质量。

参考文献

王蕾，浅谈口译笔记技巧，《辽宁师专学报》第5 期，2004
朱佩芬，《新编实用英汉口译技巧》，上海：华东理工大学出版社，1997；
鲍刚，《口译理论概述》，北京：旅游教育出版社，1998；
钟述孔，《实用口译手册》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司1999；
方凡泉，《好易学英汉口译》，广州：世界图书出版公司，1999，；
吴冰，《汉译英口译教程》，北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1995；
梅德明，《口译教程》，上海外语教育出版社，1996；
赵军峰，《商务英语口译》，北京：高等教育出版社，2003

seclusive 2007-09-24 17:02
第二部分 练习篇

Exercise One

Instruction: Listen to the following excerpts from the texts found in Exercise Three and take notes. Then reproduce them in the same language with the help of your notes.

1. It was therefore only logical that the first thorough reform in Germany in 1948 was a “currency reform”with the introduction of the Deutsche Mark as a new monetary unit and at the same time the establishment of a fixed rate of exchange with the previous currency.Compensation trading and the black market disappeared al most over night, people had confidence in the new currency, and markets were again price regulated.

2. 随着经济的发展，城市基础设施、城市环境、城市景观建设也取得了前所未有的成效。广州作为人才、资金、技术、信息等生产要素的区域性配置中心的地位和作用日趋突出，有力地支持和带动了珠江三角洲工业化进程和城市群的崛起。

Exercise Two

Instruction: Listen to the following excerpts from the texts found in Exercise Three and take notes. Then reproduce them in the target language with the help of your notes.

1. DWDM is a cost-effective and reliable way to meet this growing demand. Transmission capacity of commercially available systems has reached 400 Gigabits (400,000,000,000 bits) per second on a single optical fiber. That’s equivalent to about 4 million telephone conversations. (Considering that Guangdong has about 16million telephone users, this means that the entire traffic could be handled by four fibers.)

2. 当前亚洲-太平洋地区已经再次成为全球经济增长的亮点，我们应该利用全球和地区的有利因素，加强合作，加紧调整经济结构，使之优化升级，为实现持续稳定的发展进一步创造条件。

Exercise Three

Instruction: Listen to the following texts once, then start interpreting at the end of each segment.

Text 3.1

The information industry: Embler of Economic Growth 信息产业：经济增长的引擎

In 1947，a device called the transistor was invented in Bell Laboratories, the research and development arm of AT&T (now Lucent Technologies). That invention helped to establish entire branches of industry, including consumer electronics, computing, and titans such as Sony and Microsoft. // Now, the changes taking place in our optical technologies are so significant that they have been compared with the development of the transistor. // Optical fibers form a network that interconnects the globe. These fibers are used to transmit our phone calls, faxes, TV programs, e-mail, data and many other types of information. //
1947年，美国电话电报公司（现在为朗讯科技）的研究开发机构贝尔实验室发明了被叫作“晶体管”的一个电子装置。// 这项发明有助于整个分支产业的建立，包括家用电器和计算机行业，同时催生了诸如索尼和微软这样的电子巨头。而今光纤技术的蓬勃发展势头也丝毫不逊于晶体管。// 光纤构成的网络连接着整个世界。这些纤维被用来传输我们的电话、传真、电视节目、电子邮件、数据以及其他各式各样的信息。//

Until quite recently, it was possible to send only one wavelength (or color) of light along each fiber. A lot of effort is concentrated on maximizing the amount of information that can be transmitted using this single wavelength. // But dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing (or DWDM) makes it possible to transmit a large number of wavelengths on a single fiber, effectively sending a ‘rainbow’, where there was only one color before. // If we compare this with a crowded highway leading into a big city, for example, it’s almost as though by installing just two boxes, one at each end of the highway, and adding a small amount of additional equipment along the route, we suddenly expand the highway to multiple levels, allowing the vehicles to choose from a large number of identical highways. //
直到最近人们仅仅能够沿着每根光纤传输一个波长（或一种颜色）的光。研究的精力主要集中在如何使这个单一波长所传输的信息量达到最大化。// 但是DWDM 技术却能够在一根光纤上传输大量的波长，可以有效地传送一个“彩虹”，而在以前只能传送一种颜色。// 假如我们把光纤比作通向一座城市的拥挤的高速公路，那么就如同我们在高速公路的两端各一个盒子，然后沿着高速公路再加一些额外的设备，于是忽然间高速公路就好像加多了几层， 使得车辆可以在许多相同的道路中作出选择。//

The situation in today’s networks is in many cases very much like an overcrowded highway. An increasing number of telephone users, as well as new services such as the Internet, have led to a massive explosion in the growth of information traffic. // DWDM is a cost-effective and reliable way to meet this growing demand. Transmission capacity of commercially available systems has reached 400 Gigabits (400,000,000,000 bits) per second on a single optical fiber. That’s equivalent to about 4 million telephone conversations. (Considering that Guangdong has about 16 milliontelephone users, this means that the entire traffic could be handled by four fibers.) // Future systems will provide multiples of this capacity. With so many people being able to share a single fiber, the charges for the individual will drop drastically. In effect, we are pushing capacity towards infinity and dropping costs to close to zero. //
今天的网络在许多情形下非常类似于一条拥挤的高速公路。日益增加的电话用户以及像因特网这样的新服务爆炸式地大大增加了信息交通。// DWDM 在满足这方面的需求既省钱又可靠，单一光纤的商业传输能力已经达到每秒四百吉(咖)比特。这就相当于四百万个电话对话，（考虑到广东省有一千六百万个电话用户，这意味着四根光纤就可以搞定整个信息交通了。）// 未来的系统将大大增加这种能力。由于如此众多的人共享一个单一的光纤，分摊在每个人身上的费用将明显下降。事实上，我们正在无限度地增加这种能力，而且将成本降为零值。//

（1999 年月日第一届广东经济发展国际咨询会，朗讯科技总裁兼首席执行官Richard McGinn 的演讲“The information industry: Embler of Economic Growth”，节选）

Key words
Bell Laboratories （美国）贝尔实验室
AT&T (now Lucent Technologies) （美国）电话电报公司（现为朗讯科技公司）
consumer electronics 家用电器
optical fibers 光纤
wavelength 波长
DWDM = dense-wavelength-division-multiplexing 密度波长分割多路传输，可直接译为DWDM
gigabit 吉(咖)比特(10+[9]比特)
transmission capacity 传输能力
cost-effective 节约成本的
information traffic 信息交通

Text 3.2

Key Factors for Economic Growth and Prosperity 经济增长与繁荣的要素

At the end of the twentieth century the Federal Republic of Germany is one of the world’s leading industrial nations, a development that seemed one of the world’s leading industrial nations, a development that seemed inconceivable after the end of the Second World War in 1945. // The capital stock of the country was largely destroyed by the effects of the war and the west of Germany had to absorb over 6 million refugees within a very short time. // Money had altogether lost its functions of a means of payment and a store of value. People preferred to barter in goods and services, and the banking system was not able to provide additional capital. //
在20 世纪末联邦德国是世界上工业发达的国家之一，她的发展里程似乎就是发达工业国家的缩影，这种发展在1945 年二战结束之后似乎是不可想象的。// 这个国家的资本储备受到了战争的极大破坏，而且西德还不得不在短期内吸收超过六百万的难民。货币完全丧失了其固有的支付和储值功能。人们倾向于物物交换的易货贸易，银行系统无法提供额外的资本。//

From today’s point of view the large monetary overhang which immediately became visible after the end of the war appears to be of economic significance. // This was triggered off by the credit financing of expenditure on armaments, the result of an inflationary rise in the money supply. // It was therefore only logical that the first thorough reform in Germany in 1948 was a “currency reform”with the introduction of the Deutsche Mark as a new monetary unit and at the same time the establishment of a fixed rate of exchange with the previous currency. // Compensation trading and the black market disappeared al most over night, people had confidence in the new currency, and markets were again price regulated. //
从今天的观点来看，战争后立刻出现的大量资本悬置似乎具有很大的经济意义。这种情形起因于用于军用开支方面的信用融资，以及由于货币供应出现的膨胀增加所造成的后果。// 因此，唯一符合逻辑的是，1948 年西德进行的彻底改革属于“货币改革”，期间德国马克被作为新的货币单位推出，而且同时建立了与以前的币种进行交换的固定汇率制。// 几乎在一夜之间补偿贸易和货币黑市消失地踪迹全无，人们对新币种充满信心，而且市场再次受到价格规范。//

The direction of the country’s economic policy was by no means clear at that time. On the contrary, there was great controversy between the supporters of a “social market economy”. // The question was settled by the first Bundestag election in August 1949, and the voters decided for the course of the “social market economy”. // There were thus two fundamental reforms which made it possible for the Federal Republic of Germany to become one of the world’s foremost industrial nations; the currency reform and the economic reform. // These two factors apparently provided the solution to a problem that many countries are face with today, namely, creating adequate prosperity for all in a situation of an excess of labor and a shortage of capital. //
在那个时候这个国家的经济政策走向并不明朗。相反，在“社会市场国家”的支持者中间也存在这很大的分歧。// 这个问题在1949 年8 月西德联邦议会的第一次选举就得到了解决，投票者大力支持这个国家走“社会市场经济”之道路。因此，使得联邦德国成为世界上最发达的工业国家之一的两个最根本的改革正是它们，即货币改革和经济改革。// 这两个因素很明显给今天许多依然面临这个问题的国家提供了解决方案，具体而言，这个问题就是一个国家如何在劳动力过剩而资本匮乏的情况下创造足够的繁荣。//

（1999 年月日广东经济发展国际咨询会，戴姆勒.克莱斯勒公司Peter Ruf 博士的演讲“Key Factors for Economic Growth and Prosperity”，节选）

Key words
the Federal Republic of Germany 联邦德国(西德)
inconceivable 不能想像的, 难以相信的
refugee 难民, 流亡者
barter in goods and services 易货贸易
overhang 悬于...之上, 悬垂
trigger off 引发
armament 军备, 武器
inflationary 通货膨胀的, 通货膨胀倾向的
the Deutsche Mark 德国马克
fixed rate of exchange 固定汇率
Compensation trading 补偿贸易
“social market economy”社会市场经济
Bundestag (西德)联邦议院
an excess of labor 劳动力过剩
a shortage of capital 资本匮乏

Text 3.3

广州新世纪的发展与投资商机 Guangdong’s Development in the New Century and Investment Opportunities

顺应经济全球化和跨国公司在全球大扩张的潮流，广州在对外开放中不断迈出新的步伐。// 广州是一座历史悠久的文化名城，是华南地区最大的经济中心城市。素有中国“南大门”之称的广州，乘改革开放之东风，解放思想，抓住机遇，加快发展，取得了令人瞩目的历史性成就，城市综合实力不断增强。// 过去22 年，年均经济增长率达14%。去年，全市国内生产总什2383.07 亿元，人均国内生产总值3.45 万元，约合4175 美元，居全国十大城市前列。// 随着经济的发展，城市基础设施、城市环境、城市景观建设也取得了前所未有的成效。广州作为人才、资金、技术、信息等生产要素的区域性配置中心的地位和作用日趋突出，有力地支持和带动了珠江三角洲工业化进程和城市群的崛起。//
Going with the current of economic globalization and the worldwide expansion of transnational companies, we have made new steps in our opening up to the outside world. // Being a famous cultural city, Guangzhou is the largest economic center in South China. Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policies in China, Guangzhou, the ‘Southern Gateway to China’, has been liberal-minded and made unprecedented achievements by taking advantage of every development opportunity. As a result, our comprehensive strength has been significantly enhanced. //In the past 22 years, our average annual economic growth rate stood at 14%. Last year, our GDP was RMB238.07 billion yuan, with per capita GDP reaching 34,500 yuan (about USD 4,175), which ran ked Guangzhou among the highest in the top 10 cities in the nation. As economy grows, our infrastructure facilities, urban environment and cityscape shaping have all achieved remarkable progress. // As an increasingly prominent regional logistic and distribution center of such production elements as talents, capitals, technology and information, Guangzhou has strongly supported and spurred the industrialization process and the rise of city clusters in the Pearl River Delta. //

广州之所以取得这样的好成绩，其中一条很重要的经验就是不断增强参与经济全球化竞争的意识，坚持“外向带动”战略，积极融入世界经济的主流，构筑全方位、宽领域、多层次的开放型经济格局，不断推进国民经济国际化进程，带动和促进经济社会的快速成发展。// 据统计，改革开放以来，广州外贸出口年均增长达21%，2000 年，全市进出口总额已233.8 亿美元，其中出口118.8 亿美元，出口市场达200 多个国家和地区。全市历年累计实际上利用外资245 亿美元，在全国十大城市中排第二位。//
One of the secrets why we have made such wonderful progress is that we have been trying to heighten our awareness of competition in the global economy, adhere to our export-oriented strategy, get actively involved in the mainstream world economy, create a broad, multi-dimensional and multi-layer open economic framework, internationalize our economy, and stimulate the rapid social and economic progress. // According to statistics, since the implementation of the opening-up policy, our export has registered an average annual growth of21%. In 2000, the total amount of our export and import reached USD 23.38 billion, of which export accounted for UDD 11.82 billion. Our cumulative actual utilization of foreign capital is USD 24.5 billion, ranking second among the top 10 cities in China. //

（2001 年6 月19 日世界大都市年会，广州市市长林树森的演讲“广州新世纪的发展与投资商机”，节选）

Key words
中国“南大门” Southern Gateway to China’
乘改革开放之东风Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policies in China
城市综合实力comprehensive strength of the city
区域性配置中心regional logistic and distribution center
珠江三角洲the Pearl River Delta
城市群的崛起the rise of city clusters
“外向带动”战略export-oriented strategy
全方位、宽领域、多层次broad, multi-dimensional and multi-layer

Text 3.4

2005 广东投资贸易推介会 Guangdong Investment and Trade Promotion

各位来宾，女士们、先生们、朋友们! //
美国商会多年来一直致力于为中美企业的合作与交流提供平台，在促进中美之间的贸易、商业及投资合作发展等方面发挥了重要作用。// 亚太地区美国商会年会每年在亚太各国或地区的不同城市轮流举行，本届年会在广州举办，对推动广东与美国之间的投资贸易合作具有非常重要的意义。// 我希望各位朋友通过今天的推介会，充分获取在广东投资及贸易的重要信息，达到与广东政府部门、广东企业沟通交流，探讨投资合作的目的。我希望美国商会的朋友与广东各界朋友通过此次盛会多接触，多交流，实现双赢！//
Distinguished guests, dear friends, ladies and gentlemen, //
The US Chamber of Commerce has for years been exerting efforts to provide a platform for the cooperation of enterprises between the US and China and their information exchange, and has played a significant role in promoting the trade, business, and investment collaboration between the US and China. // The Asian-Pacific Annual Meeting of the US Chamber of Commerce is held by taking turns in hosting by the different countries or cities within the region. // The current session is to be held in Guangzhou, which will inevitably make significant contributions to the investment and trade cooperation between the US and Guangdong Province. // I sincerely hope to see that all the participants achieve remarkable information through this session of promotion and make successful contacts with the provincial departments, enterprises in the province so as to realize their investment cooperation objectives. I wish all our friends from the US Chamber of Commerce and the those from Guangdong Province could achieve a win-win situation through the contacts on this occasion. //

各位来宾，女士们、先生们！//
人类已经步入新的世纪，和平与发展仍然是时代的主题，全球经济增长速度加快。// 当前亚洲-太平洋地区已经再次成为全球经济增长的亮点，我们应该利用全球和地区的有利因素，加强合作，加紧调整经济结构，使之优化升级，为实现持续稳定的发展进一步创造条件。// 开放的中国的大门早已向世界敞开，广东的现代化建设期待着朋友们的参与。我们将一如既往地为外来投资者创造良好的投资、贸易环境。// 我们热忱地欢迎美国及世界各国、各地区工商企业界的朋友们到广东投资创业，经商贸易，共同开启更加美好的明天！//
Distinguished guests, dear friends, ladies and gentlemen, //
The human beings have entered the new century, when peace and development remain the main theme of the time, and there is the acceleration of world economic growth. // At present, the Asian-Pacific region has once again become the highlight of economic growth. Therefore we ought to take the full advantage of the opportunities, enhance our collaboration, make quick steps to adjust the economic structure so as to achieve its optimization and upgrading and pave a further foundation for the sustainable and stable development of economy. // China has long opened herself to the outside world, and Guangdong Province welcome the participation of friends from all over the world in her modernization drive. As ever before, we will continue to provide a sound and health investment climate for all the guests. // We warmly welcome friends from both the US and other parts of the world to come to Guangdong to initiate your businesses, and we would like to join you in creating a better tomorrow for all of us! //

（2005 年3 月17 日2005 广东投资贸易推介会，广东省外经贸厅副厅长招玉芳的演讲，节选）

Key words
美国商会the US Chamber of Commerce
轮流举行take turn in hosting the meeting
双赢win-win situation
经济增长的亮点the highlight of economic growth
优化升级optimization and upgrading
一如既往as ever before Keys to Exercise Three

seclusive 2007-09-24 17:08
第八单元 数字口译

第一部分 技能篇

数字口译是经常令译员感到头痛的部分，也是经贸、商务、科技类口译的重点。能否迅速、准确地做好数字的口译，是对译员水平的一大挑战和考验。

1．中英两种语言数字表达的差异
数字口译困难，首先来自于中英两种语言在数字表达上的差异。

1.1 数字位数表达不同
中文里每个数位上都有专门的词来表述，从小到大分别是个、十、百、千、万、十万、百万、千万、亿、十亿、百亿、千亿、万亿等；然而英语在高数位上是按照每三位数一个单位来表述的，从百开始是hundred，thousand，million，billion 和trillion。可以看出，中文里的万和亿在英语中没有相对应的单位，而需要分别折算成千和百万来计量。这样的数位表达差异使译员在口译过程中不得不增添转换的额外步骤。以下将两种语言的位数计量表述作个对比。

数字：1, 0 0 0, 0 0 0, 0 0 0, 0 0 0
中文：兆千百十亿千百十万千百十个

亿亿亿万万万
英文：tr hb tb b hm tm m hth tth th h

对于译员来说，容易犯的错误就是把“万”和“million”弄混，把“亿”和“billion” 弄混。因此，特别要进行“万”和“亿”的训练。

此外，就连英语中，英式和美式的表达也略有不同。英式英语中的billion 相当于美式英语中的trillion。美式英语中的billion 在英式英语中就成为thousand million。因此两种语言在十亿以上的数位上表达有差异，如：

30 亿：英式——three thousand million；美式——three billion
600 亿：英式——sixty thousand million；美式——sixty billion
5000 亿：英式——five hundred thousand million；美式——five hundred billion
2 兆：英式——two billion；美式——two trillion

尽管英国计量局建议避免使用billion 和trillion，以产生歧异，但现在人们基本采用美式英语的用法，就连英国人在国际会议上一般也趋向用billion 来表示十亿。为简便起见，本书中在数字表达上均采用美式英语用法。

1.2 数字倍数表达不同
中文里表达倍数X，有两种表达法，即：“甲是乙的X 倍”，或“甲比乙大（X－1）倍”。而在英语中，“A is X times as large as B”和“A is X times larger than B”是完全一样的。因此，两种语言中的第二种表达方式在口译中很容易出错。

1.3 数字单位表达不同
中文里数字单位有很多是传统单位，如：斤、亩、里等；而在英语中，除了使用公制gram，kilometer，hectare 等以外，还有许多使用英制的情况，如：mile，foot，inch，Fahrenheit 等。由于这些单位互相难以换算，造成译员翻译和听众理解的困难。

2．数字的记录
要做好数字的口译，首先应该做好数字的记录。很少有人能够在听到连串数字后能够一一记住的。快速精准的数字笔记对于译员在遇到数字大量密集出现的情况下至关重要。以下讨论三种常见数字记录方法：

2.1 缩略语记录法
许多初学者在数字记录时，往往会听到什么就直接在笔记本上记下什么，比如： 听到“九亿五千三百二十万八千”时，记作“9 亿5 千3 百20 万8 千”，或“9 亿5320 万8000”；听到“seventy-five million eight hundred and sixty-four thousand two hundred and fifteen” 时，记作75m 864t 215。

这种记录法的优点在于非常直接，在听和记的时候不会对译员造成障碍，但是缺点也是非常明显的——这种简单的缩略语记录仅仅把数字记下来，却没有作任何的转换，译员在翻译时面对的还是原封不动的数字，需要费力地进行思考换算，既耽误时间又容易出错。因此这种记录法并不理想。

2.2 填空记录法
填空记录法始于数字口译练习和初学者在实践中使用。根据中英双语在数位表达上的特点，译员可以准备专门用于记录数字的纸，事先在纸上标明中、英文的各个数位，或者在笔记本的页面下端分出一块来做好“标尺”。具体标法如下： b, m, th, 十千百十亿， 亿万万，万万千， 百十个在这个“标尺”中，清楚地标出了中文和英文的数位，并对照起来。这样，译员在听到数字后，就可以直接把每个位数对齐填到相应的位置上。英译中时可以将数字填在“标尺” 上方，而中译英时就可以将数字填在“标尺”下方，然后对照着相应用另一中语言读出来即可。例如：

听到“seventy-three billion ninety-eight million four hundred and twelve thousand five hundred and ten”。
7 3 9 8 4 1 2 5 1 0
b, m, th,
十千百十
亿， 亿万万，万万千， 百十个

于是顺利译出：“七十三亿九千八百四十万二千五百一十”。

听到“六十亿三千三百零五万七千零三十”。
b, m, th,
十千百十
亿， 亿万万，万万千， 百十个
6 3 3 0 5 7 0 3

于是顺利译出“six billion thirty-three million fifty-seven thousand and thirty。

2.3 分节号记录法
这种记录方法特别适用于英译中，因为英语数字表达的特点是三位一节，从千位开始每一节换一个单位，并且在书面形式上用逗号隔开。译员在听到英语的数字时，可以迅速根据其节数分档，将数字放入相应的档位中，用分节号表示单位。例如：

一个分节号“，”用来表示“千”；
两个分节号“，，”，用来表示“百万”；
三个分节号“，，，”，用来表示“十亿”。

分节号可以标在数字的右下方或者左上角。

按照这种记录方法：
four thousand two hundred，可记录为4,2
eighty-five thousand，可记录为85,
seven million，可记录为7,,
one billion three hundred and twenty million，可记录为1,,,320,,。

3．多位整数的翻译
掌握好数字的记录，已经为数字的翻译打下了坚实的基础。这时，译员只需要根据所做的笔记，将数字用目标语读出来就可以了。在多位整数的翻译中，应注意以下几个问题：

3.1 充分利用小数点
在中翻英时，利用小数点可以将长串复杂的数字往最大的一个有英语单词表达的单位（如：million，billion）上靠拢，转化成单位较少、相对简单的数字，省去许多麻烦。例如：

听到“六百七十四万两千”，可以直接在脑中将小数点点在million 这一位上，后面的位数就变成了小数位，从而转化为“6.742 百万”翻译成“six point seven four two million”；

听到“四十八万”，转化为“0.48 百万”，翻译成“zero point four eight million”；

听到“两亿五千万”，转化为“0.25 个十亿”，翻译成“zero point two five billion”。

不过，一旦数字位数比较多，转化成大单位后小数位太多，这种方法就不太合适了。

3.2 数字的单位
口译中很少出现单纯的数字，数字往往是和单位一起出现的。在这种情况下，即使是数字翻译得完全准确，但离开了单位，其实也就完全失去了意义。比如在商务谈判中，翻出了数字，但不说计数单位是美元还是人民币，就会造成不小的麻烦。所以，译员在记录和翻译时都一定要注意单位，避免漏记、漏翻。

以下是一些常用的数字计量单位和符号或缩略语：

长度：
毫米millimeter (mm)
厘米centimeter (cm)
分米decimeter (dm)
米meter (m)
公里/千米kilometer (km)
英里mile (mi)
英寸inch (in)
英尺foot (ft)
码yard (yd)
重量：
毫克milligram (mg)
克gram (g)
千克/公斤kilogram (kg)
吨ton (t)
磅pound (lb)
市斤half a kilogram
市两fifty grams
盎司ounce (oz)
面积：
平方米square meter (㎡)
平方尺square foot (ft2)
平方公里square kilometer (km2)
平方英里square mile (kmi2)
公顷hectare
英亩acre
市亩mu (667 square meters)
体积和容积：
立方米cubic meter (m3)
升liter (l)
毫升milliliter (ml)
立方英尺cubic mile (mi3)
品脱pint (pt)
加仑gallon (gl)
货币：
人民币元RMB/￥
美元USD/$
英镑pound/￡
欧元euro/￠
港币HKD/$
日元Japanese yen/〒其它：
瓦特watt (w)
焦耳joule (j)
欧姆ohm
安培ampere (A)
度kilowatt per hour (kwh)
摄氏度degree Celsius (℃)
华氏度degree Fahrenheit (℉)

4．倍数的翻译
4.1 倍数的增加
中翻英时，表达“数字A 是数字B 的X 倍”，有两种翻译方法：“A is X times as large as B”或“A is X times larger than B”。正如前文所述，中英两种语言在这方面的表达存在差异， 这两种英语表达法意义是完全一样的，但由于第二种表达容易引起别人的误会，理解成“A 是B 的（X＋1）倍”，所以最好避免使用。而在英翻中时，表达“A is X times as large as B”，也有两种翻译方法：“A 是B 的X 倍” 或“A 比B 大（X－1）倍”。第二种表达因为要经过换算，比较繁琐，所以最好避免使用。

4.2 倍数的减少
在中文中，我们是不会用倍数来表达数量的减少的，例如，我们不会说“A 比B 小X 倍”，而是用分数，表达为“A 比B 小几分之几”。因此，在翻译英语倍数的减少时，需要进行换算，具体规律是英语中所说的“X times smaller”，即是中文中的“减少了X－1/X”， 或“是1/X”。例如：
“A is four times smaller than B.”译为“A 比B 小四分之三”，或“A 是B 的四分之一”； “A is six times smaller than B.”译为“A 比B 小六分之五”，或“A 是B 的四六分之一”。

5．概数的翻译
在中文里，我们经常使用数字，并不是为了表达一个明确的数目，而是一个模糊的概念。在这种情况下，译员不能够简单死板地将数字翻成英语中的对应表达，而是应该领会讲话人的意图，进行灵活的翻译。以下一些习惯用语中，数字的表达就应该作为概数来处理：

冰冻三尺，非一日之寒Rome was not built in a day.
十年树木，百年树人It takes time to educate a person.
五湖四海/四面八方all over the world
三思而后行Look before you leap.
新官上任三把火A new broom sweeps clean.
一不做，二不休In for a penny, in for a pound

5．选词的变化
译员在表达数字变化趋势时还要注意选词的变化，特别是在数字密集出现时，如果总是用一种表达方法，会显得非常单调。以下列举一些数字趋势的表达：

（总计）达到： add up to, amount to, hit, reach, stand at, total
增长：increase (to/by), go up, grow, rise
猛增：hike, jump up, shoot up, skyrocket, soar, surge, zoom
缓增：climb, pick up
下降：decrease (to/by), decline, drop, fall, go down, reduce
猛降：plummet, plunge, slash, tumble
稍降：dip, slip, trim
占：account for, cover, equal, equivalent to
超出：exceed, outnumber, outpace, outstrip, surpass
停滞：freeze, stagnate, stay

参考文献：
薄冰，《高级英语语法》，北京：高等教育出版社，1990
陈洁等，《英语口译技巧》，上海：上海交通大学出版社，1998
梅德明，《高级口译教程》（第二版），上海：上海外语教育出版社，2000
王学文、刘延立，《经贸口译教程》，北京：中国对外经济贸易出版社，1993
赵军峰、陈林汉，《商务英语口译》，北京：高等教育出版社，2003
钟述孔，《实用口译手册》，北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1991
朱佩芬，《新编实用英汉口译技巧》，上海：华东理工大学出版社，1995

seclusive 2007-09-24 22:35
第二部分练习篇

Exercise One

Instruction: Work in pairs. One student read the following figures aloud in the language given, the other take notes and then interpret them into the target language. Take turns to practice.
四千三百八十六
二百七十四点九
五万五千九百三十二
十一万零八百四十一
五十四万九千六百三十八
二百七十四万三千六百九十四
八千八百五十九万七千三百二十
二亿三千七百一十五万零二百三十六
十六亿八千九百九十万三千七百五十四
七百零四亿九千三百五十七万九千零四十八
One hundred and thirteen point eight four
Six thousand four hundred and thirty-one
Seventy hundred and forty-two
Eight hundred and thirty-seven thousand one hundred and five
Nine hundred and sixty-five thousand and seventy-seven
Four million eight hundred and three thousand seven hundred and twelve
Ninety-four million two hundred and seventeen thousand eight hundred and twenty-six
Five hundred and thirty million one hundred and thirty-nine thousand seven hundred and forty-seven
Two billion five hundred and thirty-three million eight hundred and five thousand one hundred and one
Thirty-seven billion nine hundred and twenty-five million four hundred and forty-one and thirty eight

Exercise Two

Instruction: Listen to the following texts once, then start interpreting at the end of each segment.

Text 8.1 Finance and Marketing for the Guangzhou Asian Games

The city of Guangzhou has a thriving economy. During the 1999-2003 period, the city’s total fiscal revenues reached an average annual growth of 18%. As the economy is growing steadily, it is estimated that by the year 2010 the revenues will exceed 9 billion USD per year. //Sports undertakings are one of the prioritized sectors in government expenditure. The government’s investment in sports undertakings reached 13.9 million USD in 2002, and increased to 19.6 million in 2003.// If Guangzhou is selected as the host city of the 2010 Asian Games, we shall be able to supply the required funds year by year for timely completing the stadiums, gymnasiums, and related facilities necessary for staging the Games. //
广州经济发达，财力雄厚。1999 年至2003 年，广州市财政收入累计195.4 亿美元， 年均增长速度达到18%。随着经济的持续稳定增长，预计到2010 年广州的财政收入将超过90 亿美元。// 体育事业是政府公共财力投入的重点领域之一，2002 年广州财政投入体育事业经费1390 万美元，2003 年增加到1960 万美元。//如广州获准承办2010 年亚运会，我们将确保举办亚运会所必需的公共财力，逐年安排资金，按时完成亚运体育场馆及配套设施的建设。//

A reliable plan for securing funds: To raise the funds for staging the 2010 Asian Games, we have drawn up a reliable plan, which falls into two parts. Part one is the non-OCAG budgetary estimates, which put the total investment at 1.1727 billion USD. Of this estimated total investment, 425.2 million USD will go to the construction of the sites, including the construction of new ones and renovation of the existing ones.// 723.4million USD will be spent on relevant facilities, including the Athletes’Village, the Media Village, the Press Center, tree planting and environmental protection around these places. The funds for this purpose are to be raised by the government and non-government sectors together. //
为解决举办2010 年亚运会所需要的资金，我们编制了合理稳妥的资金计划。分为两大部分：第一部分为非组委会概算，总投入为11.727 亿美元。其中，场馆设施计划投资为4.252 亿美元，包括新建场馆和现有体育场馆的更新改造投资。//配套设施投资7.234 亿美元，主要建设亚运村、记者村、新闻中心、场馆道路绿化和环境保护等设施。资金由政府和民间共同筹集。//

Part two is the OCAG budgetary estimates. The total revenues would be 205 million USD, and the total expenditure 202 million USD. Of the total expenditure, 52 million USD would be spent on staging the Games, which is to be used mainly by the competition division of the OCAG and the competition committees for individual events.// 48.75 million USD would be spent on publicity and promotion, mainly in China, but also in Asia and other parts of the world, the latter to be carried out by the OCAG and the OCA.//
第二部分为组委会概算。收入总额为2.05 亿美元，支出总额为2.02 亿美元。支出项目中，安排竞赛费用5200 万美元，主要包括组委会竞赛部和各单项竞委会组织各项比赛需要的费用；//安排宣传推广及文化等费用4875 万美元，主要包括国内宣传推广及文化等费用，以及亚组委与亚奥理事会在亚洲及世界范围内共同进行的宣传推广费用。//

These scientific and prudent budgetary estimates have been worked out in strict accordance with the requirements set by the OCA for hosting the Games. Each item contains a reasonable allowance for unforeseen spending.// In conclusion, if Guangzhou is selected as the host city, we can guarantee the financial resources for staging the Games. This guarantee lies mainly in the government’s commitment and huge investment. It also lies in the steady development of China’s economy and the improvement of the Chinese people’s living standard. //
概算支出是科学的、实事求是的，能够有效保障举办2010 年亚运会所必须的各项支出的需要。每项支出中都安排有合理数额的不可预见费用。// 可见，如果广州承办亚运会，我们能够确保充足的财力支持。这种保证主要来源于政府的大量投入和承诺，来自于我国经济的稳步发展和人民生活水平的提高。//

（2004 年4 月15 日广州亚申委陈述报告会，“财政与市场开发”陈述人孙雷向亚奥理事会申亚评估团的陈述，节选）

Key Words:
fiscal revenue: 财政收入
undertakings: 事业
non-OCAG budgetary estimates: 非组委会概算
Athletes’Village: 亚运村
Media Village: 记者村
OCAG budgetary estimates: 组委会概算
OCAG: （The Organizing Committee of the Asian Games）亚组委
OCA:（The Olympic Council of Asia）亚奥理事会
prudent: 谨慎的

Text 8.2 The Status Quo of China’s Economy

Last year China used 40% of world’s cement, 27% of world’s steel, 25% of the world’s aluminum, 30% of iron ore, and 31% of the world’s coal, as its growth continued to outpace each and every country in the world. Last year China used 7% of the world crude oil becoming the second largest oil consumer in the world. //
去年，中国使用了世界水泥的40％，世界钢材的27％，世界铝的25％、铁矿石的30％和世界煤的31％。中国的发展持续超过世界上的所有其它国家。去年，中国使用了世界原油的7％，成为全球第二大石油消费国。//

The Chinese economy, the 6th largest in the world, is growing at and annual rate of around 9%, three times as fast as the Group of Seven industrialized economies. As US$1.24 trillion, China’s GDP is just 10%of that of US’s 11 trillion dollars and almost a third of Japan’s economy, the world’s second largest.//
中国经济为世界第六大，而且正以9％的年增长率高速发展着，这一速度是七国集团工业化经济体的三倍。中国的GDP 达到12,400 亿美元，仅占美国GDP11 万亿美元的10％，却是世界第二大经济体日本GDP 的近三分之一。//

In 2003, China’s imports grew by 41% to US$477 billion and exports grew by 40% to US$495 billion. In 2003 China surpassed Japan to become the third largest importing economy in the world after US and Germany. This makes China not just an exporter of products, but the third largest and most valued and coveted customer in the world.//
2003 年，中国的进口增长41％，达到4770 亿美元，出口增长40％，达到4950 亿美元。2003 年，中国超过日本，成为世界第三大进口国，仅次于美国和德国。这使得中国不仅仅是产品的出口国，也是世界第三大，并且最受重视、令人觊觎的消费者。//

By the end of July 2003, China had attracted 446,441 foreign invested enterprises with a contractual value of 887.2 billion US dollars. Last year China attracted 52.7 billion US dollars earning China the number one rank by UNCTAD as the recipient of most Foreign Direct Investment in the world.//
截至2003 年7 月底，已经有446,441 家外商投资企业进入中国，合同金额达到8872 亿美元。去年，中国吸收了527 亿美元外资，被联合国贸易和发展会议列为世界上第一大外商直接投资吸收国。//

A major factor that has spurred American Investment in Guangdong is the provincial and local commitments to the environment. For example, during the 10th Five-Year Plan, Guangdong Local and Provincial Governments Committed approximately 150 billion RMB or USD 18.1 billion to address environmental issues.// This includes: 44.2 billion RMB or USD 5.3 billion on measures to clean up the Pearl River and to build 16 municipal treatment plants. 3.18 billion RMB or USD 383 million to clean up Yue Dong River, Lian River, and Feng River and build 63 municipal treatment plants. // 22.4 billion RMB or USD 2.7billion on the waste management including 115 solid waste treatment and disposal facilities. 5.7 billion RMB or USD 686 million on the “Blue Sky Project”, including RMB 3.5 billion or USD 421 million on desulfurization on flue gas.//
在广东，省政府和地方政府对于环境的重视，是刺激美商投资的一个主要因素。例如，在“十五”期间，广东省级和地方政府投入了约1500 亿元人民币（折合181 亿美元）用于解决环境问题。// 这其中包括： 442 亿元人民币（折合53 亿美元），用于治理珠江，建造163 间城市废物处理厂。31.8 亿元人民币（折合3 亿8300 万美元），用于治理东江、连江、丰江，并建造63 间城市废物处理厂。// 224 亿元人民币（折合27 亿美元），用于废物处理，包括115 套固体废物处理设备。57 亿元人民币（折合6 亿8600 亿美元），进行“蓝天工程”，包括投入35 亿元人民币（折合4 亿2100 万美元）用于废气的脱硫处理。//

（2004 年10 月13 日第六届中国国际高新技术成果交易会，广东美国商会会长Harley Seyedin 的演讲“The Status Quo and the Future of American Enterprises Doing Business in China”，节选）

Key Words:
iron ore: 铁矿石
crude oil: 原油
Group of Seven: 七国集团
covet: 觊觎，垂涎
contractual value: 合同金额
UNCTAD:（United Nations Conference on Trade and Development）联合国贸易和发展会议
spur: 刺激
Yue Dong River: 东江
Lian River: 连江
Feng River: 丰江
solid waste: 固体废物
“Blue Sky Project”: 蓝天工程
desulfurization: 脱硫
flue gas: 废气

Text 8.3 CEPA 之后的粤港经济合作

粤港双方按照“前瞻、全局、务实、互利”的合作原则，抢抓CEPA 先机，积极推进经贸、旅游、服务业、口岸通关等各个领域的合作，取得了一系列重大合作成果，突出表现在以下几个方面：//
With the concerted efforts of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, we shall build the Greater Pearl River Delta into one of the most prosperous and dynamic economic centers of the world. With this target and under the principles of “forwardness, comprehensiveness, pragmatism and mutual benefit”, Guangdong and Hong Kong have seized the opportunity provided by CEPA, actively fostered cooperation in all areas including economy and trade, tourism, tertiary industry and customs clearance and have thus obtained achievements in the following eight major areas://

经贸合作成果丰硕。2003 年粤港进出口总值（含转口）2054.6 亿美元，同比增长23.5%； 今年1－9 月，粤港进出口总值（含转口）2537.2 亿美元，同比增长26.4%。//
Great progress in economic and trade cooperation –In 2003, the total import and export volume of Guangdong and Hong Kong (including transit trade) amounted to 205.46 billion USD, representing an increase of 23.5% compared with the same period of the previous year; from January to September, the import and export volume of Guangdong and Hong Kong (including transit trade) totaled 253.72 billion USD, increasing by 26.4% over the same period of last year. //

至2004 年９月底，广东经批准的港资企业累计达80690 家，实际吸收香港直接投资累计985 亿美元，2003 年实际利用港资86.46 亿美元，增长23.9%；//今年1 至９月，广东经批准的港资企业共3746 家，按新口径统计，实际吸收港资40 亿美元。// 服务业合作方兴未艾。CEPA 签署实施以来，香港物流、金融、保险、会计、法律、会展等服务业及专业人士加快进入我省投资发展。//
By the end of September 2004, Guangdong had approved 80690 Hong Kong-funded enterprises, with a direct investment of 98.5 billion USD. Actual utilization of Hong Kong funds of 2003 amounted to 8.646 billion USD, an increase of 23.9%. //From January to September this year, a further 3746 Hong Kong-funded enterprises were approved, with an actual utilization of Hong Kong funds reaching 4 billion USD, according to the new method of calculation.// Rapid development in the cooperation of the tertiary industry –Since CEPA was signed and came to effect, a number of Hong Kong professional personnel in the tertiary industry areas of logistics, finance, insurance, accounting, law and conference and exhibition have sped up their participation and investment in the development of our Province. //

至9 月30 日，经广东口岸进口享受零关税待遇的香港产品价值5 亿港元，累计减免关税3059 万元人民币。享受零关税优惠进口的港澳货品日渐增多，共涉及60 多个税号的商品。// 旅游合作成效显著。“个人赴港澳旅游”政策成功实施，至今年10 月31 日，我省共签发赴香港个人游签注432 万个，持个人游签注赴港407 万人次。//
Up to September 30, 500 million HKD worth of imported goods of Hong Kong origin had entered Guangdong customs enjoying the zero tariff treatment, which represents a total reduction of 30.59 million RMB tariff. Moreover, more imported goods of Hong Kong and Macao origin are now enjoying the zero tariff favourable treatment, amounting to over 60 tariff items.// Rapid development of tourism –After the successful launching of the “Scheme of Individual Visit to Hong Kong and Macao”, Up to October 31 this year, Guangdong had issued 4.32 million visas for individual visit to Hong Kong, and residents in Guangdong had already made 4.07 million visits to Hong Kong with individual visit visas. //

联合推介“大珠三角”成效显著。今年10 月下旬，粤港联合到欧洲举行经贸交流会， 联合推介“大珠三角”。//共签订投资和贸易项目总额达47.6 亿美元，其中外商投资项目201 个，吸收外资总额26.2 亿美元，贸易成交金额21.4 亿美元，扩大了粤港和“大珠三角”的国际影响。//
Effective joint promotion of the “Greater Pearl River Delta”–Following Guangdong and Hong Kong’s joint promotion tours to Japan and South Korea, the two parties co-organized a trade promotion tour to Europe at the end of October to jointly promote the Greater Pearl River Delta. //In this latest promotion tour, we signed investment and trade contracts worth of 4.76 billion USD, among which 201 are foreign business investment projects. We have attracted total foreign investment of up to 2.62 billion USD and trade deals of up to 2.14 billion USD and have made the Greater Pearl River Delta known more widely to the international community.

（2004 年11 月4 日第七届香港特别行政区行政长官特设国际顾问委员会会议，广东省省长黄华华的演讲，节选）

Key Words:
前瞻：forwardness
务实：pragmatism
口岸通关：customs clearance
同比：compared with the same period of the previous year
港资企业：Hong Kong-funded enterprises
新口径：new methods of calculation
服务业：tertiary industry
税号：tariff items
个人赴港澳旅游：individual visits to Hong Kong and Macau
大珠三角：Greater Pearl River Delta

Text 8.4 广州经济概况

广州位于中国大陆南方，珠江三角洲的北缘，濒临南海，毗邻港澳，管辖十区和两个县级市，总面积7434.4 平方公里，人口超过1000 万人。//
Lying in the southern part of China’s mainland and on the north rim of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou is next to the South China Sea and adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao. Governing tendistricts and two county-level cities, Guangzhou covers an area of 7347.4 square kilometers with a population of over 10 million. //

改革开放20 多年来，广州的生产总值翻了四番多，至2004 年，达到4115.81 亿元，按户籍人口计算，人均GDP 为5.63 万元，按2004 年平均汇率折算，约合6800 美元，综合经济实力在国内大城市中位居前列， 仅次于上海、北京；//
In the past twenty years since China’s reform and opening-up, Guangzhou’s GDP has been octupled to reach 411.581 billion RMB with per capita GDP hitting 56,300 RMB measured by the registered population (or $6,800 calculated at the average foreign exchange rate of 2004), placing it the third among the Chinese cities in terms of aggregate economic strength next only to Shanghai and Beijing. //

20 多年来，广州累计实际使用外资300 多亿美元，90 个国家和地区的外商历年累计在广州直接投资项目15000 个，其中，仅美国的外商投资项目就达500 多个。//
In this period, Guangzhou has utilized more than $30 billion foreign investment in accumulation, with foreign direct investment from 90 countries and regions going to 15,000 projects, 500 of which are funded by American businesses. //

2004 年，广州对外贸易进出口总额达到1447.96 亿美元，比上年增长28.2%。至年末，有70 多个国家和地区的外商在广州投资设立了7933 家外资企业和2000 多个外商办事机构。世界500 强企业已有127 家进入广州，共设立227 个项目，投资总额合计71.8 亿美元。//
In 2004, the import and export volume totaled $144.796 billion, a year-on-year jump of 28.2%. By the end of the same year, foreign investors from 90 countries and regions had set up 7,933 companies and over 2,000 representative offices in Guangzhou, including 127 Fortune 500 companies who had invested $7.18 in 227 projects. //

至2004 年底，广州拥有商品交易市场1600 个，超1 亿元的批发市场有94 个，年成交额达521.79 亿元，居全国领先水平；2004 年，我市餐饮业实现增加值93.84 亿元，实现零售额300.45 亿元；//
By the end of last year, it had set up more than 1,600 trade markets, including 94 wholesale markets whose single trade volume exceed 100 million RMB and total annual volume reached 52.179 billion RMB, taking the lead in China. In 2004, it reported added value of 9.384 billion RMB and retail volume of 30.045 billion RMB in catering industry. //

我市社会消费品零售总额连续十多年在全国十大城市中仅次于上海和北京，名列第三位，占广东省消费品零售总额的近三成，2004 年，全市社会消费品零售总额达1675.05 亿元。//
Its retail volume of social consumer products, standing at 167.505 billion RMB in 2004, ranks the third in China for over ten consecutive years, following Shanghai and Beijing, making up for one third of that of Guangdong Province. //

（2005 年3 月16 日美国商会亚太地区年会，广州市副市长王晓玲的演讲，节选）

Key Words:
南海：South China Sea
毗邻：be adjacent to
县级市：county-level city
翻四番：octuple
户籍人口：registered population
综合经济实力：aggregate economic strength
累计：in accumulation
办事机构：representative office
世界500 强企业：Fortune 500 enterprises
商品交易市场：trade markets
社会消费品：social consumer products

seclusive 2007-09-24 22:38
第二十九单元 同声传译应对策略

第一部分技能篇

同声传译工作是一项非常具有挑战性的工作，对译员各方面的知识要求都比较高。普通发言人的讲话速度一般为每分钟150 字左右，而译员的翻译速度要远远超过这个速度，所以即使是有经验而且有经受过专业训练的译员也会在口译过程中遇到各种问题。这些问题要求我们使用一些常用的应对策略，使整个的口译工作能够顺利进行。以下介绍一些经常使用的同声传译应对策略。

1． 长句的处理。对长句的处理是同声译员的基本功之一。在遇到长句子时，一般要求对长句子进行切分。同声传译要求译员在与发言人几乎是相同的时间内把听到的信息传达到目的语中。因此同声传译使用的主要原则是“顺句驱动”，译员只有及时地把听到的信息处理掉，才能有效地处理接踵而来的新信息。这就要求同声传译译员首先要学会减轻记忆的压力，减少记忆的储存量，提高信息处理的速度。对源语中的长句按照一定的意群或概念单位进行切分，就可以达到上述目的。

从受众方面，也就是同传的服务对象来说，也要求译员对长句子进行必要的切分。在任何一个会议中，听众更加倾向于接受语句较短的语篇，这样理解来更加容易。如果翻译的不简洁，语言拖泥带水，听众就会反感，这样的话，同传就是失败的。

在处理长句时，可以使用“Salami Technique”。Salami 是一种意大利蒜味咸香肠。其成品既长又大，外表丑陋无比，给人的第一感觉是一种难以下咽的食物。但是，在切成薄薄的一片片放在装饰美丽的盘子里，其形状与色调都发生了很大变化，颇能吊起人们的食欲。“意大利蒜味咸香肠”经常被用来比喻在复杂事物后面总能找到解决问题的简单方法。在很多的领域，都可以看到Salami 技巧这样的术语。

同声传译中的Salami Technique 主要是指一种化繁为简，切分句子的技巧。在一些正式会议场合经常会遇到一些很长并且复杂的句子，由于中文英文之间在句子结构等方面的的差异，所以同传过程中必须对这些句子进行加工处理。把一个整的长句，化解成若干个小句子， 使得同传中更容易争取时间，避免信息丢失，内容更易于理解。

如： Strange behavior on the part of whales in the southern Atlantic has been observed over a number of years now. A team of marine scientists has come up with a new theory to explain this behavior. But considerable controversy has arisen in Argentina about the theory.
译文：人们发现南大西洋的鲸鱼行为怪异。// 人们经过多年的观察发现的。// 一些科学家提出一种新的理论，//这一理论可以解释这一行为。//但该理论在阿根廷却引起了争议。

翻译长句，除要注意根据意群，将其切断为简单句外，还有一个关键要掌握，即英文句子之所以长和复杂，那是为了避免重复使用同一个词，于是用who, which, that 代替主词和宾语，因而使句子变得很长。而中文则不怕重复使用同一词语。例如： That is the single monetary policy which will be discussed at the next European Union Conference 。

这里，英文中为了避免在第二句话中重复single monetary policy ，将其简化成一个which ，并将两个句子合为一句复合句。在译成中文时，可以不怕重复，译为" 那就是单一的货币制度，这个货币制度将在下一届欧洲联盟会议上进行讨论。"

处理长句子还要学会使用" 润滑剂" 。在同声传译时，为了赶时间，往往尽可能依照原文的句法结构，即前面介绍的“顺句驱动”，避免做大的改动。当把长句切为短句时，难免会造成一种断断续续互不关联的感觉。因此，在短句之间，要灵活地添加一些虚词，这些词本身不只有任何意义，但却能使译出的句子听起来不那么艰涩、生硬。例如： How can the European Union contribute to the development of a European film and television programme industry which is competitive in the would market, forward looking and capable of radiating the influence of European culture an d of creating jobs in Europe? 这个长句，在同声传译时在不打乱其完整结构的情况下，首先将其切割为短句，在必要的地方，重复使用一些字词，同时在断句之间，添加一些虚词，使句子与句子之间有机联结起来。此句可以这样译：“欧洲联盟应该怎样做才能对欧洲的电影、电视工业有所贡献，使它在国际市场上具有竞争能力，使它有能力发挥欧洲文化的影响，并且能够在欧洲创造更多的就业机会呢？”

2． 倒装句的处理
英、汉语的语序差别很大，这就给口译造成了较大困难。例如： Japan surrendered in 1945 after Americans dropped two atom bombs 。同声传译时，往往是刚刚译出前半句" 日本人在1945 年投降了" ，接着又出现了后半句" 美国人投了两颗原子弹后" 。在这种情况下， 如果译员已按英文语序译出，只好把句子重新组合，再重复说一遍。但这又显得翻译水平不高。如何处理好呢？以下二种方法不妨试一试。第一种：译员不要接得太紧，而是等讲话的人将大部分句子说出后，再开始翻译。但是，在快速的同声传译中，往往等不了这样长的时间。这样，我们可以采取第二种方法：将一个句子断为二、三个简单句，在简单句之间，适当补充一些字、词，把它们有机地联结起来。上述例句可以译成： " 日本人投降了，那是在1945 年，在这之前，美国人投了两颗原子弹。" 这样译，虽然不完美，但是主要意思都译出来了，而且句子也比较通顺。

3．被动语态和主动语态
英语常用被动语态，相对来说，汉语则多用主动语态。了解这一点，在互译时，就会避免译出英文式的中文，或中文式的英文。例如： In some of the European countries the people are given the biggest social benefit such as medical insurance. 此句英文用的是被动语态，翻译时应将其改为主动语态，译为： " 在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受到最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等等。" 在同声传译时，由于时间紧迫，译员很容易顺着英文的句子结构往下译， 译成"…… 人民被给予最大的社会福利……" 。仔细听国际会议的同声传译，就会发现不少译员经常犯这一通病。因此，应当引起足够的重视。

4．困境时的处理
4．1．遇到听不懂的词怎么办？
受过专业训练的译员不应该出现很多听不懂的地方。但有时难免由于疲倦或偶尔分心， 出现个别词语没有听清楚或没听懂的情况。在翻译过程中，如果该词是不会影响到译员理解的非关键词，如起修饰作用的形容词、副词等，译员可以不去计较，而应该把主要精力放在翻译语篇的意思上。在翻译过程中切忌因为个别的问题词语（problematic word）而让思维停留，这样整个翻译的质量都会受到影响。另外，译员应培养自己的猜测和预测能力。当然， 事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知识是十分重要的。这样做，译员就能心中有数，知道讲话人要谈什么方面的内容。译员在这个基础上进行翻译，即使遇到个别不会的词，根据上下文， 根据对整个讲话精神的体会，也可以将全句内容猜测出来。

4．2．同传中出现错误怎么办？
同声传译，又要同步，又要快速和准确，难免发生错误、漏译和误译。如何在现场纠正同传过程中的错误，这也是一门技巧。译员发现自己译错后，应该从容不迫，利用后面的翻译内容自然地纠错。纠错时一定让人听的自然。如果不是严重误译，一般不必对着听众说“对不起，我刚刚翻译错了… ”。这样会影响听众对译员的信心，也会占用翻译的时间。纠错时要象平时交谈中纠正语病一样，力求自然。

4．3．碰到发言人讲话速度过快怎么办？
如果是在交替传译的场合，译员可以要求发言人的讲话速度慢些。但同声译员一般坐在离发言人很远的口译箱里，请发言人讲得稍慢些是不可能的了。这时译员一定要稳住，不能着急，要仔细分析整段的内容，紧紧抓住中心思想译出即可。在翻译过程中，尽量整段整段地处理来自发言人的信心，然后使用概括法（generalization）、简约法(simplification)等同传策略译出源语的主要思想。另外也要求译员提高自己讲话的速度，赢得时间处理更多的信息。一般发言人的讲话速度是每分钟150 字左右，但同声传译译员的讲话速度有时会超过每分钟250 字，有时甚至更快。

4．4．遇到新词新语怎么办？
科技发展日新月异，新词新语层出不穷。同声译员经常会在翻译过程中遇到一些以前没听说过，甚至词典上都没有出现过的新词新语。这类词语都是要求译员在很快的时间内找出合适的译入语。译员一般采取以下措施：（1）根据语境判断词义。（2）采用“parrot repetition” 的形式直接重复该词。如经常出现的有关信息技术的术语：IT、Internet 等。同声传译要求译员在同一时间内同时做几样事情，所以经常会遇到难以应付的场面。这就要求译员平时就养成学习的好习惯，对新词新语、新知识等始终保持旺盛的求知欲望，在语言与知识两个方面不断武装自己，做到有备无患。

参考文献：

1． Jones, R . Conference Interpreting Explained [M]. Manchester: St.Jerome Publishing,1998
2． Lambert, S & Moser-Mercer, B. Bridging the Gap: Empirical research on simultaneous
interpretation [C]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1994
3．鲍刚. 口译理论概述[M].旅游教育出版社1998
4．张维为.英汉同声传译[M]. 中国对外出版公司1999
5．周兆祥陈育沾. 口译的理论与实践[M]. 商务印书馆1988

seclusive 2007-09-24 23:25
第二部分 练习篇

Exercise

Simultaneous Interpreting. Listen to the following texts. Start to interpret after the speaker delivers the first sentence or half of the first sentence.

Text 1.1

I am very pleased to make some opening remarks at this important event. The British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, has made faster development in Africa one of his two priorities for the British Presidency of the G8 and EU in 2005. In May last year, he set up the Commission for Africa. The Commission's report was formally launched in London, Addis Ababa and New York on 11 March. Its aim is to provide a coherent set of policies to accelerate progress towards a strong and prosperous Africa. There are copies of the summary of the report in English, Chinese and French available today.
我非常荣幸能为此次盛会致开幕词。英国首相托尼.布莱尔认为加速促进非洲发展是英国2005 年担任八国高峰会议以及欧盟轮值主席的两项重要议程之一。他于去年五月启动了非洲委员会。今年3 月11 日非洲委员会报告在伦敦、亚的斯亚巴贝以及纽约正式发布。报告的目的是为非洲的繁荣富强提出一系列综合的政策方针。今天我们为大家提供了非洲报告概要的英文、中文及法文版。

I am also pleased to welcome two distinguished individuals who served as members of the Commission - Mrs Linah Mohohlo of Botswana and His Excellency Ji Peiding of China. I will introduce them formally when I invite them to make speeches.
我非常高兴地欢迎我的两位杰出的同仁——非洲委员会委员Linah Mohohlo 夫人和吉佩定阁下的到来。在邀请二位发言的时候，我再详细为大家介绍二位。

China's impact on the world economy has been immense. It has led the way in reducing poverty. Around 400 million of China's people were lifted out of poverty between 1981 and 2001. Over the last few years, China's growth and demand for resources have fuelled growth and helped reduce poverty in other countries.
中国对世界经济产生了非常巨大的影响。它在消除贫困方面为我们提供了典范。1981 年至2001 年中国大约有4 亿人摆脱了贫困状态。短短过去的几年中，中国的发展及其对资源的需求促进了了其他国家的经济增长及贫困人口的降低。

The Commission for Africa report talks about the importance of freer and fairer trade and investment. In this context it is therefore especially interesting to see the huge increases there have been in trade between China and Africa. In 1999, the total value of two-way trade was $2 billion. In the eleven months from January to November 2004, this figure was $26.3 billion. This spectacular growth does not just reflect China's sales of commodities to Africa. Africa's exports to China were valued at $13.9 billion, an increase of 86% on the equivalent period in 2003. China's exports to Africa were $12.4 billion, an increase of 36%. China has also offered tariff exemptions for certain commodities from 25 African countries. These figures graphically illustrate China and Africa's growing importance to each other.
非洲委员会报告指出了更加自由和公平的贸易及投资的重要性。所以在此关注中国与非洲贸易的巨大增长具有相当意义。1999 年中非双边贸易总额是20 亿美元。2004 年1 月到11 月， 该数字已达263 亿美元。贸易的巨大增长不只是中国向非洲出口商品的增加, 其中非洲对中国的出口额达139 亿美元的，比2003 年同比增长了86%。同时中国对非洲的出口增加了36% 达到124 亿美元。另外，中国还免除了来自25 个非洲国家某些商品的关税。以上数字向我们生动地阐明中国对非洲日益增加的重要性。

The office of our Department for International Development in Beijing, part of the British Embassy, is working on a new programme that, among other things, will seek to understand more clearly the impact and opportunities for Africa arising from China's economic growth.
目前英国国际发展部（DFID）驻华代表处在其日常对华援助的项目外，正展开一项新的计划， 即力图更加细致地了解中国经济增长对非洲的影响以及所产生的机遇。

There are many other lessons from China's experience that are relevant to Africa. For example the report calls for the creation of a climate which unleashes the entrepreneurship of the people. There can be little doubt about China's enormous success on this front. The document also talks of the need to strengthen national and local capacity to design and deliver policies as well as calling for a massive investment in infrastructure. Both of these measures are, of course, major strands in China's own growth strategy.
中国有许多非洲可以借鉴的相关经验和教训。比如报告提倡为民营企业家提供发展的空间。毫无疑问，中国在这方面取得了非常大的成功。另外报告还提到大幅增加基础建设投资，提高中央及地方政府制订及推行政策的能力。当然，这两点也是目前中国自身发展战略中的重要组成部分。

The report highlights the need to double aid to Africa. Although China is still a developing country, it has long given aid to African countries. Last year, China also contributed $50 million to the replenishment of the African Development Fund. The UK and China are currently exploring possibilities for practical co-operation between the two aid programmes in Ghana and Tanzania.
报告强调对非洲投资需要增加一倍。尽管中国还只是一个发展中国家，但却长期为非洲各国提供援助。去年，中国还向非洲发展基金注入了5000 万美元。目前，英国和中国正就中英在加纳和坦桑尼亚两国加强援助合作的实施可行性进行探讨。

And for the UK the development of Africa is a priority. As the CFA report says it is a priority that is in our common interest. The UK development programme for Africa will be at least ￡1.25 billion by 2006/07. The majority of this assistance is now given as poverty reduction budget support. This is in line with the priorities of African countries themselves and respects the important principle of true country ownership.
非洲发展是英国关注的重点。正如非洲委员会报告所指出的，非洲发展是基于我们共同利益的一个首选议题。2006/07 财年，英国对非洲的发展援助至少要达到12.5 亿英磅。其中绝大部分都是以扶贫财政支持的形式来体现的。这符合非洲各国自身的发展重点，而且尊重了被援助国家对项目持有拥有权这一重要原则。

I hope these few remarks set the scene for our discussion. I now turn to our two keynote speakers, both members of the Commission for Africa. I should take this opportunity to highlight the more general increase in the UK development budget. Total UK official development assistance will reach 6.5 billion by 2007/08, equivalent to 0.47% of GDP. This represents an increase of 140% in real terms since 1997. The UK is also working to meet the UN target that the aid programme should reach 0.7% of GDP. If current trends continue, we will meet that target by 2013.
我曾提到英国对非洲发展的义务与承诺。我还要借此机会再次强调英国在发展援助方面预算的大幅度增长。2007/08 财年英国官方发展援助总额将达到65 亿英磅，相当于其GDP 的0.47%。自1997 年以来，净增长了140%。同时英国还积极地推动实现联合国提出的将官方援助发展援助提高到本国GDP 0.7%的目标。如果目前的发展趋势能够持续，我们将在2013 年实现这一目标。

（注：此段译文与原文第一句不合 疑有脱漏）

（Opening Remarks of Commission for Africa by By Sir Christopher Hum,Beijing, 7th June 2005）

Text 1.2

Ladies and gentlemen,

Wales has always been an outward looking nation. A great trading nation exporting materials like iron and coal, whilst through our ports have come remarkable treasures, including fine porcelains from China.
威尔士一直是一片对外开放的乐土。我们通过我们的港口向国外出口诸如铁和煤等物资，同时从国外进口珍贵的财富，包括从中国进口精美的瓷器。

We have always made friends abroad and given a warm welcome to those coming to live in Wales. In the 1930s many from the trade union and labour movement went to fight fascism in the Spanish civil war. In the 1970s and 1980s many supported the movement to overthrow apartheid in South Africa. We are true internationalists. Like China Wales is a land of the dragon - my departmental crest bears the legend 'the red dragon leads the way'
我们乐意与不同国家的人广交朋友，并对来到威尔士生活的人给予热烈的欢迎。二十世纪三十年代，有许多工会和劳工运动的成员在西班牙内战中参加了反法西斯战役。二十世纪七十和八十年代许多人支援了在南非推翻种族隔离制度的运动。我们是真正的国际主义者。和中国一样，威尔士也是一片龙的土地--在我的官饰上就隐含有古老的意义：“赤龙指引我们前进。”

Today I want to talk about how Wales - a country of just three million people - can join you in China - five hundred times bigger - in partnership, and offer you our commitment and expertise. I also want to speak about the challenges presented to both our countries by the rapidly-changing global economy.
今天，我想谈谈威尔士--一个只有三百万人口的地区，如何与中国--这个面积是威尔士的五百倍的国家--建立合作关系，并允以我们的承诺和技术。另外，我还想谈谈在飞速发展的全球经济中，我们两国所共同面临的挑战。

When I first visited the Pearl River delta in 1980 there was little industrial development. Earlierthis week I had sight of the remarkable economic powerhouse that region has become. The rapid development of this area which is now responsible for the production of forty percent of the world's microwaves, and seventy percent of the world's photocopiers, is awesome. China is already the sixth largest economy in the world; it is the fastest growing economy in the world, and is set to be the largest in the next twenty or thirty years. Over the past 3 years, China has added more to world output than the whole of the G7 countries put together.
在我1980 年第一次访问珠江三角洲时，那里几乎还没有什么工业。这个星期的头几天我得以目睹该地区已经发展成为了一个巨大的经济基地。这个地区迅猛的发展令人瞠目，如今该地区生产的微波炉占世界的40%，复印机占世界的70%。中国已经成为世界第六大经济强国，是世界上经济发展最快的国家，并且必将在未来的二十到三十年间成为世界上最大的经济强国。在过去的三年间，中国的世界产出比七国集团产出的总和还要高。

This remarkable growth should be celebrated as an opportunity and not a threat to nations like the United Kingdom. China's success is bringing benefits for global markets. For example whilst the export of Chinese goods was up by thirty-two percent last year, imports were up by forty-one percent. Exports from Wales to China almost doubled in value between 2002 and 2003. Over 250 Chinese companies have invested in Britain, and the United Kingdom is the largest EU investor in China, at almost $20 billion.
对于像英国这样的国家来说，应该把这种惊人的发展视为一种机会，而不是威胁。中国的成功为全球市场带来了利益。例如，去年在中国货物出口量增长32%的同时，其进口量增加了41%。在2002 到2003 年间，从威尔士到中国的出口量几乎翻了一番。在英国投资的中国公司已逾250 家，而英国又是欧盟在中国投资最多的国家，投资额达200 亿美元。

Rather like China, the enlargement of the European Union is an opportunity and a challenge for Welsh businesses, not a threat. Ten new countries join next month, creating a single market of some 450 million consumers, bigger and richer than the two biggest economies in the world, the USA and Japan combined.
与中国相同，欧盟的扩大对于威尔士的企业来说与其说是威胁不如说是机遇与挑战并重。下个月又将有十个国家加入欧盟，共同组成一个拥有4 亿5 千万消费者的市场，这比世界上排名前两位的经济大国美国和日本加在一起更大，更富有。

A huge change has taken place over the last 35 years in the Welsh economy. 100,000 Welsh coalminers in the 1960s has been reduced to less than a thousand today, and instead of 90,000 steelworkers there are now 7,500.
在过去的35 年间，威尔士的经济发生了重大的变化。二十世纪六十年代煤矿工人的人口为10 万人，而今天已降到不足1000 人。原先9 万名钢铁工人，如今也已减至7500 人。

More people - 70,000 - are employed in foreign based companies in Wales. There are now some four hundred international companies operating in Wales. They include global brands like Ford, Sony, Sharp, General Electric, Toyota, International Rectifier, Johnson and Johnson, and Bayer.
在威尔士，更多的人在为总部在国外的公司工作，有七万人之多。目前在威尔士经营的国际性公司大约有四百家，其中不乏全球知名的公司，例如福特、索尼、夏普、通用电气、丰田、国际整流器公司，强生以及拜尔。

Recently, there has been a high level of investment in the aerospace, automotive and plastics industries, as well as increases in employment and in the education and health sectors.
近来，对航空、汽车、塑料等行业的投资持续增加，同时就业率也有所提高，对教育和保健领域的投资也有所增加。

The Wales of today boasts key strengths in aerospace, automotive, electronics, information technology, biotechnology, financial and business services, pharmaceuticals, media and creative industries, opto-electronics, and defence-related activity.
今天的威尔士主要的实力在于航空、汽车、电子、信息技术、生物技术、金融和商业服务、制药、媒体和创造性行业、光电子以及与军工相关的生产。

An example of how we operate in a truly global market is the European Airbus project to build the A380 superjumbo aircraft.
作为我们在真正的全球市场运作的实例，我们参与了建造A380 超巨型客机的欧洲空中客车项目。

The wings for the aircraft are being built at Broughton in North Wales, and then transported by sea for final assembly at Toulouse in France, using a specially-constructed roll-on/roll-off ferry built in Shanghai. Economic stability has been a key in our continued success.
目前飞机的机翼正在北威尔士的布劳顿进行建造，然后将通过由上海特制的滚装船海运至法国的图卢兹进行最后组装。经济的稳定性一直是我们成功的关键。

The government, of which I am proud to be a member, has achieved the lowest inflation rate in thirty years, the lowest interest rates in fifty years, and the highest employment in our history. And despite a period of global uncertainty and sluggish international trade, the United Kingdom has enjoyed uninterrupted growth since we came into power in 1997 - the longest period of continuous growth for 200 years - with Wales leading the way amongst the UK regions.
我们的政府达到了这三十年来最低的通货膨胀率，五十年来最低的利率以及历史上最高的就业率，我本人作为政府的一员对此感到十分自豪。尽管全球经济经历了一段不太稳定的时间， 世界贸易也出现一段萧条期，但英国自1997 年新政府执政后一直处于持续发展状态--在200 年中是持续发展时间最长的一次--而威尔士在英国各地区中处于领先地位。

Having more people in employment has enabled us to reduce public debt and social security payments, and invest in our infrastructure. Seven years ago, we spent 42p in every pound of public spending on the costs of economic and social failure in interest payments on debt and unemployment benefit. Today the figure is 25p. By investing in innovation, our transport system and improving our education system we are able to match business needs. We are radically re-shaping our scientific, technological and learning base, and are preparing a ten-year investment framework for science and innovation.
就业率提高使我们可以减少公共债务和社会安全支出，而投资于我们的基础建设。七年前，我们每英镑的公共支出上，就有42 便士是用来支付经济和社会债务的利息以及失业救济。现在这个数字是25 便士。通过对创新和交通系统的投资，以及改善我们的教育体制，使我们能够跟得上商业需求。我们正在从根本上重塑我们的科学、技术和学习基础，并正筹划一个科学和创新的十年投资计划。

The Welsh Assembly Government is already driving the knowledge exploitation agenda forward through a range of programmes including the major and unique technium centres, one of which is a planned incubator unit devoted to Chinese companies. The WDA are also discussing with the China Britain Business Council the possibility of it establishing an office in Cardiff. We are investing in pre-school education, as good quality early years education has a crucial impact on children's future opportunities and development. We are reforming the financing of higher education so that universities can provide high - quality education for more students, and achieve international standards of teaching and research.
威尔士议会政府已经在通过一系列的项目推动知识开发议程，其中包括独特的产业科技中心，其中一个是专为中国公司建立的孵化器。英国威尔士发展局还将与中英商会探讨在加的夫建立办事处的可能性。我们同时对学前教育进行投资，因为早期良好的教育对儿童未来的发展和机会将产生至关重要的影响。我们还在进行高等教育的财务改革，从而使大学可以为更多的学生提供高质量的教育， 并达到国际教育和研究的标准。

And we are building on the highly successful New Deal programme which has helped many thousands of unemployed people into work, with a New Deal for Skills. This will offer, for the employed as well as unemployed, a one-stop skills service with access to personal skills advisers and training, including for people with disabilities, lone parents and people with few skills. But we want our high employment and prosperity spread internationally. That is why I am pleased both businesses and trade unions in the UK share the Government's view that protectionism is not the answer. Because protectionism damages development, for example in Africa.
此外，我们的新政（NewDeal）计划获得了极大的成功，计划的实施帮助成千上万的失业人员重新找到了工作，在此基础之上，我们又增加了技能新政（New DealForSkills）。该政策将为在业和失业人员提供一站式的技能服务，包括个人技能顾问和培训，有残疾的人员、单身父母和无任何技能的人员均可获得服务。然而，我们希望我们的高就业率和繁荣能扩散到全球。所以我很高兴英国的商业和贸易联合会都同意政府的观点，即保护主义不是解决方法。因为保护主义有损于发展，非洲就是一个例子。

Totalling $300 billion, agricultural subsidies in the rich world mainly Europe and the USA - are equivalent to the entire wealth of Africa. Properly regulated through the World Trade Organisation, free trade can empower developing economies. Globalisation presents challenges and opportunities today and in the future. It also presents us with a choice: embrace it and try to make it work for us; or try to thwart it. Without hesitation, we believe in embracing globalisation and making it work.
以欧洲和美国为主的富裕国家，其农业补贴的总数为3 千亿美元，相当于非洲的财富总额。通过世界贸易组织的合理规定，自由贸易可以为发展中经济国家提供动力。全球化无论是在今天还是在未来都会同时带来挑战和机遇，这使我们面临着一个选择：是迎接全球化的到来，使它为我们所用；还是试图回避。毫无疑问，我们相信应该是欢迎全球化的到来，并利用这个机会。

For, despite all the problems it generates, globalisation is a force that doesn't allow the luxury of saying: "stop, I want to get off." The internet, satellite and digital TV, and the other new forms of telecommunications are worldwide phenomena. Trade, investment and currencies flow around the world. As David Currie, Chairman of the UK's Office of Telecommunications said in a lecture in Shanghai last year on "Globalisation and Communications in the 21st Century":
因为尽管全球化会带来一些问题，但这是大势所趋，根本不容我们说：“停，我想退出。”互联网、卫星和数字电视，以及其它一些新式的无线通讯方式已经成为一种全球现象。贸易、投资和货币在全球范围内运转和流通。正如英国电信部的主席大卫.科里(David Currie)去年在上海所作的“21 世纪全球化和通讯”的演讲中所说的：

"Business has alteredbeyond recognition. Production is sourced from all around the world. Vast quantities of money move instantly at the click of a mouse, and details of financial trades are instantly available on computer screens around the world. Design processes are passed in digital form from one time zone to another to ensure round-the-clock process and faster time to market." So the key issue then becomes: "What sort of globalisation do we want and how do we work towards it?" As we enter the twenty first century it is unacceptable that tens of thousands still die from malnutrition and disease every day and that around the world five hundred thousand mothers die in pregnancy and childbirth every year.
“商业已经改变了......变得面目全非。生产基地遍布全球。大量的资金流动只需轻点一下鼠标，金融贸易的详清在世界任何一台电脑屏幕上都可立即获得。设计过程以数字形式从一个时区传送到另一个时区，以保证24 小时不间断，并缩短到达市场的时间。”因此，主要的问题就变成了：“我们希望的全球化是什么样的，我们怎样朝这个方向努力？”在我们进入二十一世纪后，我们不能容忍世界上每天仍有成千上万的人由于营养不良或疾病而死亡，世界上每年还有五十万名母亲由于怀孕和分娩而死亡。

While many people are benefiting from globalisation, too many countries and people are being left behind. One in five of the world's population live in desperate poverty, without adequate food, access to clean water or sanitation, and with no education or access to healthcare. Over 90 per cent or 530 million Africans outside South Africa have no access to electricity. Amid extraordinary technological and material advance, this is clearly not an equitable position.
在很多人享受到全球化的利益的同时，还有很多国家和人民被遗忘了。世界上有五分之一的人口绝望地生活在贫困之中，没有足够的食物、没有清洁的水或卫生条件，没有接受教育的机会，没有保健。除南非以外的5 亿3 千万非洲居民中，有超过90%的人口没有电用。在技术和物质突飞猛进的背景下，这种境况显然显得极其不公平。

But it is also a threat to the stability of the world. In an interdependent world, there can be no security for any of us without greater global social justice. Trade is so much of the answer - developing countries could gain a staggering $150 billion per year if trade tariffs were halved three times what they get in aid. The number of people living in poverty would reduce by over 300 million by 2015. So we need urgently to reform the world trading system to help developing countries. The expansion of world markets will open up new trade doors and significantly lead people out of poverty. Moving people from aid to trade is a two-way street and a win / win for all sides. If the staggering one billion people currently subsisting on a dollar a day could become consumers - then we would all benefit. The UK Government remains fully committed to make the most of the Doha Development Agenda to improve developing countries' trade opportunities.
但这也构成了对世界稳定性的威胁。在一个相互依存的世界中，如果没有更广泛的全球社会的公正性，任何人都不会有安全感。贸易是一个很好的解决方法--如果贸易关税减半， 发展中国家每年就可以获得高达1 千5 百亿的收入--是它们获得的援助的三倍。到2015 年， 贫困人口的数量就会减少3 亿多。因此，我们需要立即改革世界贸易体制，以帮助发展中国家。世界市场的扩大将打开新的贸易之门，并使大量的人口摆脱贫困。从援助转为贸易是一个双行道并且对所有各方来说都是双赢的方法。如果目前仅靠一美元生活一天的10 亿人口成为了消费者，那么我们都将从中受益。英国政府将一如既往地坚持“多哈发展议程”的承诺，以增加发展中国家的贸易机会。

We are leading advocates of reform of agricultural and trade policies which work against the poor. Last year the European Union agreed to reforms of the Common Agricultural Policy which decouple the link between subsidies and production for many important products, so reducing incentives to over-produce. However, further reform is necessary, both to extend decoupling to the remaining sectors and to improve market access for developing countries.
我们是提倡要改革对贫困人口不利的农业和贸易政策的先行者。去年欧盟同意改革“共同农业政策”，打破了了许多重要产品的补贴与生产之间的关联，从而减少了过度生产。然而， 无论是在将打破关联扩大到其它行业方面，还是改善发展中国家市场准入方面，还需要进行进一步改革。

We are also committed to the UN target for aid of 0.7 per cent of gross national income. Total UK aid will rise to 0.4% by 2005-06, representing a near doubling of aid since 1997. However, we recognise that further funding, alongside increased opportunities for trade will be necessary if the international community is to move towards the goals that have been set in reducing global poverty and child mortality, and increasing access to primary education. That is why our Government has proposed that donor Governments should consider setting up an International Finance Facility to raise an additional $50 billion per annum to 2015.
我们同时拥护欧盟有关将国民总收入的0.7%作为援助的目标。英国的援助总额将在2005 到2006 年间上升到0.4%，比1997 年以来的援助额几乎翻了一番。我们还认识到，如果国际社会希望达到减少全球贫困、降低儿童死亡率以及增加获得基础教育机会的既定目标，除了增加贸易机会以外，还需要提供更多的资助。这就是为什么我们的政府提出捐赠国政府应考虑设立一个国际资金筹措机构，在2015 年之前，每年再筹集5 百亿美元。

The new global politics is shaping a new agenda for humankind, arguably as important as the industrialisation of the nineteenth century. This agenda needs to be promoted in Europe and by Europe through organisations such as the United Nations, the OECD and the WTO. Progress may be incremental, not dramatic. But when progress can be achieved, it will bring benefits for billions of people. Our task must be to master globalisation in the interests of the poor and not just the rich; in the interests of protecting our environment and not degrading it; in the interests of increasing the sum of world prosperity and ensuring a more equitable distribution of it.
新的全球政治正为人类制定一个崭新的议程，其重要性与十九世纪的工业化相当，尽管对此仍存在争议。该议程需要在欧洲和由欧洲通过不同的组织进行宣传，例如联合国、经济合作与开发组织（OECD）和世界贸易组织（WTO）。进展将是逐步取得的，而不会是一蹴而就。但在取得进展时，将会有亿万人从中受益。我们的任务是必须在控制全球化进程中，从贫困人口而不是富人的利益出发，从保护而不是破坏我们的环境出发，从增加全球总体的繁荣以及保证更加公平的分配出发。

To find the strength as an international community to fight poverty, remove destitution, end illiteracy and cure disease. To ensure that the world takes action to reduce carbon emissions which are triggering huge and destructive climate change. To protect our environment and to eradicate terrorism. In short, to make globalisation work for all.
我们要团结起来，作为一个国际团体获得与贫困作斗争、消除贫困、消除文盲和治愈疾病的力量。要保证世界采取行动减少碳排放量，碳排放量的增加正在引起巨大的毁灭性的气候变化。我们要保护我们的环境并根除恐怖主义活动。总而言之，就是要使所有方面都从全球化中受益。

(Full text of “Wales, China and the World Economy”, speech by Mr. Peter Hain ,Secretary of State forWales and Leader of the House of Commons on April 9, 2004)
（2004 年4 月9 日，英国威尔士事务大臣兼下议院议长彼得•海恩的演讲“威尔士、中
国与世界经济”，全文）

Text 1.3

各位来宾，女士们、先生们：
60 年前的今天，《联合国宪章》正式生效，联合国正式成立。爱好和平的各国人民在赢得世界反法西斯战争伟大胜利后，把建设一个和平、发展、合作的美好世界的愿望寄托于联合国。这是人类历史上具有划时代意义的创举。
Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, Sixty years ago today, the Charter of the United Nations entered into force, Proclaiming the birth of the United Nations. In the wake of their great victory in the worldwide war against Fascism, peace-loving nations across the globe placed on the United Nations their hopes for a better world of peace, development and cooperation. The creation of the UN is an epoch-making event in human history.

60 年来，《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则已成为指导国际关系的基本准则。联合国也走过了一条不平凡的发展道路，不断面临严峻考验，不断迎来风雨过后的彩虹，为维护世界和平、促进共同发展发挥了不可替代的重要作用。
During the past 60 years, the purposes and principles of the UN Charter have evolved into the basic norms governing international relations. The United Nations, for its part, has also traversed an extraordinary path, withstood severe tests, and overcome hardships with flying colors. Indeed, the world body has played an irreplaceable role in maintaining peace and promoting common development of the world.

当前，世界多极化和经济全球化两大趋势不断发展，我们既迎来前所未有的机遇，也面临层出不穷的全球性威胁和挑战。坚持多边主义，采取集体行动，加强联合国作用已成为国际社会的共同愿望和普遍要求。这是历史发展的客观规律，是不可阻挡的时代潮流。各位来宾， 今年9 月，联合国历史上最大规模的首脑会议在纽约成功举行。会议通过了成果文件， 各国领导人重申对联合国的信心和对《联合国宪章》的承诺，同意进一步加强多边机制和联合国的中心作用，并就发展、安全、人权与法制、联合国改革等一系列重大问题做出重要决定。这是指导联合国今后工作和发展方向的纲领性文件。
Multi-polarization and economic globalization are moving forward steadily as two major trends in today's world, presenting before us unprecedented opportunities as well as formidable threats and challenges of a global nature. Embracing multi-lateralism, taking collective actions and strengthening the role of the United Nations have become the common aspiration and pursuit of the international community. This is the objective law of the development of history and an irresistible trend of our times. Distinguished Guests, Last September, the UN Summit, the largest of its kind in history, was successfully held in New York. It concluded with the adoption of the Outcome Document, in which leaders reiterated their confidence in the UN and their commitment to the UN Charter. They agreed to strengthen multilateral mechanism and the pivotal role of the United Nations. They also made important decisions on a host of major issues such as development, security, human rights, rule of law and the UN reform. This Outcome Document is a programmatic plan providing guidelines and orientation for the future work and development of the world body.

胡锦涛主席出席了联合国首脑会议，在会议上郑重倡导建立一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界，并提出中国对加强国际集体安全机制、推动全球发展合作、改革和加强联合国的重大看法和主张。胡主席还重申中国将一如既往遵守《联合国宪章》的宗旨和原则，积极参与国际事务，履行国际义务。这开启了中国与联合国合作的新篇章。在这里，我愿强调以下三点：
President Hu Jintao attended the UN Summit. He solemnly advocated, at the Summit, for a harmonious world of lasting peace and common prosperity, and put forward important views and propositions of China on enhancing international collective security mechanism, promoting global cooperation and development, and reforming and strengthening the United Nations. In addition, President Hu reiterated that China will, as always, continue to abide by the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, take an active part in international affairs, and fulfill its international obligations. This has opened up a new chapter in the annals of cooperation between China and the United Nations. Hereby, I wish to emphasize the following three points:

第一，中国愿与国际社会一道，推动联合国坚持多边主义、实现共同安全。
First, China stands ready to work together with the international community for a United Nations that adheres to multi-lateralism and strives for common security.

和平是发展的前提。联合国应该促进建立新的安全共识，积极创造互信、互利、平等、协作的国际安全环境，推动各国以对话谈判解决分歧，通过集体行动共同应对威胁和挑战。联合国需要增强斡旋、调解、维和和冲突后重建能力，更好地协调国际反恐、防扩散努力，不断完善集体安全战略和手段。联合国也需要更加注重预防冲突和消除冲突产生的根源， 建立确保持久和平的长效机制。在这个方面，设立建设和平委员会是积极和重要的举措。中方愿推动磋商进程，确保委员会于年内成立。
Peace is prerequisite to development. The UN should help new consensus on security, and work vigorously to create an international security environment featuring mutual trust, mutual benefit, equality and coordination. It should encourage nations to settle their differences through dialogue and negotiations, and stand up to threats and challenges through collective measures. The UN needs to strengthen its capability of good offices, mediation, peace keeping and post-conflict reconstruction. It needs to better coordinate international efforts in anti-terrorism and non-proliferation, and steadily improve strategies and tactics of collective security. It also needs to pay more attention to the prevention of conflicts and the eradication of their root causes, and the establishment of a long-term effective mechanism to ensure lasting peace. Within this context, it isa positive and important move to create a UN peace-building commission. China is ready to promote the consultation process to ensure the birth of the commission with this year.

第二，中国愿与国际社会一道，推动联合国坚持互利合作，实现共同繁荣。
Second, China stands ready to work with the international community for a United Nations that advocates mutually beneficial cooperation and common prosperity.

没有普遍发展，世界难享太平；没有和谐进步，发展成果不能持久。联合国首脑会议决定为如期实现“千年发展目标”采取进一步措施，这具有重要意义，但关键还是要落到实处。我们希望发达国家为实现全球普遍、协调、均衡发展承担更多责任，进一步对发展中国家特别是非洲国家开放市场，转让技术，增加援助，减免债务，为发展中国家的发展创造良
好的外部环境。
Without common development, there will be no peace in the world. Without harmony and progress, no development will sustain. It is of important significance that the UN Summit has decided to take further steps to realize Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as originally scheduled. What is vital, however, is the enforcement of these measures in the real sense of the term. We hope that developed countries will shoulder greater responsibility in achieving common, coordinated and balanced development across the globe. It is imperative that they further open up their market, transfer technology, increase aids, and grant debt relief and reduction to developing countries, especially countries in Africa, so as to create a favorable external environment for the development of developing countries.

中国还是一个中低收入的发展中国家，但愿尽己所能，推动全球发展合作，向其他发展中国家伸出援助之手。胡锦涛主席在联合国首脑会议上宣布了中国将在关税、债务、优惠贷款、公共卫生、人力资源开发方面采取的五项重大举措。中国的援助是真心实意的，不附带任何条件，并将努力如期兑现。
Although China itself remains a developing country with a relatively low income, we are willing to do what we can to promote global cooperation for development, and lend a helping hand to other developing countries. Among other things, President Hu Jintao, at the UN Summit, set forth five important measures that China will take regarding tariffs, debts, concessional loans, public health and human resources development. China is sincere in helping other developing countries, without attaching any strings to our aids and we will work to fulfill our commitment on time.

第三，中国愿与国际社会一道，推动联合国与时俱进，革故鼎新。
面对新形势和新要求，联合国应该进行全方位和多领域的改革，以更好地履行《宪章》赋予的崇高使命。改革的目的是缔造一个更加强有力的联合国。世界在发展变化，我们需要一个不断加大在发展领域的投入，推动实现“千年发展目标”的联合国。我们需要一个重视发展中国家关切，照顾发展中国家利益的联合国；我们也需要一个效率更高、更具行动能力、广大发展中国家特别是非洲国家有足够代表性的安理会。联合国改革必须在《宪章》精神指导下，在广大会员国的充分参与下，在达成广泛共识的基础上，积极稳妥地推进。中国不赞成任何导致会员国不团结或分裂的做法，不赞成强行推动尚有重大分歧的改革方案。
Third, China stands ready to work together with the international community for a United Nations that advances with the times and keeps improving through reforms. In face of the new situation and new requirements, the United Nations should undergo all-round reforms in many areas, so as to better accomplish the sacred mission entrusted to it by the UN Charter. The purpose of the reform is to bring about a stronger United Nations. As the world evolves, we need a United Nations that constantly increases input in development and endeavours for the realization of the MDGs. We need a United Nations that attaches importance to the concerns of developing countries and takes care of their interests. We also need a UN Security Council that has higher efficiency, greater capacity for action, and adequate representation of developing countries, especiallyAfrican countries. The UN reform must proceed in an active and prudent manner, under the guidance of the spirit of the UN Charter, with the full participation of the vast number of the member states, and on the basis of broad consensus. China does not agree to any practice that causes disunity or split among member states, nor does it agree to any move to force through highly controversial reform plans.

女士们，先生们，
Ladies and Gentlemen,

60 年来，中国同联合国一道，经历了沧桑巨变。特别是近20 多年来，联合国不仅是中国改革开放的见证者，也是重要的合作伙伴。目前，联合国驻华机构已达15 个，对华援助资金和项目涵盖农业、工业、环境、医疗卫生、社会福利等诸多领域，为中国的改革开放和现代化建设发挥了独特作用。我愿借此机会，感谢联合国为中国发展所做的积极贡献，感谢联合国驻华机构的卓越工作。
Over the past 60 years, both China and the United Nations have experienced many vicissitudes of the world. In the past 20-odd years in particular, the UN has been not only a witness to China's reform and opening up process, but also an important cooperation partner. Today, there are 15 UN agencies in China. UN aid funds and UN-assisted programs in China cover a host of areas such as agriculture, industry, environment, medicine, public health and social welfare, playing a unique role in China's reform and opening up and modernization drive. I would like to take this opportunity to thank the United Nations for its contributions to China's development, and thank the UN agencies for their outstanding job in China.

展望未来，联合国在推动全球和平、发展、合作方面任重道远。在这项伟大的事业中， 中国始终是联合国坚定的支持者和密切合作的伙伴。我们对联合国充满信心！对中国与联合国的合作充满信心！
As we look into the future, the United Nations has an arduous task to promote peace, development and cooperation around the world. In the pursuit of this great goal, China will always be a strong supporter and a close partner of the United Nations. We have every confidence in the United Nations. And we have every confidence in cooperation between China and the United Nations!

最后，我预祝“中国与联合国”研讨会取得成功！
In conclusion, I wish the symposium on "China and the United Nations" a complete success.

谢谢。
Thank you.

（国务委员唐家璇2005 年10 月在“中国与联合国”研讨会开幕式上的讲话，全文）
(Speech by Mr. Tang Jiaxuan, Member of the State Council at the opening ceremony of “China and the UN”Forum in October 2005, full text)

seclusive 2007-09-24 23:26
Text 1.4

尊敬的约旦副首相穆罕默德.哈拉伊格阁下，尊敬的各位来宾，各位朋友， 女士们，先生们：
Your Excellency Mohammed Al-Halaiqah, Deputy Prime Minister of Jordan Distinguished guests, Dear friends, Ladies and Gentlemen,

值此第五届中国投资贸易洽谈会召开之际，我谨代表中国政府，向来自世界各地的嘉宾表示热烈欢迎！
On the occasion of the Fifth China International Fair for Investment and Trade, I would like, on behalf of the Chinese government, to extend my warm welcome to all distinguished guests coming from all over the world.

自1997 年以来，中国已经成功地举办了四届投资贸易洽谈会。投资贸易洽谈会在宣传中国利用外资政策，促进外商来华投资，引导中国企业到海外投资等方面发挥了重要作用。洽谈会采取"引进来"与"走出去"相结合、投资与贸易相结合、展示与洽谈相结合、项目推介与政策咨询相结合、商务活动与学术研讨相结合的方式，为海外朋友和企业家了解中国、走进中国，中国企业家了解世界、走向世界创造了一个机会，开辟了一条渠道。
Ever since 1997, China has held four successful International Fairs for Investment and Trade. The Fair has played an important role in publicizing China's policies on foreign investment attraction, promoting foreign capital inflow and guiding Chinese companies to make overseas investment. The Fair integrates the strategy of "Attracting Foreign Investment" with "Going Global" and deals with investment and trade together. It is a combination of exhibitions and negotiations, a venue for both project presentation and policy consultation, and a place where business activities and academic seminars take place at the same time. With all these striking features, on the one hand, the Fair has created an opportunity for foreign friends and entrepreneurs to know about China and make their way into this country; on the other hand, it has opened a new channel for Chinese businessmen to get acquainted with the rest of the world and go abroad.

中国改革开放20 多年来，始终坚持对外开放政策，大力发展对外贸易，积极吸引外商投资，中国对外贸易总额已居世界第七位，吸收外资连续八年居发展中国家首位。改革开放不仅促进了中国国民经济的持续快速健康发展，而且推动了中国经济体制的改革；不仅为中国未来的发展奠定了坚实基础，也为亚洲和世界经济的繁荣做出了贡献。
Two decades since it inaugurated reform and opening-up, China has steadfastly adhered to the policy of opening to the outside world, developed foreign trade in real earnest and actively attracted foreign investment. China's trade value now takes the 7th place in the world and its foreign capital attraction has been ranking as the foremost among all developing countries for 8 years in a row. Reform and opening-up have not only promoted the sustained, swift and sound development of China's national economy, but also helped restructure its economic system. Inaddition, this process has not only laid a solid foundation for China to develop into the future, but also contributed to the prosperity of Asian economy and the world economy at large.

为了加入世贸组织，我们经过了十几年坚持不懈的努力。这充分体现了中国坚持改革开放的决心和积极参与国际经济合作的诚意。中国加入世贸组织，是经济实现现代化的需要， 是建立和完善社会主义市场经济体制的需要，是在更大范围和更深程度上参与国际竞争与合作的需要。现在，有关的各项谈判已经基本结束，中国加入世贸组织即将变为现实。在这个时候，《国际投资论坛》以"中国.WTO.机遇与挑战"为主题，就中国加入世贸组织带来的机遇与挑战进行研讨，是非常及时，也是很有意义的。
We have made unswerving efforts for the accession to the World Trade Organization in the past 10-odd years. This has fully demonstrated China's strong commitment to reform and opening-up and its sincerity to participate in international economic cooperation. China's accession to the WTO is necessitated by three factors: its economic modernization drive, the establishment and improvement of a socialist market economic system, as well as wider and deeper involvement in international competition and cooperation. At present, all relevant negotiations have basically concluded, which means China's accession will soon become a reality. The timing of this International Investment Forum is very appropriate and significant since we can discuss opportunities and challenges that are going to be brought about by China's imminent accession.

加入世贸组织后，中国将认真履行对外承诺，根据社会主义市场经济体制的要求和国际通行规则，进一步完善涉外经济法律法规体系，创造完备的法制环境；进一步转变政府职能， 提高工作效率，增强服务意识，创造良好的行政环境；继续大力整顿和规范市场经济秩序， 打击假冒伪劣，保护知识产权，创造统一开放、公平竞争、规范有序的市场环境。还要放宽货物贸易的市场准入，逐步推进服务贸易领域以及能源、交通、通信等基础设施建设的对外开放。随着加入世界贸易组织，中国面临新的发展机遇，也面临国际激烈竞争的严峻挑战。我们将以更加积极的姿态，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，进一步推动全方位、多层次、宽领域的对外开放，促进我国现代化建设。
After the accession, China will implement the commitments it has made in a responsible way. To be more specific, it will make efforts in the following aspects: First, in accordance with the requirements of socialist market economic system and international prevailing rules, China will further improve foreign-related laws and regulations and create a well-established legal environment; Second, it will continue transforming government functions, enhancing work efficiency and nurturing stronger sense of services among officials so as to create a favorable environment of administration. Third, it will keep on rectifying economic order of domestic market, combating infringements and counterfeiting, and protecting intellectual property rights so as to create a market environment which is featured by unified openness, fair competition and orderly operation. Fourth, China will provide greater market access for trade in goods and gradually open trade in services and such infrastructure sectors as energy, transportation and communications. After China joins the WTO, it will face both new opportunities of development and severe challenges of fierce international competition. We will take an even more active position to seize the opportunities and meet the challenges with the view to pushing forward comprehensive opening-up at all levels and sectors and to serving China's modernization drive.

近几年，我国利用外资一直保持良好势头，每年吸收外商直接投资总额大体保持在400 多亿美元的水平。大量外商投资的进入，对增加国内投资需求、推动经济体制改革、进一步扩大对外开放、促进国民经济持续快速健康发展，都起到了重要作用。我们还应看到，当前中国经济已经发生了深刻变化，利用外资工作也面临许多新的情况。一是国内市场由卖方市场变成了买方市场，大多数生产资料和消费资料都供过于求，一般加工工业生产能力已经过剩；二是经济发展的体制环境有了很大不同，社会主义市场经济体制已经初步建立，市场在资源配置中的基础作用明显增强；三是对外开放出现了新的格局，国内经济与世界经济的关联程度越来越大。面对这种新形势，外资工作要着眼于提高国民经济整体素质，增强国际竞争力和抗风险能力。我们要适时调整工作方式和工作重点，将利用外资同调整经济结构、促进产业优化升级、提高企业效益相结合；同完善社会主义市场经济体制、增强企业的国际竞争力相结合；同扩大企业出口、发展外向型经济相结合；既要吸引境外资金，更要注重引进先进技术、引进现代化管理、引进专门人才，提高利用外资的质量和水平。
Over the past few years, China's foreign investment attraction has maintained good momentum with an annual FDI of around 40 billion US dollars. The influx of foreign capital has played an important role in stimulating domestic investment demand, encouraging China to carry on the reform of economic system and open wider to the rest of the world, and promoting the sustained, rapid and healthy development of China's national economy. We should also take note that the Chinese economy has undergone tremendous transformation. Consequently, many new circumstances have emerged in the aspect of utilizing foreign capital: 1. China has changed from a seller's market into a buyer's market. Most production and consumption materials are oversupplied and general processing industry is troubled by excessive capacity. 2. The structural environment of economic development is very different from the past. The socialist market economic system has taken shape and the market is increasingly playing a fundamental role in the allocation of resources. 3. Opening-up has evolved into a new pattern while domestic economy links closer with the world economy as each day passes by. In this context, our efforts in attracting foreign investment should be focused on improving the overall quality of the national economy, enhancing international competitiveness and the capability to withstand risks. We will change, as appropriate, the way we work and shift our focus. Foreign investment attraction should be integrated with economic restructuring, industrial upgrading and optimization, as well as improvement of corporate efficiency. It should serve the purpose of improving the socialist market economic system and strengthening companies' international competitiveness. Futhermore, it should contribute to export expansion and the development of export-oriented economy. During thecourse, it is imperative to absorb overseas capital. More importantly, we shall pay greater attention to the introduction of advanced technologies, modern management expertise and specialized talents so as to improve the quality and level of foreign investment utilization.

具体地说，要着重抓好以下几项工作：一是正确引导外资投向，吸收外资要从一般加工工业为主，转为侧重于高新技术产业和具有先进适用技术的行业以及服务业；二是鼓励跨国公司参与国有企业的改组改造，促进国有企业战略重组和结构优化；三是继续鼓励外商投资企业扩大出口，发展国内配套产业，扩大外商投资企业的进出口权，带动开放型经济发展；四是落实鼓励外商投资中西部地区的政策，加快中西部地区发展；五是改善外商投资外部环境， 包括政策法律等软环境和基础设施等硬环境。同时，我们还要实施"走出去"开放战略，鼓励有条件有实力的企业到境外投资办厂，实现"引进来"与"走出去"相结合，更全面地参与国际经济合作。
Major efforts should be put into the following aspects:1. Providing correct guidance to foreign investment inflows. Rather than focusing on general processing trade, we should give more attention to hi-tech industry, those industries with advanced and applicable technologies, as well as service industry. 2. Encouraging multinational corporations to help Chinese state-owned enterprises reorganize and upgrade so as to facilitate the strategic reorganization and restructuring of these SOEs. 3. Encouraging foreign-invested companies to expand export and developing domestic supporting industries. We shall delegate more trading right to foreign-invested companies to propel an open economy. 4. Implementing the policies that encourage foreign investment in the central and western regions of China so as to accelerate the development of these regions. 5. Creating more favorable external environment for foreign investors, including soft environment such as policies and laws and hard environment like infrastructure. Meanwhile, we will also carry out the open strategy of Going Global and encourage qualified companies with competence to make overseas investment. In this way, we can integrate "Attracting Foreign Investment" with "Going Global" and participate in international economic cooperation in a more comprehensive way.

女士们、先生们：
Ladies and Gentlemen,

今年以来，中国经济继续保持了较快增长的态势。上半年我国国内生产总值比去年同期增长7.9%。今年头7 个月，全社会固定资产投资同比增长20.4%，社会消费品零售总额同比增长9.8%，国有及国有控股工业企业实现利润905 亿元，增长31.5%，外贸进出口总额为2848 亿美元，同比增长10.6%，实际使用外资金额242 亿美元，同比增长21.68%。7 月末，国家外汇储备余额1844 亿美元。同时，我们也注意到，今年以来世界经济增长速度明显放缓，还存在许多不确定的因素。这必然会影响到我国经济的发展，主要是对出口影响较大。从国内来看，也存在农民收入增长缓慢、城镇居民就业压力较大等困难。针对这种情况，我国政府将继续坚持扩大内需的方针，实行积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，增加城乡居民特别是农民的收入，完善社会保障体系，巩固和发展国有企业改革与脱困的成果，进一步开拓国际市场，积极发展对外贸易和经济合作。同时，要加快经济结构调整，加强基础设施建设， 发展高新技术产业，改造、提升传统产业。我们对实现全年经济增长目标充满信心。
Since the start of this year, the Chinese economy has maintained a momentum of fairly rapid growth. In the first half of this year, China's GDP increased by 7.9% as compared to the same period of last year. During the first 7 months, the total social investment in fixed assets grew by 20.4% and the retail aggregate of social consumer goods rose by 9.8%. During the same period, State-owned and State-controlled industrial companies have accomplished a total profit of 90.5 billion Chinese yuan, increasing by 31.5%; total trade value increased by 10.6% to 284.8 billion US dollars; and the paid-in foreign capital increased by 21.68% to 24.2 billion US dollars. By the end of July 2001, China's national foreign exchange reserve amounted to 184.4 billion US dollars. At the same time, we have also taken note that the growth of global economy has apparently slowed down and many uncertainties still remain. All these will undoubtedly affect our own economic development, in particular our export. Moreover, we are facing internal difficulties such as the sluggish growth of farmers' income and employment burden of urban residents. In response, the Chinese government will stick to the principle of stimulating domestic demand and adopt proactive fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy. Besides, it will increase the income of rural and urban residents, especially that of farmers and move towards a full-fledged social security system. In addition, it will consolidate the fruits of reforming state-owned enterprises and getting them out of predicament. We are also going to further explore international market and actively develop foreign trade and economic cooperation. Efforts will also be made to pacing up economic restructuring, reinforcing infrastructure, nurturing hi-tech industry, as well as remolding and upgrading traditional industries. We are fully confident in achieving the economic growth target set for this year.

二十一世纪的中国，是更加开放的中国。目前，中国社会稳定，经济发展，人民安居乐业。不久前，北京申办2008 年奥运会取得成果，这将与加入世贸组织一起，加速推动中国的改革开放和经济发展。我们真诚地希望，各国各地区的企业家和其他各界人士，抓住历史机遇， 积极来华开展投资贸易合作与交流，携手共创美好未来。
China will become even more open in the 21st century. At present, China is enjoying political stability, economic progress and social harmony. Chinese people are happy about their lives and work. Not long ago, Beijing succeeded in its bid to host the 2008 Olympic Games. This latest success, coupled with the imminent accession to the World Trade Organization, will add impetusto China's reform, opening-up and economic development. We sincerely hope that business people with from all over the world will seize the historical opportunity to conduct investment and trade cooperation with their Chinese counterparts. Together we can create a brilliant future!

最后，祝第五届中国投资贸易洽谈会暨《国际投资论坛》圆满成功！
Finally, may I wish the Fifth China International Fair for Investment and Trade and the International Investment Forum a complete success!

谢谢大家。
Thank you all!

(2001 年9 月8 日厦门“国际投资论坛”，国务院副总理吴邦国的演讲，全文)
(Speech by Mr. Wu Bangguo, Vice Premier of the People’s Republic of China at the International Investment Forum in Xiamen on September 3, 2001, full text)


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